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KILWAUGHTER, a parish, in the barony of UPPER GLENARM, county of ANTRIM, and province of ULSTER, 1 mile (W. S. W.) from Larne, on the road to Ballymena; containing 2016 inhabitants. This parish comprises 9803 1/2 statute acres, of which 11 1/2 are under water, about one-third is arable, and a very large portion mountain and waste land, particularly Agnew Hill, which has an elevation of 1558 feet above the level of the sea. The lands near the castle are in a high state of cultivation; there is some bog, and limestone and basalt are abundant. Kilwaughter Castle, the elegant mansion of E. J. Agnew, Esq., proprietor of nine-tenths of the parish, and for several centuries the residence of that family, is situated within a beautiful and extensive demesne. In the plantation above the castle is a place called Dhu Hole, a fissure in the limestone rock, into which falls a river that is nowhere seen again till it enters Lough Larne. There are some extensive cotton-mills in the parish, that formerly employed more than 1000 persons, but are now unoccupied; linen cloth is woven in some parts. It is a rectory, in the diocese of Connor, forming part of the union and corps of the prebend of Cairncastle in the cathedral of Connor. A perpetual curacy has been recently instituted, called the curacy of Cairncastle and Kilwaughter, which is endowed with the tithes of the latter parish, amounting to £90. The church is at Cairncastle; the glebe, in this parish, was purchased by the late Board of First Fruits, which also built an excellent glebe-house, in 1813. There is a small R. C. chapel at Craiganorn. About 200 children are taught in three public schools. The late Mr. Agnew bequeathed £10 per annum to the poor. There are some slight remains of the old church in the castle demesne.

KILWEILAGH, or KILLOULAGH, also called KILLEVEILAGH, a parish, in the barony of DELVIN, county of WESTMEATH, and province of LEINSTER, 2 miles (S. W.) from Castletown-Delvin, on the road to Mullingar; containing 1313 inhabitants. This parish comprises 5311 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, and principally in pasture; and contains abundance of limestone and limestone gravel. It is watered by the river Deel, with which several small lakes are connected on its northern side, and on the eastern there is a large tract of bog. Contiguous to this is Bracklyn Castle, the fine seat and demesne of T. J. Fetherston H., Esq. Here are also Rockview, the residence of Mrs. R. Fetherston H.; Dysart, of N. Ogle, Esq.; and Gigginstown, of Capt. Brabazon O'Connor. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Meath, forming part of the union of Kilcumney; the rectory is impropriate in N. Ogle, Esq. The tithes amount to £152. 6. 1 3/4., of which £115. 7. 8 1/4. is payable to the impropriator, and the remainder to the vicar. In the R. C. divisions it is part of the union or district of Castletown-Delvin, and contains a chapel. About 110 children are educated in two private schools. There are many raths, containing very large human bones; and at Rockview is an ancient building covered with ivy.

KILWHELAN, or KILPHELAN, a parish, in the barony of CONDONS and CLONGIBBONS, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 1 1/2 mile (S.) from Mitchelstown, near the road to Kilworth; containing .343 inhabitants. For all civil and ecclesiastical purposes it has merged into the parish of Brigown. It is a rectory, in the diocese of Cloyne, entirely impropriate in Wm. Norcott, Esq. In the R. C. divisions it forms part of the union or district of Mitchelstown.

KILWORTH, a market and post-town, and a parish, in the barony of CONDONS and CLONGIBBONS, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 20 miles (N. N. E.) from Cork, and 106 (S. W.) from Dublin, on the mail coach road from Cork to Dublin; containing 3038 inhabitants, of which number, 1963 are in the town. This place was the scene of some battles in the war of 1641 and during the usurpation of Cromwell, by whom the manor was given to Fleetwood, whose name it still bears. In July, 1642, the castle of Cloghlea, on the banks of the river Funcheon, near the town, said to have been built by the family of the Condons, and at that time the property of Sir Richard Fleetwood, was taken by Lord Barrymore and the custody of it entrusted to Sir Arthur Hyde, from whom it was afterwards taken by a descendant of the original founder, who surprised the garrison and either put them to death or detained them prisoners. The town is situated on the river Funcheon, over which is a neat stone bridge of six arches, about a mile above its confluence with the Blackwater: it consists principally of one long irregular street, containing 343 houses, of which several are well built and of handsome appearance, and is sheltered by a low mountain ridge, which rises immediately behind it. There are several mills on the river, the principal of which are the Maryville flour-mills, the property of Laurence Corban, Esq., generally employing from 20 to 30 men, and producing annually about 12,000 barrels of flour; there is also a flax-mill belonging to Dr. Collet, and adjoining the town is a mill for oatmeal. The market is on Friday, but since the rise of the town of Fermoy, only 2 miles distant, it has been gradually declining; the fairs are on Jan. 25th, Easter-Tuesday, Corpus Christi day, Sept. 11th, Nov. 21st, and Dec. 10th. The market-house is a neat building near the church; there is a constabulary police station, and a manorial court is held every three weeks for the recovery of debts under 40s. late currency, with jurisdiction over this parish and parts of the parishes of Kilcrumper and Macrony.

The parish comprises 6521 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, and valued at £2973 per ann.; the soil is good; about one half of the land is under tillage, and the remainder in pasture; the system of agriculture has been much improved and is still advancing; and there is little waste land except reclaimable mountain. There is no bog; consequently fuel is scarce. Limestone of good quality abounds, and is quarried chiefly for agricultural purposes. Moore Park, the seat of the Earl of Mountcashel, is a noble and spacious mansion, situated on the right bank of the Funcheon, which flows through a richly wooded demesne of 800 acres, comprehending much beautiful and interesting scenery. Within the grounds is Cloghlea castle, a lofty square tower rounded at the angles, and situated on the highest ground on the bank of the river, commanding one of its most important passes. The other seats are Maryville, the residence of L. Corban, Esq., a handsome mansion of recent erection and finely situated on the Funcheon; Woodview, the neat modern residence of Lieut. F. Prangnall, R. N.; and Rushmount, of D. Geran, Esq. The living is a vicarage, in the diocese of Cloyne, episcopally united to the vicarages of Kilcrumper, Macrony, and Leitrim, by act of council, in 1692, together constituting the union of Kilworth, in the patronage of the Bishop; the rectory is impropriate in W. Charters, Esq. The tithes amount to £340, one-half payable to the impropriator and the other to the vicar; the vicarial tithes of the union amount to £850. The glebe-house, situated in the parish of Kilcrumper, was erected by the present incumbent, assisted by a gift of £100 and a loan of £1300 from the late Board of First Fruits, in 1820; attached to it are 34 acres of glebe, and there are 10 more acres in the union. The church, an old structure, has lately been thoroughly repaired by a grant of £371 from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, which, with the exception of part of the parish of Kilcrumper, attached to the district of Fermoy, is co-extensive with that of the Established Church; the parochial chapel at Kilworth is a neat and spacious edifice; and there is a chapel at Coolmahon, in the parish of Macrony. The parochial school is supported by the interest of a bequest of £500 by the Rev. Dr. Moore, a late incumbent, and an annual donation from the vicar: the school house, which is a neat building, has 2 acres of land rent-free attached to it. Another school is chiefly supported by Lady Mountcashel, who also patronises a Sunday school; and a large national school-house was erected in the R. C. chapel-yard in 1833. There are also four private schools in the parish in which and in the public schools are about 220 children. A dispensary and a temporary fever hospital have been opened for the poor. The only relic of antiquity is the lofty tower of Cloghlea castle, already noticed. In that part of the demesne of Moore Park called the Castle field, numerous copper and silver coins, and some human skeletons, have been found. There are several ancient raths, under some of which appear to be chambers or subterraneous apartments. Kilworth gives the inferior title of Baron to the family of Moore, Earls of Mountcashel.

KINAWLEY, a parish, partly in the barony of TULLAGHAGH, county of CAVAN, partly in that of GLENAWLEY, but chiefly in that of KNOCKNINNY, county of FERMANAGH, and province of ULSTER, 6 miles (N. W.) from Ballyconnell, on the road to Enniskillen; containing, with the post-town of Swanlinbar, which is separately described, 16,077 inhabitants. According to the Ordnance survey it comprises 51,004 statute acres, of which 15,3465 are in the county of Cavan; and, including islands, 35,657 1/2 are in the county of Fermanagh; of the latter number, 2895 acres are in Upper Lough Erne, and 645 1/4 in small loughs. Agriculture is in a good state; there is a considerable quantity of bog, and limestone and freestone are abundant. Cuilcagh mountain, which, according to the Ordnance survey, is 2188 feet high, is in the Cavan part of the parish. The river Shannon rises at the base of this mountain from a deep circular gulph, 20 feet in diameter, and there is another deep gulph about three-quarters of a mile from this, in which the flowing of water may be heard. The elevation of the source of the Shannon above Lough Allen is 115 feet, and above the sea 275 feet. Petty sessions are held every fortnight at Derrilin, where fairs are held on May 27th and Oct. 27th. The principal seats are Mount Prospect, the residence of Blaney Winslow, Esq.; Dresternan, of D.T. Winslow, Esq.; Prospect Hill, of A. Maguire, Esq.; and Cloghan, of D. Winslow, Esq. The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Kilmore, and in the patronage of the Bishop; the tithes amount to £369. 4. 7 1/2. The glebe-house was erected in 1822, by aid of a loan of £787 from the late Board of First Fruits. There is a church at Derrilin, and one at Swanlinbar, which is in a ruinous state. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms two unions or districts, called Kinawley, in which are chapels at Kinawley and Swanlinbar; and Knockaninny, in which are chapels at Knockaninny, Glassmullen, and Drumderrig. There are eight public schools, in which about 850 children are educated, and 13 private schools, in which are about 570, also seven Sunday schools.

KINEAGH, a parish, partly in the barony of RATHVILLY, county of CARLOW, but chiefly in that of KILKEA and MOONE, county of KILDARE, and province of LEINSTER, 2 miles (W. by S.) from Baltinglass, on the road from Dublin to Wexford; containing 1441 inhabitants. Agriculture is improving, and there is fine granite for building. The principal seats are Bettyfield, the residence of -- Hutchinson, Esq.; Rickettstown, of the Rev. J. Whitty; Philipstown, of J. Penrose, Esq. The living is a vicarage, in the diocese of Dublin, and in the patronage of the Vicars Choral of St. Patrick's cathedral, Dublin; the rectory is partly appropriate to the Bishop of Kildare and the vicars choral of St. Patrick's, and partly impropriate in the Duke of Leinster, H. Cumming, Esq., and J. D. Duckett, Esq. The tithes amount to £334. 2. 2 1/2., of which £80 is payable to the bishop, £80 to the vicars choral, £21. 17. 9. to the Duke of Leinster, £14. 11. 7. to H. Cumming, Esq., £22. 18. 9. to J. D. Duckett, Esq.; and £114. 14. 3 1/2. to the vicar. There is a glebe-house, and the glebe comprises 18a. 3r. 24p. A neat church was built about 1834, by a grant of £900 from the late Board of First Fruits. In the R. C. divisions it is partly in the union or district of Castledermot, in the diocese of Dublin, and partly in that of Rathvilly, in the diocese of Kildare and Leighlin. Here are the ruins of the old church and of an abbey.

KING'S COUNTY, an inland county of the province of LEINSTER, bounded on the east by the county of Kildare; on the north, by that of Westmeath, and a small portion of Meath; on the west by those of Tipperary, Galway, and Roscommon, from the two latter of which it is separated by the Shannon, and on the south by the Queen's county and Tipperary. It extends from 52° 48' to 53° 24' (N. Lat.), and from 7° 0' to 8° 0' (W. Lon.); comprising an area, according to the Ordnance survey, of 528,166 acres, of which 394,569 are cultivated land, 133,349 unprofitable mountain and bog, and 248 are under water. The population, in 1821, amounted to 131,088, and in 1831, to 144,225.

This part of the island, owing to its inland situation, is not noticed by Ptolemy; recourse must therefore be had to the early native writers as the only source whence to ascertain its former state. From these it has been concluded that, at a very remote period, the county formed part of the territory denominated Hy Falgia, which included also those of Meath, Westmeath, Dublin, and Kildare. It was also included, together with the Queen's county, Dublin, and Kildare, under the denomination of Hy Laoighois, the chieftain of which territory resided at Dunamase, in the Queen's county. Afterwards, this territory, or, as some say, the southern part of it only, was included in the district of Eile, or Hy Leigh, comprehending also the western part of the Queen's county, and the northern part of Tipperary. That district was afterwards divided into three principalities, each under its own chieftain; one of which, forming the southern portion of the King's county, and lying westward of the Slieve Bloom mountains, obtained the name of Eile in Chearbhuil, or "the plain near the rock," afterwards corrupted into Ely O'Carroll, the chiefs of which were called O'Carroll, and under them was a subordinate dynast, named O'Delany, who ruled over a district in the south, denominated Dal-leagh-nui, or "the district of the flat country." These principalities, with the more northern parts of the present King's county, occupied by the Mac Coghlans, O'Molloys, and O'Conors, were afterwards united into one kingdom, under the ancient title of the kingdom of Hy Falgia, or Offallia, which comprehended also a part of the county of Kildare, and the lands of the O'Dempsies and O'Duins, in the Queen's county. It retained this title for several centuries after the landing of the English, and included a smaller territory, called Hy Bressail, So early as 1170, the English power was extended into this part of Ireland, though not with permanent vigour. Thus the lands of Cryngidubh were deemed in all matters of English jurisdiction to form part of Meath; the manor of Geashill, held by the Fitzgeralds, was esteemed part of the county of Kildare; and from the Black Book of the Exchequer, and divers pipe rolls, it appears that the whole of Offallia was charged with twelve knights' fees to the king as part of the county of Kildare. But as the English power declined, its laws and customs were disregarded, and under the name of West Clonmalugra, or Glenmalire, this district was for successive centuries one of the most turbulent and hostile to the Anglo-Irish government. Eastern Glenmalire, or Glenmaleiry, and Leix, were the names then given to the Queen's county, the Barrow river being the boundary between the two districts. The O'Conors were the commanding sept in Offallia; in the reign of Edward VI., uniting with the O'Mores of Leix, they spread disorder through the province of Leinster; but the lord-deputy, Sir Anthony Saintleger, aided by a force sent from England under Sir William Bellingham, dispersed them with little difficulty, ravaged their lands, drove the inhabitants into their fastnesses in the bogs and woods, where they were reduced to the last extremities by famine, and secured their subjection by building six castles in their territory. The chiefs themselves submitted, and attended Saintleger into England, where they were thrown into confinement, and their lands being declared forfeited were shared among English officers and settlers: the O'Carrols, occupying the remotest situation, appear to have been the least affected by these disastrous events. The new arrangements were completed in 1548, and procured for Bellingham the honour of knighthood and the government of Ireland. But the old Irish families did not patiently relinquish their claims and possessions. They were indefatigable in their efforts to resist what they deemed an unjust usurpation. Numbers were consequently cut off in the field, or executed by martial law; and the whole race would have been extirpated in the reign of Mary, had not the Earls of Kildare and Ormonde interceded with the Queen, and become sureties for the peaceable behaviour of the survivors. By an Irish statute in 1557, Lord Sussex was empowered to grant estates or leases in the districts recovered from the Irish inhabitants; another, reciting their forfeiture to the Crown by rebellion, erected them into the King's and Queen's counties, so named in honour of Philip and Mary; the former comprised Ophaly, and such part of Glenmalire as lay east of the Barrow, and had for its capital the fort of Dingen, formerly the chief seat of the O'Conors, and henceforward called Philipstown. In this division was included a small portion of the county of Kildare, containing the parishes of Harristown and Kilbracken, which still, though completely enclosed by Kildare, continue to form part of the King's county. During the entire reign of Elizabeth, the desultory attempts of the natives against the English forces were continued; and the most unscrupulous measures were, on the other hand, exercised against them. In 1599, the lord-lieutenant entered the county with a force of 2500 men, and totally defeated the O'Conors; but in the following year they became as troublesome as before; until at length Sir Oliver Lambert was sent thither at the head of 1000 foot and 100 horse, and after raising the siege of Philips-town, which had been closely pressed by the insurgents, he dispersed them so completely that no resistance of any importance was afterwards attempted.

The county extends into each of the four ecclesiastical provinces, being partly in the diocese of Clonfert, in Tuam, partly in that of Ossory, in Dublin, partly in that of Killaloe, in Cashel, but chiefly in those of Meath, in Armagh, and of Kildare. For purposes of civil jurisdiction it is divided into the baronies of Ballyboy, Ballybritt, Ballycowen, Clonlisk, Coolestown, Eglish, Garrycastle, Geashill, Kilcoursey, Lower Philipstown, Upper Philipstown, and Warrenstown. It contains part of the borough and market-town of Portarlington; the market and assize town of Tullamore; the ancient corporate towns of Philipstown and Banagher; the market and post-towns of Parsonstown, (formerly Birr,) Clara, Edenderry, and Frankford; and the post-towns of Farbane, Shinrone, Moneygall, Geashill, Cloghan, and Kinnitty. Amongst the largest villages are those of Ballycumber, Ballingarry (each of which has a penny post), Shannonbridge, Ballyboy, and Shannon-harbour. The county sent six members to the Irish parliament, two for the county at large, and two for each of the boroughs of Philipstown and Banagher; but since the union its representation has been confined to the two members for the county at large. The constituency, as registered under the act of the 3rd and 4th of Wm. IV., to Feb. 1st, 1836, consists of 417 freeholders of £50 each, 292 of £20, and 985 of £10 each, making a total of 1694 registered electors; and in the county books they are all classed under the head of freeholders except one rent-charger of £50, five of £20, and four leaseholders of £10 each. The election takes place at Tullamore. The county is included in the Home Circuit. The assize and general quarter sessions of the peace are held in Tullamore. Quarter sessions are also held at Birr and at Philipstown. The county gaol and court-house are at Tullamore, and there are court-houses and bridewells at Birr and Philipstown; the former is a modern and well-constructed building, the latter is the old county gaol. The local government is vested in a lieutenant, 7 deputy-lieutenants, and 105 magistrates, besides the usual county officers, including two coroners. There are 45 constabulary police stations, having a force of a sub-inspector, three chief officers, 41 sub-constables, 182 men, and 6 horses. The county infirmary is at Tullamore; and there are fever hospitals at Shinrone and Parsonstown, and dispensaries at Banagher, Clara, Edenderry, Farbane, Frankford, Geashill, Kinnitty, Leap, Moneygall, Parsonstown, Philipstown, and Shinrone, supported equally by private contributions and Grand Jury presentments. The lunatic asylum for the county is at Maryborough. The Grand Jury presentments for 1835 amounted to £21,060. 19. 8., of which £4739. 14. 4. was for public works, repairs of roads, &c.; £11,179. 16. 6. for public buildings, charities, salaries, and incidents; and £5141. 8. 10. for the police and the administration of justice. In the military arrangements the county is included in the western district, and has barracks for infantry at Banagher, Parsonstown, and Shannon-harbour, and for cavalry at Tullamore and Philipstown, affording, in the whole, accommodation for 68 officers and 1412 men.

The form of the county is very irregular; it has three isolated portions, which, though considered to be parts of Upper Philipstown, are wholly included within the barony of Ophaly, in the county of Kildare; its surface is, for the most part, an uninterrupted flat, except where it rises at its south-western extremity into the Slieve Bloom mountains, which range in a direction from north-east to south-west for twenty miles, forming the boundary between the King's and Queen's counties. The highest point is called the Height of Ireland; there is but one passage through them, called the Gap of Glandine, which is very diflicult of approach, steep and craggy, and but five feet wide. The only other elevations which merit notice are Croghan hill, to the north of Philipstown, rising about five hundred feet above the surrounding country, and beautifully clothed with verdure to its summit; and the great hill of Cloghan, which is the most commanding eminence between the Brosna river and the Slieve Bloom mountains, and abounds on all sides with numerous and never-failing springs. Lough Pallas, between Tullamore and Ballyboy, is the most remarkable lake in the county: it is of inconsiderable extent, but has the finest tench in Ireland. Lough Annagh partly belongs to this county, as the divisional line between it and the Queen's county is drawn through its centre. It contains about 315 acres, the greater part of which is from five to eight feet deep in summer: its bottom is chiefly composed of bog, interspersed with roots of trees, with a bank of gravel and stones in the centre: several small streams flow into it, and its waters are discharged into the Silver river, which flows into the Brosna. Deroin lough, in . the barony of Eglish, comprises about 200 acres. Lough Boura contains 175 acres, but is so shallow that a man may wade through every part of it in the summer time: its bottom is composed of fine black bog and gravel. Lough Couragh is a small lough in the bog between Frankford and Parsonstown. Although a great part of the county is covered with bog, the climate is as wholesome as in any other part of Ireland. The general soil, in its natural state, is not fertile, and is only rendered so by manures and attention to a proper course of crops. The quality is, generally, either a deep moor or a gravelly loam; the former very productive in dry summers, the latter most benefited by a moist season. Limestone is the general substratum, yet as a manure it is not used so extensively as it should be. Limestone gravel, here called corn gravel, is also abundant and in general use as manure, and without burning or any other preparation it produces abundant crops. The pastures, though not luxuriant, are excellent for sheepwalks, the flocks producing wool in abundance, and of very fine quality. The unreclaimed moor is highly nutritious to young cattle; but it is observed that where bogs have been reclaimed, although the vegetation is rapid and rather earlier than in the upland, corn crops are generally two or three weeks later in ripening. The best land in the county is on the western side of the Slieve Bloom mountains, extending from the boundary of the Queen's county through Ballybritt to Parsonstown; but the barony of Clonlisk, in general, is decidedly the most fertile; that of Warrenstown has been recently much improved by the efforts and example of two enterprising Scotch farmers of the name of Rait: the land in it, though naturally good, requires great attention to draw forth all its capabilities. The beneficial change has been brought about at considerable expense and labour, and it is now nearly as productive as the fertile barony of Clonlisk. A great part of the bog of Allen lies within this county, forming, in detached portions, the most remarkable feature of its surface. The mountains have a great variety of soils and substrata; but the greater portion of them merely affords a coarse pasture to young cattle in dry seasons; the only part worthy of especial notice is a tract of fertile pasture, which is grazed all the year by numerous flocks of sheep and young cattle, and having a limestone soil, with a stiff clay at the basis of the heights, yields abundant crops of corn.

The farms were formerly very large. It was not uncommon for one person to hold a thousand or fifteen hundred acres; but their size is now much reduced, averaging not more than from 12 to 17 acres; few are so large as 200 acres. Considerable tracts of mountain and bog are reclaimed every year by young men after marriage, who locate themselves in cabins generally near the bog for the advantage of fuel. Many of the little elevated patches in the bog of Allen, here called islands, have been thus brought into cultivation. The chief crops are wheat and potatoes, except near the bogs and mountains, where oats are principally grown. Barley and rape are also extensively raised; the latter is found to flourish on the most boggy soil, if properly drained. Turnips, mangel wurzel, vetches, and clover are everywhere grown by the gentry and large farmers; but the generality of the small farmers do not venture on the green crop system, except in the barony of Warrenstown, where a regular rotation crop is general. Red and white clover are found on most farms; the former, with rye grass, answers bog land extremely well, and throughout every part of the country it affords a remarkably early herbage, ripens a month earlier than the natural grasses, and is made into hay with much less trouble. Flax is grown for domestic use in small quantities in patches or in the corner of a field. On the banks of the rivers are extensive marshy meadows, called callows, which are mostly inundated in winter, but afford a valuable pasture in summer. In the district between Birr and Roscrea they are very extensive, and yield great quantities of hay of very superior quality; the hay from the. callows on the Shannon is not so good. Dairies are not so frequent here as in some of the neighbouring counties; nor is the same attention paid to the breeding of milch cows, although near Parsonstown and on the borders of Meath the dairy cows are very good. Butter is the chief produce; cheese is seldom made, and of inferior quality. Much has been done to improve the breed of horned cattle: that mostly preferred by the farmer is the old native stock crossed by the Durham. A very serviceable breed has been introduced by a cross between the Meath and Devon: the cattle are exceedingly pretty, and thrive well on favoured soils. In the barony of Ballybritt is a very heavy and powerful breed of bullocks, being a cross between the Limerick and Durham, excellent for field work, of large size, and rapidly and economically fattened: they are principally sent to the Dublin market. The breed of sheep has also been much improved. A cross between the new Leicester and the native sheep of the valley gives excellent wool, and draws higher prices than any other. On the hills the sheep appear to have been crossed till it would be difficult to give the breed a name: the best appear to combine the old Ayrshire with the Kerry. The horses are well bred, light, and active, and when properly trained, excellent for the saddle; they are bred in great numbers: it is no unusual thing to see herds of young horses, mostly bays, in the mountains or bogs of Eglish and Ballyboy. There is a greater number of jennets here than in any other part of Ireland. Pigs are found everywhere, but very little attention has been paid to their improvement. Asses are mostly kept by the poor people, and mules are common with the small farmers. Goats are by no means numerous. The county is generally well fenced, mostly with white thorn planted on the breast of the ditch, but from the time of planting, the hedges appear to be neglected, except towards the south-western parts, where the country much resembles some of the midland districts of England. Draining and irrigation appear to be unknown; yet the country is highly favourable for both, for although chiefly a plain, and interspersed with large tracts of bog, it is so much elevated as to afford opportunities everywhere for carrying off the redundant water into some river. The general manure is limestone gravel, of which the best kind is found in hillocks, or at the foot of hills, and has a strong smell when turned up. Burning this gravel in heaps, with the parings of the moors, furnishes a manure producing extraordinary crops. Bog stuff by itself, or worked up into a compost with dung, is much used. In high grounds, with a deep limestone bottom, this latter is found to be the best manure. The old plough is still in use. Oxen are employed in tillage, for the harnessing of which a singular kind of yoke is in use in the neighbourhood of Leap; it consists of a flat light piece of wood which lies on the forehead, and is strapped to the horns, so that the force of the draught is brought to the neck, in which the animal's strength is supposed chiefly to exist; the oxen rather pushing than pulling. Another mode has also been introduced when four oxen are employed; they are coupled together and a long beam is laid across their necks, embracing the throat by an iron bow which pierces the beam, and is keyed at the top; from the centre of the beam the long chain is suspended: this kind of yoke is considered to be very easy to the cattle. The Scotch plough and the angular harrow are everywhere used, except in the mountain districts and by the poorer farmers: the slide car, and that with solid wheels, are both exploded, and a light car with iron-bound spoke wheels has taken their place; it is formed of framework, consisting of the shafts and a few transverse bars for the body, on which rests a large wicker-work basket, here called a kish; by removing the basket the frame serves to carry bulky articles, such as sacks of grain or hay; this car is very light, not weighing more, when well made, than 15 cwt. The Scotch cart is seldom seen but with the gentry.

Evident marks exist at the present day to prove that the whole surface of the county was once an uninterrupted forest: the alder is indigenous, and a small patch of the ancient forest still remains in the demesne of Droughtville. The borders of the county, near Tipperary, are well wooded and have a beautiful appearance; but the principal woods are those of Killeigh, Charleville, and Castle Bernard; there are likewise very extensive plantations and ornamental timber around Woodfield, Droughtville, Mountpleasant, Leap, Goldengrove, Doone, Moystown, Geashill, Newtown, and Clara. The timber is large and excellent: the ash from this part bears the highest price in Dublin; oak, birch, and lime also thrive well. Much planting has been effected on the borders of the bogs, and on the islands and derries interspersed through them, some of which are ancient stands of timber. Trees are also found growing within a few feet of the ancient timber, which is now several feet under the surface. The bogs, which cover so large a portion of the land, supply a never-failing quantity of fuel: their elevation renders them easily reclaimable, and the quantities of limestone and gravel found in the escars and derries with which they are interspersed afford great facilities for bringing them into a state of tillage.

The level portions of the county form part of the great field of floetz limestone. Its structure varies from the perfectly compact to the conjointly compact and foliated, and even granularly foliated. Beds of the last kind are quarried and wrought for various purposes near Tullamore; the stone is of a greyish white and of a large granular texture. The Slieve Bloom mountains consist of a nucleus of clay-slate surrounded by sandstone. The sandstone appears to sweep round the clay-stone nucleus, following the sinuosities and curvatures formed by its surface, with a dip that conforms to the declivity. Quarries are formed all round the mountains, in some of which the strata are from one to three feet in thickness; while in others excellent flags are raised from an inch to four or five inches thick, and seven and eight feet square. The sandstone of these mountains is commonly yellowish-white or grey, sometimes exhibiting small porous interstices filled with iron ochre. Croghan hill is a protruding mass of basalt, supporting on its north-western and south-western sides the floetz limestone. The gravel hills or escars form a very singular feature in this county. They appear in the borders of Westmeath and proceed by Philipstown in a south-western direction to Roscrea. They are entirely composed of gravel and sand, those in the northern part being of silicious formation and in the southern argillaceous. In no other part of Ireland do they present so great a variety of structure or exhibit a more bold and marked appearance. Neither coal nor any other of the more valuable metallic ores has been found; those discovered being manganese and iron in very small quantities, with some ochre and potters' clay.

The woollen manufacture is very limited: the women spin worsted, which they dispose of to the manufacturers. Friezes, stuffs, and serges are made in the county, but entirely for home consumption. The linen manufacture was formerly carried on with much spirit in some parts, particularly in the baronies of Garrycastle and Kilcoursey. The women are peculiarly industrious; they are all spinners, and their auxiliary exertions for the subsistence of the family are so proverbial, that it is common for an industrious young man to take a journey into this county in quest of a wife. There are extensive flour-mills, distilleries, and breweries at Parsonstown and some other parts of the county, but the people are mostly engaged in agricultural pursuits.

The Brosna, formerly called Brosmog, rises in the county of Westmeath, and running westward by Bally-cumber and Ferbane, discharges itself into the Shannon, which forms the entire western boundary of the county, separating it from Connaught. The county is also bounded for a short distance on the north-east by the river Boyne; the Barrow separates it from the Queen's county, in the neighbourhood of Portarlington; the Feagile separates it from Kildare, a little above Monastereven. The Lesser Brosna, which joins the Shannon below Banagher, is the boundary between this county and Tipperary, a distance of seven miles, and has been rendered navigable from the Shannon for about two miles above Riverstown bridge, for small turf boats. This interesting little river, from Riverstown bridge down to the Shannon, is also the boundary between the provinces of Leinster and Munster, so that at the mouth of the Lesser Brosna are the junction of three provinces and three counties. Through numerous glens in the hilly district descend rapid mountain streams, which only flow in wet weather: the fall of their waters is generally as sudden as their rise. Many of them are discharged into Knockarley river, which sometimes appears but an inconsiderable stream, but when swelled by the mountain floods it. becomes of great magnitude, occasionally rising several feet and carrying away every thing on its banks: its bed has been completely changed in consequence of the violence of these floods, which baffle all the art and labour expended in endeavouring to confine the river to its original channel. The Grand Canal enters the county near Edenderry, and continues its course through its entire length, in a western direction, by Philipstown and Tullamore, till it joins the Shannon, at Shannon-harbour, near Banagher, opening a direct communication with Dublin on the one side, and with Ballinasloe and the Shannon on the other: it is the chief line of trade for the county. It is proposed to make a navigation from the Shannon up the Lesser Brosna to Parsonstown. The roads are numerous in every part, and have been greatly improved within the last few years; several new lines have been opened through the bogs; but notwithstanding the central situation and great extent of this county, it is a singular fact, that there is not a mail coach to or from any town in it; the only mail coach road touching the county is that from Dublin to Limerick, for a very short distance south of Roscrea. The roads are all maintained by Grand Jury presentments.

The most ancient relic of antiquity is a ruin called the White Obelisk, or Temple of the Sun, in the Slieve Bloom mountains, being a large pyramid of white stones. Danish raths are common: a chain of fortified moats commanding toghers or bog passes extends through the county. Ballykillen fort was a famous rath, in the centre of which was a vault where some curious relics were found. The number of religious establishments in this county appears in former times to have been very great in proportion to its extent. Of the existing remains the most remarkable are the ruins at Clonmacnois. Of the other religious establishments, there are still vestiges of those of Clonfertmulloe, Drumcullin, Kilcolman, Killegally, Rathbeg, and Reynagh, which have been converted into parish churches. At Killeigh, now a small village, there were three religious houses. Durrow was the site of a sumptuous abbey, founded by St. Columb; the abbey of Monasteroris was founded by one of the Birmingham family, in a district then called Thotmoy; Seirkyran abbey was founded by St. Kieran, near Ballybritt: the abbeys of Clonemore, Glinn, Kilbian, Kilcomin, Kilhualleach, Killiadhuin, Liethmore, Lynally, Mugna, Rathlibthen, and Tuilim, are known only by name. The ruins of ancient castles are also numerous; most of the baronies take their names from some one of them. Several are still kept up as the mansions of the proprietors; but the greater number are in ruins. Those deserving special notice, together with the modern mansions of the nobility and gentry, are described under the heads of their respective parishes.

Though there are some good farmsteads, the landholders in general pay but little attention to the arrangement of their offices or their internal convenience or neatness, except in those belonging to gentlemen of fortune. The houses of the small farmers are very mean, and the peasants' cabins are throughout miserably poor, in few instances weather-proof, and mostly thatched with straw; on the borders of the bogs they are still worse constructed, being covered only with sods pared off the surface, called scraws, or with rushes; yet the people are said to prefer the shelter thus afforded to that of stone and slated houses, partly from custom, partly, too, on account of the warmth retained by the smoke and closeness of the earthen buildings. The food is potatoes, milk, and oatmeal. In the neighbourhood of Philipstown, bacon forms an occasional addition to the family fare, and beer is in much demand. In Kilcoursey, most cottier families consume a bacon pig annually. Though illiterate, they are very anxious to have their children instructed, as is evident from the number of small schools in all parts. They speak English everywhere; if a person is heard speaking Irish, they invariably call him a Connaught man. Their clothing is of the coarsest materials, manufactured at home. The women prepare the yarn for the manufacturer, and execute many of the details of agricultural industry. The use of cotton in lieu of linen and woollen has become very general, particularly for female dress.

Chalybeate mineral waters are frequent: some wells at Shinrone throw up a strong ferruginous scum, and their waters leave a lasting mark on linen. In Garrycastle barony they are particularly numerous; there is also one at Escar in Coolestown, another at Kilduff, in Philipstown, and another near Aghancon church, in Ballybritt. In Ballycowan barony is a well which exhibits a combination of sulphur with iron; yet none of them are much noted for their medicinal effects. At Ballincar, near Whigsborough, is a spa resembling that of Castle Connell, in Limerick; its waters are of a yellowish hue, and it is much esteemed for its efficacy in healing bad sores and scorbutic ulcers. Besides these may be mentioned a spring on the glebe land of Geas-hill, the waters of which never throw off any sediment; but, though preserved for many years in bottle, continue perfectly pure and undistinguishable in taste and colour from that drawn fresh from the spring.

KINGSCOURT, a market and post-town, in the parish of ENNISKEEN, county of CAVAN, and province of ULSTER, 5 miles (W.) from Carrickmacross, and 505 (N. W.) from Dublin, on the road from Carrickmacross to Bailieborough; containing 1616 inhabitants. This town, which is situated on the confines of the counties of Louth, Meath, and Monaghan, was founded near the site of the old village of Cabra, by Mervyn Pratt, Esq., towards the close of the last century, and was completed by his brother, the Rev. Joseph Pratt. From the facility afforded by its situation for procuring materials for building, the advantageous conditions of the leases granted by its proprietor, the construction of good roads, and the establishment of a market, it has rapidly risen into importance, and is now a thriving and prosperous place. It consists of one spacious street, containing 314 houses, which are well built of stone and roofed with slate; has a neat and commodious market-house, and a daily post; and is the head station for the Kingscourt district of the Irish society for promoting the education of the native Irish, through the medium of their own language. Near the town is Cabra Castle, the seat of the proprietor, Col. Pratt, a superb baronial castellated mansion in the Norman style of architecture, with suitable offices, situated in an extensive and beautiful demesne, comprising 1700 statute acres, and embellished with luxuriant woods and richly varied scenery. In a spacious meadow to the west of the castle, which is interspersed with stately trees of ancient growth, is an aboriginal wood covering several hundred acres, and reaching to the summit of a lofty eminence crowned with the ruins of an ancient castle and a rotundo of more modern date, commanding a rich view over several counties, terminating in the Carlingford mountains to the east, and the bay of Dundalk, which is visible in clear weather. On a rising ground at a short distance towards the south are the tower of Kingscourt church and part of the town; and to the south-east, on a high hill, the church of Ardagh. At the western extremity of the demesne is the romantic and thickly wooded glen of Cabra, of great depth and nearly a mile in length, watered by a rapid mountain torrent, which taking a winding course over beds of rock, forms several picturesque cascades. A very romantic bridge is thrown across the glen, the abutments of which are hewn in the solid rock; the arch, raised to a very great height, is covered with ivy and ornamented with several trees of large growth, whose stems are also entwined with ivy, giving to it a splendid and imposing appearance. Near this spot, on a slight eminence, is Cabra Lodge, where the present proprietor has erected some vertical saw-mills of great power. It is traditionally recorded that one of the northern tribes, in its passage to the west of Ireland, was met in this glen by the enemy and totally routed and cut to pieces; several of the old inhabitants recollect the discovery of human bones in this place, which, it being unconsecrated ground, must have been those of bodies interred before the Christian era. This circumstance is alluded to in a note appended to Ossian's poems, a fact which would, in the opinion of antiquaries, confirm the authenticity of at least a part of that work. Contiguous to Cabra is Mullintra, the grounds of which, together with those of Cormee, the site of the present castle, now form part of the demesne, the whole having been united by the present proprietor. The market is on Tuesday; and there are fairs on April 1st, May 23rd, June 18th, Aug. 1st, Sept. 19th, Nov. 8th, and Dec. 4th and 24th. A chief constabulary force is stationed here, and petty sessions are held on alternate Tuesdays. The parish church is situated in the town, in which are also a handsome R. C. chapel and a dispensary. In the neighbourhood are several planted raths, one of which commands a very extensive and magnificent prospect.

KINGSTOWN, formerly DUNLEARY, a sea-port and market-town, in the parish of MONKSTOWN, half-barony of RATHDOWN, county of DUBLIN, and province of LEINSTER, 5 miles (E. S. E.) from Dublin; containing 5736 inhabitants. This town, which is situated on the southern shore of the bay of Dublin, derived its former name Dunleary, signifying "the fort of Leary," from Laeghaire or Leary, son of "Nial of the nine hostages," monarch of Ireland, who reigned from the year 429 to 458, and had his residence at this place. Its present appellation, Kingstown, was given to it by permission of his late Majesty Geo. IV., on his embarkation at this port for England after his visit to Ireland, in 1821; in commemoration of which a handsome obelisk of granite, with an appropriate inscription and surmounted by a crown of the same material, was erected. Previously to the construction of the present magnificent harbour, Dunleary was merely a small village inhabited only by a few fishermen; but since the completion of that important undertaking it has become an extensive and nourishing place of fashionable resort, and the immediate neighbourhood is thickly studded with elegant villas and handsome residences of the wealthy citizens of Dublin. The bay of Dublin had, from time immemorial, been regarded as extremely dangerous for shipping, from a bar of moveable sand which obstructed the entrance into the harbour, and rendered the western passage to the port impracticable during certain periods of the tide; and from the vast rocks that project along the eastern shore to the small town of Dunleary. The frequent wrecks that occurred, and the great loss of life and property, had powerfully shown the want of an asylum harbour for the protection of vessels during adverse winds; and application from the Dublin merchants had been made to Capt. Toucher, a gentleman of great nautical skill and experience, who resided among them, to select a proper station for that purpose. The loss of His Majesty's packet, the Prince of Wales, and of the Rochdale transport between Dublin and Dunleary, on the 17th Nov., 1807, when 380 persons perished, prompted fresh efforts to obtain this desirable object, and the merchants of Dublin and the Rathdown association again applied to Capt. Toucher, who selected the port of Dunleary as the fittest for the purpose, from its commanding a sufficient depth of water, soundness of bottom, and other requisites for the anchorage of large vessels; but nothing further was done at that time. A petition, signed by all the magistrates and gentry on the southern shore of the bay, was, in 1809, presented to the Duke of Richmond, then Lord-Lieutenant; and a small pier, 500 feet in length, was constructed to the east of the Chicken rocks, which, though accessible only at particular periods of the tide, contributed much to the preservation of life and property. The great want of accommodation for the port of Dublin and the channel trade, induced the citizens to make further efforts to obtain the sanction of the legislature for the construction of an asylum harbour more adequate to the safety of vessels frequenting the Irish channel, and bound to other ports; and in 1815 an act was passed for "the erection of an asylum harbour and place of refuge at Dunleary." Commissioners were appointed to carry the provisions of this act into effect, in which they were greatly assisted by the exertions and experience of Capt. Toucher; surveys were made and the works were commenced in 1816, under the direction and after the design of the late Mr. Rennie: the first stone of the eastern pier was laid by Earl Whitworth, Lord-Lieutenant, and the work was successfully prosecuted under the superintendence of Mr. Rennie, till his decease in 1817: the pier is 3500 feet in length. Though at first it was thought to be of itself sufficient to afford the requisite security, it was found necessary, for the protection of vessels from the north-west winds, to construct a western pier, which was commenced in 1820, and has been extended to a length of 4950 feet from the shore. The piers, by an angular deviation from a right line, incline towards each other, leaving at the mouth of the harbour a distance of 850 feet, and enclose an area of 251 statute acres, affording anchorage in a depth of water varying from 27 to 15 feet at low spring tides. The foundation is laid at a depth of 20 feet at low water, and for 14 feet from the bottom the piers are formed of fine Runcorn sandstone, in blocks of 50 cubic feet perfectly square; and from 6 feet below water mark to the coping, of granite of excellent quality found in the neighbourhood. They are 310 feet broad at the base, and 53 feet on the summit; towards the harbour they are faced with a perpendicular wall of heavy rubble-stone, and towards the sea with huge blocks of granite sloping towards the top in an angle of 10 or 12 degrees. A quay, 40 feet wide, is continued along the piers, protected on the sea side by a strong parapet nine feet high. The extreme points of the piers, which had been left unfinished for the decision of the Lords of the Admiralty with respect to the breadth of the entrance, are to be faced in their present position. A spacious wharf, 500 feet in length, has been erected along the breast of the harbour, opposite the entrance, where merchant vessels of any burthen may deliver or receive their cargoes at all times of the tide. At the extremity of the eastern pier is a revolving light, which becomes eclipsed every two minutes. The old pier, which is now enclosed within the present harbour, affords good shelter for small vessels. More than half a million sterling has been already expended upon the construction of this noble harbour, and it is calculated that, to render it complete, about £200,000 more will be requisite. The materials for the piers, wharf, and quays, are granite of remarkably compact texture, brought from the quarries of Dalkey hill, about two miles distant, by means of railroads laid down for the purpose; the number of men daily employed was about 600 on the average. The Royal Harbour of Kingstown is now exclusively the station for the Holyhead and Liverpool mail packets; and from the great accommodation it affords to steam-vessels of every class, and the protection and security to all vessels navigating the Irish channel, it has fully realized all the benefits contemplated in its construction. The number of vessels that entered, during the year 1835, was 2000, of the aggregate burden of 244,282 tons, exclusively of 57 men of war and cruisers, and of the regular post-office steam-packets from Holyhead and Liverpool, of which there are six employed daily in conveying the mails and passengers. About 20 yawls belong to the port, of which the chief trade is the exportation of cattle, corn, granite, and lead ore, and the importation of coal, timber, and iron. The intercourse with the metropolis is greatly facilitated by the Dublin and Kingstown railway, which has been lately extended, by the Board of Works from the old harbour of Dunleary to the new wharf, which is very large and commodious. It was opened to the public on the 17th of Dec., 1834, and the number of passengers has since been on the average about 4000 daily; the number from Dublin and its environs to Kingstown, during the races, was, on the first day 8900, and on the second, 9700. The line, which is 5 1/2 miles in length, was completed to the old harbour at an expense of more than £200,000, of which £74,000 was advanced on loan by the Board of Public Works, and during its progress employed from 1500 to 1800 men daily. It commences at Westlandrow, Dublin, where the company have erected a handsome and spacious building for passengers, and is carried over several streets, and across the dock of the Grand Canal by handsome and substantial arches of granite. At Merrion, about 2 miles from the city, it passes through the sea on an elevated embankment to Blackrock. Thence it passes through extensive excavations, and intersecting the demesnes of Lord Cloncurry and Sir Harcourt Lees, passes under a tunnel about 70 feet in length, and extends along the sea shore to the Martello tower at Seapoint, continuing along the base of the Monkstown cliffs to Salthill, and thence to the old harbour of Dunleary, where commences the extensive line to the new packet wharf. Six locomotive engines of the most approved construction are employed on the road, and there are three classes of carriages for passengers, the fares of which are respectively sixpence, eight-pence, and a shilling. These carriages start every half hour, from both stations, from 6 in the morning till 10 o'clock at night, performing the journey in less than 15 minutes; the whole line is well lighted with gas.

The town consists of one spacious street, about half a mile in length, and of several smaller streets and avenues branching from it in various directions; there are also several ranges of handsome buildings, inhabited chiefly by the opulent citizens of Dublin, of which the principal are Gresham's Terrace, consisting of eight elegant houses, with a spacious hotel erected by Mr. Gresham, at an expense of £35,000, together forming one side of Victoria-square, so named at the request of the Princess Victoria; the ground in front of the terrace is tastefully laid out, and from the flat roofs of the houses, which are secured from the risk of accidents by iron railings, is a fine view of the bay, the hill of Howth, the Killiney hills, and the Dublin and Wicklow mountains. Haddington Terrace, consisting of eight houses in the Elizabethan style, was built in 1835; and there are many detached and handsome residences. The town, towards the improvement of which Mr. Gresham has contributed greatly at his own expense, is partly paved, and is lighted with gas by the Dublin Gas Company. From the purity of the air, the beauty of its situation, and convenience for sea-bathing, this place has become a favourite summer residence, and is greatly resorted to by visiters, for whose accommodation, besides the Gresham hotel, there is the Anglesey Arms on the quay; there are also several private lodging-houses on the western side of the harbour. The Dublin Railway Company have erected some elegant and spacious baths, and there are others also on the eastern side of the harbour, all commanding interesting and extensive views of the sea and of the surrounding scenery. Races are held annually, for which Mr. Gresham has purchased land near the town well adapted for a course, and on which he is about to erect a grand stand; and regattas annually take place in the harbour. In the town and neighbourhood are numerous handsome seats and pleasing villas, most of them commanding fine views of the bay of Dublin and of the richly diversified scenery on its shores. Of these, the principal are Fairyland, that of C. Halliday, Esq.; Granite Hall, of R. Garratt, Esq.; Stone View, of S. Smith, Esq.; Lodge Park, of the Rev. B. Sheridan; High Thorn, of J. Meara, Esq.; Glengarry, of R. Fletcher, Esq.; Prospect, of Assistant Commissioner Gen. Chalmers; Glengarry House, of J. Dillon, Esq.; Northumberland Lodge, of Sir William Lynar; Airhill House, of F. T. McCarthy, Esq.; Wellington Lodge, of M. McCaull, Esq.; Mount Irwin, of J. Smith, Esq.; Plunkett Lodge, of the Hon. Mrs. Plunkett; Carrig Castle, of C. N. Duff, Esq.; Marine Villa, of J. Duggan, Esq.; Eden Villa, of J. Sheridan, Esq.; Ashgrove Lodge, of B. McCulloch, Esq., Raven Lodge, of Lieut. Burniston; Leslie Cottage, of J. Twigg, Esq.; Echo Lodge, of Mrs. Leathley; and Valetta, of Capt. Drewe. The neighbourhood is remarkable for its quarries of fine granite, from which was raised the principal material for the bridge over the Menai straits, and for the harbours of Howth and Kingstown. A savings' bank has been opened, and a marketplace and court-house are in progress of erection. Kingstown is the head of a coast-guard district, comprising the stations of Dalkey, Bray, Graystones, Five-mile Point, and Wicklow Head, and including a force of 5 officers and 38 men, under an inspecting commander resident here; there is also a constabulary police force under a resident sub-inspector. Petty sessions are held every Monday; a court at which the Commissioners of Public Works preside, or a deputed magistrate, is held on Tuesday, to try harbour offences; and the seneschal of the Glasnevin and Grangegorman manorial court, sits on alternate Fridays, for the recovery of debts to any amount within this district. An Episcopal chapel was built by subscription in 1836, in pursuance of a donation of £1000 late currency for its endowment; it is called the "Protestant Episcopal Mariners' Church at Kingstown Harbour." In the R. C. divisions the town is the head of a union or district, comprising the parishes of Dalkey, Killiney, Old Connaught, Rathmichael, Tully, and the greater part of Monkstown and Kill. The chapel is a handsome edifice, completed in 1835, at an expense of £4000; over the altar is a painting of the Crucifixion, presented by Mr. Gresham. There are chapels also at Cabinteely and Crinken. In the town are places of worship for Presbyterians in connection with the Synod of Ulster, of the third class, and Wesleyan Methodists; the former erected at an expense of £2000, and the latter of £1000, there is also a large lecture-room. A convent of the order of St. Clare, to which is attached a small chapel, was established here about 10 years since; but the community, having been much reduced in number, has been distributed among other religious houses, and the convent has been purchased by the nuns of Loretto House, Rathfarnham, who conduct a respectable boarding school. A convent of the order of Mercy was established in 1835, consisting of a superior and seven sisters from Baggot-street, Dublin, who have built a commodious school-room, in which 300 girls are gratuitously instructed; they also visit the sick in the neighbourhood, whom they supply with necessaries and religious instruction. About 120 children are taught in an infants' school and a school under the New Board of Education. A dispensary and fever hospital were established in 1825.

KING-WILLIAM'S-TOWN, a village, recently erected by government, in the parish of NOHOVAL-DALY, barony of DUHALLOW, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 9 1/2 miles (S. E.) from Castle-Island, on the river Blackwater, and on the new government road from Castle-Island to Roskeen Bridge; the population is returned with the parish. It is situated nearly in the centre of the crown lands of Pobble O'Keefe, comprising about 9000 statute acres, which formed part of an extensive territory forfeited by the O'Keefes in 1641, and have since remained in the occupation of the lessees of the crown. On the expiration of the last lease, granted about a century since to the Cronin family, it was determined by the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, on the recommendation of their surveyor, Mr. Weale, to retain the estate in their own hands; to commence a series of experimental improvements in draining, planting, building, &c.; and by the construction of new roads to render accessible this hitherto wild, neglected, and uncultivated district. For these purposes the commissioners were empowered, by an act passed in 1832, to appropriate £17,000 from the revenues of the crown, to which the Grand Juries of Cork and Kerry added presentments amounting to £7937. The works were accordingly commenced in Sept. 1832, under the superintendence of Mr. Griffith, the government engineer; and after considerable progress had been made in the intersection of this mountain district by two important lines of road (noticed in the article on the county of Cork), the erection of the village was commenced on the eastern bank of the Blackwater, on the road to Castle-Island, which here crosses the river over a handsome stone bridge of two elliptic arches. It chiefly consists of a row of neat houses with shops, and of dwellings for workmen, situated on the northern side of the road; at the western extremity near the bridge is a commodious dwelling-house with suitable out-offices, at present occupied by the sub-engineer, but intended for an inn, on the completion of the model farm-house now in course of erection near the village, which will be his future residence. Immediately opposite is a neat garden and nursery, extending to the river, which, though formed in the centre of a deep bog, has produced flowers, vegetables, and seedlings of a superior description, and from which nearly 50 acres of mountain land have already been planted. To the east of the nursery garden a handsome school-house in the Elizabethan style has been erected; it is surmounted by a cupola and its front ornamented by a clock; and it is in contemplation to erect a chapel, with a residence for the priest. The village is well supplied with water from a well on the Kerry side of the river. Three substantial farm-houses have been erected in the vicinity for tenants of the estate, in lieu of the miserable mud cabins which they previously occupied; and, as the land is gradually reclaimed, others will be erected on different parts of the estate, of which nearly 100 acres have already been brought into cultivation on an improved system, and made to produce excellent crops of grain and potatoes; and about 60 acres of mountain land have been drained for meadow and pasture. A vein of culm has been lately discovered and worked to a considerable extent for burning limestone, of which a large supply is obtained from the quarries at Carrigdulkeen and Taur, in the adjoining parishes of Kilcummin and Clonfert. A branch road to Mount Infant is in progress, to complete the direct communication with the former quarry, and with the roads to Killarney and Millstreet; a road to Newmarket is nearly completed; and it has been suggested that a cross road should be made from King-William's-Town to open a direct communication with the limestone quarries at Taur, and to form a junction with the new road between Abbeyfeale and Newmarket.

KINKORA.--See KILLALOE.

KINLOUGH, a village, in the parish of ROSSINVER, half-barony of ROSSCLOGHER, county of LEITRIM, and province of CONNAUGHT, 4 miles (S. S. W.) from Ballyshannon, on the road to Manor-Hamilton; the population is returned with the parish. This village contains about 30 houses: it is a chief constabulary police station, and has fairs on the 6th of each month. Petty sessions are held every third Monday, and there is a dispensary. Here are the parish church, a R. C. chapel, and a school. At the north-eastern extremity of Lough Melvyn is Kinlough House, the beautiful villa of R. Johnston, Esq., in a very fine demesne. Near the village is a chalybeate spa which was formerly much frequented.

KINNARD, a parish, in the barony of CORKAGUINEY, county of KERRY, and province of MUNSTER, 2 miles (S. E.) from Dingle, on the northern side of Dingle bay; containing 1261 inhabitants. It is intersected by the Lispole river, which runs into the bay, and comprises 10,453 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act; about one-half consists of mountain pasture interspersed with bog, and the remainder is chiefly under tillage: an abundant supply of sea-weed and sand is obtained in the bay and used for manure, and the state of agriculture is gradually improving. The boats employed in bringing the manure are also occasionally engaged in the fishery of the bay. The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Ardfert and Aghadoe, and in the patronage of the Bishop; the rectory is partly impropriate in J. Hickson, Esq., of Dingle. The tithes amount to £139. 5. 8., of which £56. 4. 1 1/2. being the tithes of that part of the parish lying north of the river Lispole, is payable to the impropriator, and the remainder to the incumbent. There is a glebe of about three acres near the churchyard; the clerical duties are discharged by the incumbent of Cloghane. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Dingle: the chapel for this portion of the district is on the border of the adjoining parish of Minard. The ruins of the old church still remain in the burial-ground near the shore; it has long been the burial-place of the Hussey family.

KINNEAGH.--See TINTERN.

KINNEGAD, a post-town and district parish, in the barony of FARBII.L, county of WESTMEATH, and province of LEINSTER, 8 3/4 miles (E. S. E.) from Mullingar, and 29 1/2 (W. by N.) from Dublin, on the road to Athlone; containing 2812 inhabitants, of which number, 670 are in the town. It comprises 115 houses, with a market-house in the centre, and is a great thoroughfare. There is a patent for three fairs and a market, but only one fair is held on the 9th of May. Here is a constabulary police station, and a dispensary. The living is a perpetual-curacy, in the diocese of Meath, separated from the parish of Killucan upwards of 50 years since, and in the patronage of the Incumbent of Killucan: the curate's income proceeds from £46. 3. from the rector of Killucan, £17. 16. from Primate Boulter's fund, and 42 acres of land at £41. 1. per annum, with the glebe-house and offices. The church is a neat Gothic edifice, for the rebuilding of which the late Board of First Fruits, in 1822, granted a loan of £1050. There is a glebe-house, with a glebe of 30 acres, subject Jo a rent of £20. In the R. C. divisions it is the head of a union or district, called also Corralstown, comprising this parish and part of Clonard, and containing chapels at Kinnegad, Corralstown, and Clonard. Here is a school, which cost £169, raised by subscription and a grant from the lord-lieutenant's school fund, to which the Earl of Lanesborough contributes £5 annually: about 150 children are educated in this and another public school, and about 190 in five private schools.

KINNEIGH, a parish, in the western division of the barony of EAST CARBERY, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 8 miles (N. W.) from Bandon, on the mail-car road to Dunmanway; containing 5708 inhabitants. This parish, which is said to have been anciently the head of a bishoprick founded by St. Mocolmoge, is bounded on the south by the river Bandon, and comprises 13,575 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, and valued at £8204 per annum. About 10,000 acres are arable, 1300 pasture, 150 woodland, and 2000 waste and bog: the land, except towards the south, is cold, wet, and stony, and the system of agriculture, except on the farms of resident proprietors, is in a very unimproved state. The waste land is chiefly mountainous, but under a better system of husbandry a great proportion of it might be reclaimed and brought into profitable cultivation. The substratum is of the schistus formation, passing abruptly in the northern parts into every variety of transition rock; and towards the south is found slate of good colour and very durable. Near the village of Inniskeen are two quarries, in which more than 30 men are constantly employed. The principal seats are Palace Anne, the residence of A. B. Bernard, Esq., a stately mansion beautifully situated in the midst of extensive improvements, and near the junction of a romantic glen and the vale of Bandon; Fort Robert, of Mrs. O'Connor, a handsome residence on an eminence above the vale of Bandon, at the eastern extremity of the parish; Gardeville, of the Rev. W. Hall.; Enniskean Cottage, of the Rev. W. Sherrard; Killyneas, of the Rev. I. Murphy; and Connorville, the deserted and dilapidated family mansion of the O'Connors. Here is a constabulary police station, and fairs are held in the villages of Inniskeen and Castletown which see. The living is a vicarage, in the diocese of Cork, and in the patronage of the Bishop; the rectory is partly appropriate to the vicars choral, and partly forms the union of Carrigrohane and the corps of the precentorship of the cathedral of Cork. The tithes amount to £900, of which £225 is payable to the vicars choral, £225 to the precentor, and £450 to the vicar. The glebe-house is an old building; the glebe comprises 47 1/4 acres. The church, a small handsome edifice with a low tower and spire, was erected in 1791, by a gift of £500 from the late Board of First Fruits, and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have recently granted £274 for its repair. In the R. C. divisions the parish is united to one-half of the parish of Ballymoney; there are two chapels, situated respectively at Inniskeen and Castletown. About 80 children are taught in two parochial schools, of which one at Castletown was built by Lord Bandon, who endowed it with two acres of land; the other at Inniskeen has a house and garden given by the Duke of Devonshire; to each the vicar contributes £5 per annum. There are also five private schools, in which are about 250 children, and a Sunday school. On an isolated rock of clay-slate, a few yards to the south-west of the church, is an ancient round tower, 75 feet high and 65 in circumference at the base, from which, for about 16 feet high, its form is hexagonal, and thence to the summit circular: it was damaged by lightning a few years since, and towards the south is a fissure from which several stones have fallen. About half a mile south of the church is an ancient fort, in the centre of which is a large flag-stone erect, and there are several of smaller size scattered over the parish.

KINNITTY, a post-town and parish, in the barony of BALLYBRITT, KING'S county, and province of LEINSTER, 14 miles (W.) from Tullamore, and 64 (S. W.) from Dublin, on the road to Parsonstown; containing 2567 inhabitants, of which number, 455 are in the town. This place was the site of a monastery founded in 557 by St. Finian, who became its first abbot, and which continued to flourish till 839, when it was destroyed by the Danes. It appears to have been soon restored, for the annals of Mac Geoghegan notice the abbot Colga Mc Conaghan as dying here in 871; he was considered the most elegant poet and learned historian of that period. The town contains 83 houses neatly built, and has fairs on Feb. 9th, Ascension-day, June 23rd, Aug. 15th, and Oct. 2nd. A constabulary police force is stationed here, and petty sessions are held on alternate Tuesdays. The parish contains some good land, which is principally under tillage, and there is an extensive tract of bog; the surrounding district is noted for corn, and there are quarries of fine grit-stone. Castle Bernard, the seat of T. Bernard, Esq., is a handsome mansion, situated in a picturesque demesne bordering on the Slieve Bloom mountains, and commanding some fine views. The other seats in the parish are Letty Brook, that of J. A. Drought, Esq.; Glenview, of Capt. Cox; and Cadamstown House, of D. Manifold, Esq. The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Killaloe; of the rectory, one moiety is impropriate in the representatives of Henry Jackson, Esq., and the other, with the vicarage, was united by act of council in 1796 to the rectory and vicarage of Litterluna, and the vicarage of Roscomroe, and is in the patronage of the Bishop. The tithes amount to£170. 15. 4 1/2., of which £50.15. 4 1/2. is payable to the impropriators, and the remainder to the vicar; the tithes of the entire benefice amount to £230. 15. 4 1/2. The glebe-house was erected by aid of a gift of £100 and a loan of £600 from the late Board of First Fruits, in 1810; the glebe comprises 41a. 1r. 11p. The church was rebuilt on an enlarged scale, in 1813, by a loan of £500 from the same Board, and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have recently granted £176 for its repair. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, comprising also the parishes of Litterluna and Roscomroe; there is a chapel in each. About 150 children are taught in two public schools, of which one is supported under the patronage of Col. Bernard, and an infants' and sewing school by Lady Catherine Bernard; there is also a Sunday school, to which is attached a clothing fund, supported by the rector and Lady Bernard, and in the town is a dispensary. The O'Carrolls had a castle here previously to the forfeitures in the war of 1641, when it passed to the Winter family. Near Castle Bernard is a Danish fort, from which some curious stone figures have been taken.

KINNURE, a parish, in the barony of KINNALEA, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 6 miles (E. S. E.) from Kinsale; containing 1095 inhabitants. This parish is situated on the southern coast, occupying a peninsulated tract of land projecting boldly into the Atlantic and terminating in Kinnure Point. It is bounded on the west by Oyster Haven, and on the east by the Creek of Donbogue; and comprises 1180 statute acres. The land is generally good and chiefly under tillage, but the system of agriculture is in a very unimproved state: the chief manure is sea sand; lime is not to be obtained within less than 9 miles distance, and is consequently beyond the means of the ordinary farmer. Walton Court is the residence of T. Walton Roberts, Esq. Off Kinnure or Keroda Point is a shoal above high water mark, nearly half a cable's length from the west side. At Pallis is a coast-guard station belonging to the district of Kinsale. It is an impropriate curacy, in the diocese of Cork, forming part of the union of Tracton; the rectory is impropriate in the Earl of Shannon. The tithes amount to £86. 8. 11., payable to the impropriator. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Tracton. There are some remains of the church near the shore of Oyster haven; and at the Point is a small peninsula of about two acres, called Doong, which is joined to the mainland by an exceedingly narrow isthmus, of which the sides rise perpendicularly to more than 100 feet above the level of the sea.

KINSALE, or KINGSALE, a sea-port, borough, and market-town, in the barony of KINSALE, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 14 miles (S.) from Cork, and 140 (S. W.) from Dublin; containing 7823 inhabitants, of which number, 6897 are in the town. This place, of which, from its very great antiquity, the origin is but imperfectly known, is supposed to have derived its name from the Irish Cean Taile, signifying "the headland in the sea," in allusion to the promontory called the Old Head, or from Ciun Saila, a "smooth sea or basin:" it is also in some ancient Irish manuscripts called Fan-na-Tuabrid, or "the fall of the springs." On the promontory called the Old Head, about 6 miles from the town, was an encampment, supposed, but on very doubtful authority, to have been the residence of some of the ancient kings of Ireland, of which the site is now occupied by the ruins of a castle built in the 12th century by the celebrated De Courcy, who, having married into the family of the De Cogans, the first English grantees, became possessed of a large tract of country now forming the barony of Courcy, adjoining that of Kinsale on the south-west. It appears from a very early period to have been a borough by prescription, as the charter of incorporation granted to the inhabitants by Edw. III., in the 7th of his reign, states in its preamble that the town "was surrounded by Irish enemies and English rebels, and that the burgesses had always obeyed the king's orders in repelling the same, who had often by sea and land assailed the town, the walls of which had become ruinous and the burgesses unable to repair them." Power was therefore granted to choose a "sovereign," to collect certain customs for repairing the walls, and to treat separately with or make war upon the Irish enemies. John de Courcy having become lord of Kinsale and also of the adjoining castle of Ringrone, was succeeded in his estates by his grandson Milo, who near the latter place defeated Florence McCarty More and a large party of his followers, and drove them into the river Bandon, where many of them were drowned. In 1380, the French and Spanish fleets were pursued by the English into this haven, where an engagement took place in which the former were defeated with great loss, many of their ships taken, and 20 English vessels which they had made prizes, recaptured. In the following year the inhabitants received a charter from Rich. II., granting to the "Provost" and Commonalty, in consideration of the insult they had received from the Spanish and Irish enemies and the English rebels, the small customs of the port, at a yearly rent of ten marks, the surplus to be laid out in completing the walls of the town. Edw. IV., in 1482, confirmed the charter, appointed the sovereign admiral of the port, with jurisdiction extending from the Bulman rock to Innishannon; and granted the corporation all such rights and privileges as were enjoyed by the citizens of Cork. The inhabitants having countenanced the pretensions of Lambert Simnel, Sir Richard Edgecumbe arrived here on the 27th of June, 1488, with five ships and 500 men, to exact new oaths of allegiance from the Irish leaders; and on the day following, the townsmen, having sworn fealty to Hen. VII. in the church of St. Multosia, and entered into recognizances, received a pardon; but they were compelled by the Earl of Kildare to renew their oaths in 1498. The town was partly consumed in 1594 by a fire which destroyed Cork-street. In 1601, a Spanish fleet bringing assistance to the Irish insurgents entered the harbour and landed its troops, on the 23rd of September. Immediately after the departure of the fleet, these forces, under the command of Don Juan D'Aquila, took possession of the town, which on their landing had been abandoned by the garrison, consisting at that time of only one company. The English army advanced on the 17th of October to the hill of Knock-Robbin, within a mile of the town, and commenced that memorable siege which has rendered this place so celebrated in the Irish annals. The castle of Rincurran, situated on the river, having been seized by the enemy as an advantageous post for annoying the English shipping, after sustaining for some days a severe cannonade, surrendered to the Lord-Deputy Mountjoy. The forces of the English were every day advancing, when, on intelligence that the northern army under O'Nial was in full march to join the Spaniards, it was resolved to divide the royal army, leaving one part under Lord Mountjoy to continue the siege of Kinsale, while the other, under Sir G. Carew, Lord-President of Munster, marched against O'Nial. Sir George, after a harassing and fruitless expedition, was compelled to return to Kinsale. In the mean time the English received a reinforcement of 1000 men from England under the Earl of Thomond; 2000 infantry, with some cavalry, were also landed at Waterford, and 2000 infantry with a supply of military stores at Cork. Castle-ni-Park, a fortress on the opposite side of the river, was attacked by the English and compelled to surrender; but on summoning the town they were answered that "it was held for Christ and the King of Spain, and should be maintained against all their enemies." The northern army under O'Nial had now encamped within six miles of the town, cutting off all communication with Cork, and was approaching the English lines, when the Lord-Deputy, leaving Sir G. Carew to carry on the siege, marched against the insurgents with 1200 infantry and 400 horse, and routed them with great slaughter. All the Spaniards that had joined the insurgents from Castlehaven were either killed on the spot or taken prisoners; the enemy had on this occasion 1200 killed and 800 wounded, while, on the part of the English, one cornet only and a few privates were wounded. The Spanish commander, Don Juan, mistaking the vollies fired by the royal army in honour of their victory, for signals of the approach of the Irish forces, sallied out from the town to meet them; but perceiving his error, immediately retired, and on the arrival of the English before the gates, entered into terms of capitulation and surrendered the town, just at a time when the King of Spain was preparing to send large reinforcements, and to carry on the war with increased vigour. During the siege and the sickness that followed it, the royal army lost no less than 6000 men; but the fall of Kinsale and the consequent destruction of the Spanish power in Ireland, at this critical juncture, were the means of saving the country. On the first landing of the Spaniards, the burgesses delivered to Sir George Carew their charter, seal, mace, and royal standard, to preserve for them in safety; and on their subsequent application to him for their restoration, were told that he considered them as forfeited, but that he would write to the Queen in their favour. He was soon afterwards ordered to restore them to the corporation, on condition that they should, at their own expense, repair the town walls and find labourers to complete the new fortress of Castle-ni-Park, which they undertook to perform.

During the war of 1641, the Irish inhabitants were expelled from the town; and in 1649 Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice entered the bay with a fleet, in order to make preparations for the landing of Chas. II., but finding themselves blocked up by Blake and Dean, the parliamentarian admirals, they made their escape with four frigates to Lisbon; and on Cromwell's approach in the latter part of the same year, the town declared for the parliament. About the year 167'7, the Duke of Ormonde erected for the defence of the town and harbour a new citadel, called Charles Fort. Jas. II. landed here on the 12th of March, 1689, and after being entertained by Donough, Earl of Clancarty, proceeded to Cork. On the 14th, an army of 5000 French landed here under the command of Count Lauzun and the Marquess de Lary, to join whom James sent as many of the Irish under Major Gen. McCarty. On the 14th of April, Admiral Herbert appeared off the harbour with his fleet, which the governor of the town, Mac Elligot, mistaking for the French fleet expected at that time, prepared to withdraw his forces that the French might take possession of the town, but on discovering his error he returned to prepare for its defence. On the surrender of Cork in the following year, Brigadier-Gen. Villiers was sent to take possession of Kinsale, which was abandoned as untenable by the enemy, who dispersed their troops in the adjacent forts. Major-Gen. Tettan and Col. Fitzpatrick, therefore, with about 800 men, crossed the river on the 2nd of October and marched to the old fort of Castle-ni-Park, which they assaulted and took by storm; the garrison retired into the castle of Ringroan, but on their entrance, three barrels of their gunpowder took fire at the gate, which was blown up and about 40 of them destroyed; and Col. Driscoll and about 200 of the garrison being killed by the artillery, the rest surrendered upon quarter. Charles Fort was then summoned, and the trenches of the besiegers were opened on the 5th of October; a breach was made and a mine sprung, but just when the assault was about to take place, Sir Edward Scott surrendered upon honourable terms, and the troops were allowed to march out with their arms and baggage to Limerick. Brigadier-Gen. Churchhill, brother to the Earl of Maryborough, was made governor of Charles Fort, and the town became the winter quarters of part of the English army; the walls on the land side were on this occasion destroyed by order of government. In 1691, the English and Dutch Smyrna fleets lay in the port, while the grand fleets of both nations guarded the mouth of the harbour. The importance of the haven was soon after manifested by its affording a secure asylum to the Virginia and Barbadoes fleets, till an opportunity was found of convoying them in safety to their respective ports. On various subsequent occasions,especially during the last war, this port has been a rendezvous for large squadrons of the British navy and for homeward and outward bound East and West India fleets.

The town is pleasantly and advantageously situated near the mouth of the river Bandon, anciently called the Glaslin or Glasson, which here forms a capacious and secure harbour. The streets rise in a singular and irregular manner on the acclivity of an eminence called Compass Hill, the houses ranging tier above tier, most of them on sites excavated in the solid rock, or placed on the level of some projecting crag; the descent is dangerously steep, and they are inaccessible to carriages except from the summit of the hill, or from the main street, which takes an irregular course along the shore of the harbour. The total number of houses, of which many are well built and of handsome appearance, including the village of Scilly, was, in 1831, 1266. The town is indifferently paved, but amply supplied with good water from numerous springs. It is much frequented during the season for sea-bathing, and several villas and handsome cottages have been built in the village of Scilly and in the Cove, for the accommodation of visiters. It is in contemplation to build a bridge across the ferry on the river, from the town to Courcy's territory; and a new line of road to Bandon has been completed as far as Whitecastle, within two miles of this place. The environs embrace some fine views of the sea, the harbour, and the estuaries which indent the adjacent country; the banks of the river are embellished with thriving plantations and with several gentlemen's seats; and around the summit of Compass Hill is a pleasant walk, commanding a splendid view of the harbour and the windings of the Bandon. On the east of the town is Charles Fort, commanded by a governor and fort-major, and containing barracks for 16 officers and 332 non-commissioned officers and privates. There are two small libraries, supported by proprietaries of £5 shareholders and annual subscribers; a regatta is held in July or August, which is well attended, and boat races take place occasionally. A handsome suite of assembly-rooms has recently been built, and on the ground floor of the same building is a reading and newsroom. The trade of the port, from its proximity to that of Cork, is but inconsiderable in proportion to its local advantages; it consists chiefly in the export of agricultural produce, and the import of timber from British America, and coal, iron, and salt from England and Wales. The number of vessels that entered inwards from foreign parts, during the year 1835, was five, of the aggregate burden of 1062 tons, and one only cleared outwards with passengers; in the coasting trade, during the same year, 62 vessels, of the aggregate burden of 1.2,753 tons, entered inwards, and 34, of the aggregate burden of 5201 tons, cleared outwards. The staple trade is the fishery, in which 87 small vessels or large boats, called hookers, of the aggregate burden of 1300 tons, are constantly employed, exclusively of several smaller boats. Sprats and herrings are taken in seins within the harbour and bay, as far as the Old Head; haddock, mackarel, turbot, gurnet, cod, ling, hake, and larger fish in the open sea; and salmon in almost every part of the river. The value of the fishery is estimated, on an average, at £30,000 per ann.; the Kinsale fishermen have long been noted for the goodness of their boats and their excellent seamanship: their services in supplying the markets of Cork and other neighbouring towns, and their skill as pilots, procured for them exemption from impressment during the last war. The harbour consists of the circling reach of the river and a broad inlet which separates the town from the village of Scilly; and though much less extensive than that of Cork, is deep, secure, and compact, being completely land-locked by lofty hills. It is defended by Charles Fort, nearly abreast of which is a bar having only 12 feet of water at low spring tides. The entrance is marked by two lofty lights, one in Charles Fort for the use of the harbour, a small fixed light, elevated 98 feet above high water mark and visible at the distance of 6 nautical miles; and the other on the Old Head, consisting of 27 lamps having an elevation of 294 feet above the level of the sea at high water, and displaying a bright fixed light visible at a distance of 23 nautical miles. Vessels arriving at low water and drawing more than 11 feet must wait the rising of the tide before they can proceed across the bar. The most usual anchorage is off the village of Cove, about a cable's length from the shore; but there is water enough for the largest ships anywhere in the channel of the river, which lies close along the eastern shore up to the town. The river Bandon is navigable for vessels of 200 tons to Colliers' quay, 12 miles above the town. At Old Head is a coastguard station, which is the head of the district of Kin-sale, including those of Upper Cove, Oyster Haven, Old Head, How's Strand, Court-McSherry, Barry's Cove, Dunny Cove, and Dirk Cove, comprising a force of 8 officers and 63 men, under the superintendence of a resident inspecting commander. The inhabitants, in anticipation of assistance from Government, subscribed £4000 towards the erection of a bridge over the Bandon, the expense of which is estimated at £9000; but their application has not been successful. The erection of a bridge at this place would open in a direct line the whole of the western coast as far as Baltimore, comprehending 180,000 acres of a rich agricultural district, and greatly promote the trade of the port and the prosperity of the town, which has suffered greatly by the removal of the dock-yard and other public establishments. In the town is a large ale-brewery and malting establishment; and in the neighbourhood are several large flour-mills. The markets are on Wednesday and Saturday; and fairs are held on May 4th, Sept. 4th, and Nov, 21st, for horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, farming utensils, friezes, coarse flannels, and other articles. Two mails from Cork and one from Bandon pass daily through Kinsale. A chief constabulary police force is stationed in the town.

The charter of incorporation granted by Edw. III. was confirmed and extended by subsequent sovereigns to the time of Elizabeth, who by patent dated May 10th, in the 31st year of her reign, confirmed all former privileges and possessions, extended the limits of the corporate jurisdiction, gave the sovereign and commons the authority of admiral, searcher, and gauger, from the Old Head to the Durseys; constituted the sovereign, recorder, and two of the ancient burgesses justices of the peace and of gaol delivery; and granted markets on Wednesday and Friday, and a fair on St. Bartholomew's day and for three days after. This charter, upon which the corporation acts and regulates its proceedings, was, together with all preceding charters, ratified by Jas. I., who, in 1609, confirmed to the sovereign and commons all their rights, liberties, and possessions, excepting only the sovereign's appointment of admiral, which he transferred to the constable of the fortress of Castle-ni-Park; and on account of their sufferings from the Spanish invasion, granted them an annual rent of £20 for 21 years, which was in part subsequently continued. In the 19th of that reign a charter was granted incorporating a mayor, two constables, and merchants of the staple, with the same privileges as were granted to Youghal. All subsequent grants have been merely fairs or pecuniary aids, with the exception of a new charter by Jas. II., in 1688, which did not continue in force. The corporation at present consists of a sovereign and an indefinite number of burgesses and freemen, assisted by a common-speaker, recorder, town-clerk (who is also clerk of the crown and peace), chamberlain, two serjeants-at-mace, a water-bailiff, and other officers. The sovereign and all other officers of the corporation are elected by the court of D'Oyer Hundred, consisting of the members of the corporation generally; and the burgesses and freemen are chosen solely by the council, which consists of the sovereign, common-speaker, and burgesses. The. sovereign, who is a justice of the peace for the borough and for the county, and also coroner for the borough, is chosen annually on the 29th of June and sworn into office on the 29th of September; and the other officers, as vacancies occur, on the first Monday after Michaelmas-day. It is not known exactly at what time the borough first exercised the elective franchise, but it returned two members to parliament long prior to 1652, and continued to do so without interruption till the Union, since which time it has returned only one to the Imperial parliament. The right of election, previously vested in the corporation, was, by the act of the 2nd of Wm. IV., cap. 88, extended to the £10 householders and limited to the resident freemen; the total number of registered electors up to June 1st, 1837, was 224, of whom 192 were £10 householders, and 32 freemen; the sovereign is the returning officer. The borough and liberties comprise an area of 11,000 acres, within the jurisdiction of the borough magistrates; a new electoral boundary has been drawn close round the town, including the village of Scilly, and comprising an area of 273 acres, the limits of which are minutely described in the Appendix. By the act of the 59th of Geo. III., cap. 84, the borough and liberties, for the purposes of county taxation, were constituted a distinct barony. The corporation holds a court of record before the sovereign and recorder, or either of them, for the determination of pleas to any amount within the town and liberties, which extend up the Bandon river above Innishannon, eastward to Oyster haven, and westward to every harbour, bay, and creek as far as Dursey island. Sessions are held twice in the year before the sovereign, recorder, and two associate justices selected from the elder burgesses, with exclusive jurisdiction in all cases not capital; and a court of conscience is held every Wednesday before the sovereign, for the recovery of debts under 40s. late currency. The town-hall is a spacious and neat building, commodiously adapted to the public business of the corporation, and for holding the courts of record and session. The borough gaol is also commodious and well adapted to the classification of the prisoners.

The borough comprises the whole of the parish of Kinsale or St. Multose, and a small portion of the parish of Rincurran. The former contains only 234 acres, principally in demesnes; the scenery is highly interesting and strikingly diversified. The chief seats are Garretstown, that of T. Cuthbert Kearney, Esq.; Ballymartle, of W. Meade, Esq.; Ballintober, of the Rev. J. Meade; Rathmore, of J. T. Cramer, Esq.; Knockduffe, of Lieut.-Gen. Sir T. Browne, G.C.B.; Snugmore, of C. Newenham, Esq.; Heathfield, of H. Bastable, Esq.; Fort Arthur, of W. Galway, Esq.; Nohoval glebe-house, of the Rev. W. R. Townsend; Knockrobbin, of Capt. Bolton; Pallastown, of S. Townsend, Esq., and the glebe-house, of the Rev. J. T. Browne. The living is a vicarage, in the diocese of Cork, and in the patronage of the Bishop; the rectory is impropriate in T. C. Kearney, Esq. The tithes amount to £33. 2. 6., half payable to the impropriator, and half to the vicar, whose income is augmented by an assessment for minister's money, at present amounting to £87. The glebe-house, which is near the church, was built by a gift of £400 and a loan of £360 from the late Board of First Fruits, in 1812. The glebe, situated on the western side of the town, comprises 3 acres. The church, dedicated to St. Multosia, by whom it is said to have been erected in the 14th century, as the conventual church of a monastery which she had founded, is a spacious and venerable cruciform structure, for the repair and enlargement of which, now in progress, the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have granted £1361. It contains two handsome monuments of Italian marble; one to various members of the Southwell family, settled here in the reign of Chas I.; the other, which is beautifully executed, to the memory of Catharine, relict of Sir John Perceval, Bart., and of the same family: there is also a handsome monument of white marble to Capt. T. Lawrence and his lady, erected in 1724, with their armorial bearings. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union, comprising also the parishes of Rincurran, Dunderrow, and Teighsasson or Taxax. The chapel is a spacious edifice, erected in 1834 by subscription, and has an altar-piece embellished with paintings of the principal events in the life of Christ; there is a small chapel belonging to the Carmelite friary, also a chapel at Ballinamona. There are places of worship for Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists. Nearly 600 children are taught in six public schools, of which the grammar school has an endowment partly by the corporation, and partly by the family of De Clifford, of King's-Weston, in the county of Gloucester, producing a salary of £50 for the master, who has also a large house, playground, and garden given by the Southwell family. A fever hospital and dispensary have been established; an institution called the Gift House, in which eight widows of decayed Protestant tradesmen receive a weekly allowance of two shillings, is supported by the South-well family; and there is an ancient parochial alms-house, containing 16 rooms for superannuated poor, each of whom receives a portion of the weekly contributions at the church. There were formerly an abbey of canons regular, of which Colgan says St. Gobban, disciple of St. Ailbe, was abbot in the 7th century; and an abbey of Carmelite friars, founded and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary by Robert Fitz-Richard Balrain, in 1334; but there are no remains of either. On the promontory on the opposite side of the river are extensive remains of the old fortress of Castle-ni-Park: it was of hexagonal form, with bastions at the angles: the towers, intrenchments, and fosse are nearly entire. Of the town walls, which were destroyed in 1690, three of the gates were remaining till near the close of the last century; Nicholas gate was removed in 1794, Friars gate in 1796, and Cork gate in 1805; a small portion of the last may still be seen on the north side of Cork-street; and in Newman-place may be traced the only portion of the walls now remaining. Near the village of Scilly, and also near Charles Fort, are valuable chalybeate springs, formerly much resorted to, and still generally regarded as an excellent tonic. This place gives the very ancient title of Baron Kingsale to the family of De Courcy, originally created in 1181. His lordship is Premier Baron of Ireland; he has the privilege (granted by King John to De Courcy, Earl of Ulster,) of wearing his hat in the royal presence, which was asserted by the late John, Baron Kingsale, at Dublin castle, before his late Majesty Geo. IV., on his visit to Ireland in Aug. 1821. He has also the privilege of having a cover laid for him at the royal table at coronations, and on all other state occasions.

KINSALEBEG, a parish, in the barony of DECIES-within-DRUM, county of WATERFORD, and province of MUNSTER, separated from the town of Youghal by the river Blackwater; containing 2780 inhabitants. The soil is fertile, and there is a ferry to Youghal: at Piltown is a large flour-mill. The principal seats are D'Laughtane House, the residence of R. Power Ronayne, Esq.; Monatrea, of the Rev. Percy Scott Smyth; Mayfield, of J. Gee, Esq.; Woodbine Hill, of G. Roch, Esq.; Springfield, of Mrs. Fitzgerald; Bayview, of M. Keane, Esq.; Rock Lodge, of R. Bailey, Esq.; Harbour View, of C. Ronayne, Esq.; and Ring, of Dominick Ronayne, Esq. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Lismore, united to that of Lisgenan, and in the gift of the Duke of Devonshire, in whom the rectory is impropriate: the tithes amount to £810. 1. l 1/2., of which two-thirds are payable to the impropriator and one-third to the vicar; and the tithes of the benefice amount to £470. The glebe of the union comprises 10a. 3r. 36p. The church is a neat structure, erected by a gift of £600 from the late Board of First Fruits, in 1821. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Clash-more, and has a chapel at Piltown. There is a private school, in which about 120 children are educated. Near D'Laughtane House was formerly a castle, called Ballyheny. Piltown was formerly the residence of Judge Walsh, the supposed author of the commission to the insurgents in the reign of Chas. I. There is a large rath in the parish.

KINSEALY, a parish, in the barony of COOLOCK, county of DUBLIN, and province of LEINSTER, 1 1/2 mile (S.) from Malahide; containing 650 inhabitants. It comprises 2105 statute acres, and is well cultivated. Feltrim Hill, on which are the remains of an encampment, commands magnificent sea and mountain views. Under this hill is a limestone quarry, in which fossils are frequently found, and near it is a holy well. Abbeville, a spacious mansion, was erected by the late Rt. Hon. J. C. Beresford, and is now occupied by H. and J. Batchelor, Esqrs.; in the gardens is a greenhouse more than 400 feet long. The other seats are Greenwood, the residence of W. Shaw, Esq.; Feltrim, of C. Farran, Esq., M.D.; Auburne, of J. Crawford, Esq.; Clairville, of Major St. Clair; and Kinsealy House, of J. Gorman, Esq. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Dublin, forming part of the union of Swords; the rectory is appropriate to the economy estate of St. Patrick's cathedral, Dublin. The tithes amount to £224. 16. 1 1/2., of which one-third is payable to the lessee of the economy estate, and two-thirds to the vicar. In the R. C. divisions it forms part of the union or district of Baldoyle and Howth; a small neat chapel with a spire was erected here by subscription in 1834. There is a public school, in which about 70 children are educated. The church, which was dedicated to St. Nicholas, is a picturesque ruin covered with ivy.

KINVARRA, a market, post, and sea-port town, and a parish, in the barony of KILTARTAN, county of GALWAY, and province of CONNAUGHT, 7 miles (N. W.) from Gort, on the bay of Kinvarra, which is within the bay of Galway; containing 4610 inhabitants, of which number, 824 are in the town. About the reign of Hen. VIII., Rory More Darag O'Shaughnessy took the castle of Doon from Flan Killikelly, totally demolished it, and erected one near its site, which he named Doongorey. In 1642 it became the property of Thomas Taylor, who encircled it with a strong bawn or wall, and it is now in a good state of preservation. On the 1st of November, 1755, the day of the earthquake at Lisbon, a castle on the western boundary of the parish, which had formerly belonged to the O'Heynes, was destroyed to its foundation and a portion of it swallowed up; and at the same time the chimneys and battlements of Cahirglissane rocked and then fell into a chasm, which was formed by rending the rock to the depth of several fathoms. The parish comprises 6114 statute acres, and is moderately well cultivated, producing excellent wheat; sea-weed is used as a manure, and limestone is abundant. Fresh water is scarce, but attempts are being made to obtain a larger supply. The town, in V831, contained 140 houses, but has greatly increased since that time: it has a sub-post office to Ardrahan, and is a constabulary police station. The market is on Wednesdays and Fridays, and great quantities of corn are sold; fairs are held on May 18th and Oct. 17th, principally for the sale of sheep. A quay, about 50 yards long, was built here in 1773 by the late J. Ffrench, Esq., (great-grandfather of the present Baron de Basterot) which was lengthened and raised in 1807, and such an addition made to it in 1808 as converted it into a kind of dock. At high tide there is 12 feet of water at the pier, which is then accessible to vessels of 150 tons' burden. Sea-weed to the value of £20,000 is landed here during the spring, which is brought in boats, of which from 60 to 100 sometimes arrive in one tide. It is intended to establish a steam vessel to ply regularly between this place and Galway. A canal hence to the river Fergus would greatly benefit the intervening country, by facilitating the importation of sea-weed, sea-sand, and turf, and the exportation of corn. The principal seats are Thorn Hill, the residence of the R. C. bishop of Kilmacduagh; Northampton, of J. Mahon, Esq.; and Sea Mount, of Capt. Butler. The parish is a prebend, rectory, and vicarage, in the diocese of Kilmacduagh; the rectory is appropriate to the see, and the prebend partly to the vicars choral of Christ-Church, Dublin, and the benefice of Ardrahan; the vicarage forms part of the union of Kilcolgan. The tithes amount to £262, of which £52. 10. is payable to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, £24 to the prebendary, £35 to the vicars choral, £94. 10. to the incumbent of Ardrahan, and £56 to the vicar. There is a glebe of 3 1/2 acres. The gross yearly revenue of the prebend, arising from portions of tithes of various parishes, is £74. 5. In the R. C. divisions it is the head of a union or district, comprising the parishes of Kinvarra, Duras, and Killina, and has a large chapel, erected in 1816 at an expense of £2000, on land given by the Baron de Basterot, with a neatly planted burial-ground; there is also a chapel at Duras Park, erected at the expense of P. M. Lynch, Esq. It is the benefice and residence of the R. C. bishop of Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora. There are six private schools, in which about 330 children are educated; and a large public school is about to be erected in the town, on a site given by the Baron de Basterot. There are some remains of the old church, which was for ages the burial-place of the O'Haynes and Magraths, no others being allowed to be interred within its walls. Near the shore are two extensive subterraneous caverns. A castle stood near the pier, but its materials have been used in building.

KIPPOGUE.--See CAPPOG.

KIRCUBBIN, a market and post-town, in the parish of ST. ANDREW, barony of ARDES, county of DOWN, and province of ULSTER, 8 3/4 miles (S. E.) from Newtown-Ardes, and 96 1/4 (N. by E.) from Dublin, on the road from Belfast to Portaferry; containing 537 inhabitants. This town, which is situated on the shore of Strangford lough, is of very recent origin, having been built since the year 1790, previously to which time there were not more than five houses in the place. The present town contains 117 houses, for the greater part neatly built, and the inhabitants carry on a small but prosperous trade. The manufacture of straw hats and bonnets, of which great numbers are sent every year into the interior, affords employment to most of the industrious female population of the town and adjoining parishes; great quantities of kelp are burned and sent annually to Liverpool, and corn and potatoes are shipped hence for the Liverpool and Glasgow markets to a considerable extent. The situation of the town, close to which is an excellent landing-place, affords every facility of conveyance by land and water. The market is held every third Wednesday, and is well supplied with provisions of every kind and with brown linens. Fairs are held on the 28th of April, May, Aug., and Nov. A neat market-house, with a brown linen hall in the rear of it, was erected by the late Hon. Robert Ward; the same family are about to expend a considerable sum in the erection of quays for the greater convenience of shipping the produce of the neighbourhood. A court leet and baron is held every three weeks by the seneschal of the manor, in which pleas are entertained to the amount of £20, with jurisdiction over all the parishes of the union; and the magistrates hold a petty session here every alternate Monday.

KIRKDONNELL.--See DUNDONALD.

KIRKINRIOLA, or KIRCONRIOLA, a parish, in the barony of LOWER TOOME, county of ANTRIM, and province of ULSTER, on the road from Belfast to Londonderry; containing, with the post-town of Ballymena, (which is separately described), 7297 inhabitants. This parish, which is also called Kilconriola and Ballyrnena, comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 6390 statute acres, in a very indifferent state of cultivation. The soil is light and sandy, and in some parts intermixed with stones, and consequently unproductive without great labour and expense; the farms are small, and are chiefly in the occupation of persons who, dividing their attention between agriculture and the spinning of yarn and weaving of linen, expend but little capital on the land, and pay but little attention to its improvement. There are considerable tracts of waste land and a large extent of bog. In the valley of the river Braid are indications of coal, but no mines have yet been opened; and there are extensive quarries of stone in several parts of the parish, from which has been raised all the stone for building the houses and bridges in the town and neighbourhood. The principal seats are Ballymena Castle, the residence of P. Cannon, Esq.; the Green, of A. Gihon, Esq.: Hugomont, of H. Harrison, Esq.; Brigadie, of J. Tracey, Esq.; and Ballygarry, of D. Curell, Esq. It is an impropriate curacy, in the diocese of Connor, forming part of the union of Ballyclugg; the rectory is impropriate, by purchase from the Earl of Mountcashel, in William Adair, Esq. The tithes amount to £223. 10. 4., the whole payable to the impropriator, who is proprietor of the parish, and charges them in the rent of the lands. The stipend of the curate is £71.16. per annum, of which £31. 10. is paid by the impropriator, and £40. 6. from Primate Boulter's augmentation fund. The glebe-house, towards the erection of which the late Board of First Fruits granted a loan of £73. 16. 11., in 1823, is near the church; the glebe comprises six acres, valued at £15 per annum. The church of the union was built in 1712, at the extremity of the parish, near Ballyclugg, and repaired in 1822, for which purpose a loan of £100 was granted by the late Board of First Fruits. In the R. C. divisions it is the head of a union or district, called Ballymena, and comprising also the parish of Ballyclugg; there are chapels at Ballymena and Crebilly respectively: there are places of worship for Presbyterians in connection with the Synod of Ulster, of the first and second classes, one in connection with the Seceding Synod of the third class, and one for Wesleyan Methodists. Guy's free school is supported by a bequest of the late John Guy, Esq.; the school-house was built at an expense of between £400 and £500, and the master has a house and garden rent-free; there also ten other public schools, the master of one of which, the diocesan school, receives a salary of £120 per annum: they afford instruction to about 850 children. In ten private schools about 400 children are taught, and there are nine Sunday schools. There are some remains of the ancient parish church, which appears to have been a spacious and handsome structure, but, they are diminishing rapidly by the removal of the materials for gravestones. There are several ancient encampments in the parish, of which the most conspicuous is on the high grounds above Ballingarry, near which, in the townland of Bottom, is a fine circular fortress, surrounded by a fosse and vallum. Near the glebe-house is a mass of rock, 30 feet in circumference and 8 feet high, called the Standing stone, of which no tradition is extant; and near Ballymena, on the Braide water opposite the castle, is a very remarkable moat rising from the brink of the river to a great height, and now covered with a plantation.

KNAVENSTOWN, a parish, in the barony of WEST OPHALY, county of KILDARE, and province of LEINSTER, 2 1/2 miles (N. W.) from Kildare, on the road from Monastereven to Rathangan; containing 124 inhabitants. This small parish, which is situated on the Grand Canal, comprises 886 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Kildare; the rectory is appropriate to the dean and chapter, and the vicarage forms the corps of the treasurership of the cathedral of Kildare, in the patronage of the Bishop. The tithes amount to £12. 12., payable to the treasurer as vicarial tithes; the rectorial tithes have never been brought under any valuation, but have from time immemorial been let with the lands, and probably are merely nominal. There is neither church, glebe-house, nor glebe; the members of the Established Church attend divine service at the churches of Thomastown and Kildare. In the R. C. divisions it forms part of the union or district of Kildare.

KNIGH, a parish, in the barony of LOWER ORMOND, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 2 3/4 miles (N.) from Nenagh, near the river Shannon, containing 1447 inhabitants. Riverview is the seat of J. Tuthill, Esq., and Ballyhenny, of J. Maher, Esq. It is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Killaloe, forming part of the union of Nenagh: the tithes amount to £286. 3. 1. There are some remains of the church covered with ivy, and of the castle of Knigh, near which is a fine limestone quarry.

KNOCK, a post-town, in the parish of KILMURRY, barony of CLONDERALAW, county of CLARE, and province of MUNSTER, 8 miles (W. S. W.) from Kildysart, on the road to Kilrush; containing 180 inhabitants. It is beautifully situated on the north-western side of Clonderalaw bay, and comprises about 30 houses, several of which are ornamented in the rustic style and have tastefully disposed shrubberies and gardens attached. It is a station of the constabulary police, and petty sessions are held weekly on Friday. Here is a small pier, where sea manure is landed, and whence corn is occasionally sent in boats to Limerick.

KNOCK, or KNOCKDRUMCALRY, a parish, in the barony of COSTELLO, county of MAYO, and province of CONNAUGHT, 5 miles (E.) from Clare, on the road from Claremorris to Swinford; containing 3036 inhabitants. It is chiefly under an improving system of tillage; there is a great quantity of bog. The principal seats are Ballyhoole, the residence of T. Rutledge, Esq.; and Aden, of A. O'Malley, Esq. It is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Tuam, forming part of the union of Kiltullagh; the tithes amount to £37. 13. 10. In the R. C. divisions it is the head of a union or district, comprising also the parish of Aughamore, in each of which is a chapel. There are six private schools, in which about 230 children are taught.

KNOCK, or KNOUGH, a parish, in the barony of MORGALLION, county of MEATH, and province of LEINSTER, 4 miles (S. S. E.) from Nobber, on the road to Slane; containing 499 inhabitants. The place is said to have been the site of a priory founded in 1148 and dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, by Donchad Hua Kervail, prince of the territory, and Edan Coollaidhe, Bishop of Clogher, for Canons Regular of the order of St. Augustine; but there are no vestiges of the establishment, nor have any particulars of its history been recorded. The parish comprises 972 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act; there is a considerable tract of bog, which extends into the adjoining parishes, but it is nearly exhausted. Gravelmount, the property of the Rev. R. Longfield, and now in the occupation of J. O'Connor, Esq., is a spacious and handsome house; the demesne comprises about 160 statute acres, and the grounds are tastefully laid out. A manufacture of tiles, garden pots, and all kinds of coarse pottery is carried on at this place. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Meath, forming part of the union of Castletown-Kilpatrick; the tithes amount to £68. 5. 5. In the R. C. divisions the parish also forms part of the union or district of Castletown-Kilpatrick. There are some very slight remains of an ancient church.

KNOCKADERRY, a village, in the parish of CLONELTY, Glenquin Division of the barony of UPPER CONNELLO, county of LIMERICK, and province of MUNSTER, 4 miles (N. E.) from Newcastle, on the road to Ballingarry; containing 58 small and indifferently built houses and 351 inhabitants. Fairs are held on Ascension-day, Sept. 9th, Oct. 29th, and Dec. 19th, for cattle, sheep, and pigs. Not far from the village is Knockaderry House, the ancient seat of the D'Arcy family, and now the property and residence of J. D'Arcy Evans, Esq.; it is pleasantly situated beneath the shelter of a hill, and surrounded by thriving plantations. There is a R. C. chapel in the village, and also a national school.

KNOCKANE, a parish, chiefly in the barony of DUNKERRON, with a small part in that of TRUGHENACKMY, county of KERRY, and province of MUNSTER, 6 miles (W. N. W.) from Killarney; containing 4716 inhabitants. This very extensive parish is situated on the river Laune, which, in its course from the Lower Lake of Killarney into the harbour of Castlemaine, forms its northern boundary; and also on the river Blackwater, by which it is bounded on the west. It comprehends an area more than 40 miles in circumference, of which 59,077 statute acres are applotted under the tithe act and valued at £6988 per annum. With the exception of some low grounds near the Laune, the parish is chiefly occupied by the lofty and extensive range of mountains called "McGillycuddy's Reeks," from the ancient and powerful sept of that name, who from a very remote period were lords of this territory, and whose descendants are still resident here. During the wars of Elizabeth, and also during those of Cromwell, these mountains were the secure retreat of this sept, of which Donogh, having embraced the peace offered by the Marquess of Ormonde, raised several companies of foot for the King's service, obtained the rank of lieut.-colonel in the army of the Earl of Clancartie, and afterwards commanded Lord Muskerry's regiment at the siege of Limerick, where he was taken prisoner. The principal of these mountains is Garran Tual, which, according to the late Mr. Nimmo's survey, rises to the height of 3410 feet above the level of the sea, being the most elevated point in Ireland. The approach to it from Sir A. Blennerhasset's shooting lodge is through a long and wide valley between ridges of rock, which gradually contracts itself into a narrow passage called the Hag's Glen, of terrific wildness, and is continued along the brow of a rocky precipice overhanging one of the lakes, of which there are several in this mountainous region, and under a projecting crag called the Hag's Tooth through a very confined passage hemmed in with huge masses of rugged rock. From the summit is a most extensive and magnificent view, embracing the course of the Shannon from Loop Head to Limerick, with a large portion of the county of Clare, the bays of Dingle, Castlemaine, the Kenmare river or bay, and the Tralee bay and mountains to the north-west; and, to the south and west, the Bantry mountains and Dursey islands, and the coast of Kerry with its numerous inlets. Of the lakes in the interior, Lough Cara is the most conspicuous; part only of the Lower Lake of Killarney is visible, the others being concealed by the intervening heights. The other Reeks range in parallel ridges; on several are seen small lakes, and the view to the south-west comprehends an extensive and beautiful expanse of mountain scenery, including the Glencar mountain and others of the McGillycuddy range, intersected with deep glens and extensive wilds. The Reeks consist of soft argillaceous schistus or sandstone, large masses of which frequently detach themselves and roll down; the larger rocks are of a grey silicious stone intersected with thick veins of quartz, and in the interstices are found small hexaedral prisms of rock crystal, and some coarse amethysts. Between the Purple mountain and McGillycuddy's Reeks is a singular defile called the Gap of Dunloe, or Dunlogh; the entrance is extremely narrow, and the mountains on each side rise perpendicularly to a towering height, throwing a deep shadow on the waters of a lake, between which, on one side, and the lofty cliff on the other, is a narrow road in which are scattered masses of broken rock impeding the progress of carriages beyond a certain point; and beyond this, impending crags of threatening aspect render the passage to pedestrians apparently hazardous: several small bridges are thrown over the stream which runs through the defile. This pass opens into the valley of Coome Dhuve, at the western extremity of which is a very considerable lough, called the Red Trout lake; and opposite the termination of the defile is a beautiful waterfall of great height, the water of which descends into a succession of small lakes that occupy the whole extent of the valley. The Gap affords excellent pasturage for sheep; it was formerly covered with wood. From a bank on the south side is a splendid view of the Upper Lake of Killarney, with its richly wooded islands and surrounding mountains, among which the ornamental tower at Gheramine is seen to great advantage; and on the right is the Coome Dhuve, or "Black Valley," a deep hollow among the Reeks with a dark lake at its extremity, above which are precipitous mountains. The lands under cultivation are chiefly in tillage, but a very large portion of the parish is mountain pasture; the soil is light and gravelly, and interspersed with large tracts of bog. The system of agriculture is gradually improving; at Manus is a limestone quarry, which is extensively worked, chiefly for agricultural purposes; at Glencare is a small slate quarry, and slate is also found in the Gap of Dunloe. Dunloe Castle, the seat of D. Mahony, Esq., was formerly the residence of the O'Sullivan family, and was built by the O'Sullivan More, by whose descendants it was occupied at the time of its bombardment by Gen. Ireton during the parliamentary war: it is situated about a mile from the Lower Lake of Killarney, on a steep bank rising from the river Laune, and in the midst of a thickly wooded demesne, and commands a fine view of the Lower Lake, and of the scenery of the Gap, with the McGillycuddy mountains. The other seats are Beaufort House, t