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Taaffe, Sir William, of Ballymote, distinguished himself on the Government side in the O'Neill wars, and was knighted for his services at the siege of Kinsale, in 1601. In December 1602 he commanded the Irish in the Queen's pay in Carbery, and defeated a body of the enemy under "the Apostolick Vicar, Owen MacEgan," killing 140 men, including the commander. In the ensuing confiscations of the territory of the MacCarthys, Sir William "had not the least share of her Majesty's bounty." He died 9th February 1630, and was buried at Ardee.

Taaffe, Sir Theobald, Viscount Taaffe, and Earl of Carlingford, was grandson of preceding, and eldest son of Sir John, who was created Baron of Ballymote and Viscount Taaffe in August 1628, and who died before 1642. Sir Theobald fought for Charles I. against the Parliament in England, and subsequently assisted the Marquis of Ormond in his negotiations with the Confederates for a cessation of arms. On the recommencement of hostilities, he took the command of a force of 9,000 Irish in Munster, but did not attempt to prevent Lord Inchiquin from taking Cahir Castle on the 3rd September 1647. He is reported, however, to have afterwards shot the governor and 100 of his men for their pusillanimous defence. On the 13th of November in the same year, he was defeated by Lord Inchiquin at Knocknanuss, in the County of Cork. Carte gives the following account of the battle: "Taaffe had with him about 7,500 foot, and four regiments of horse, making 1,200 men, and took his post in the left wing, with 4,000 Munster foot and two regiments of his horse. The rest of the foot were posted in the right wing under Lieutenant-General MacDonnell, supported by Colonel Purcell with two regiments of horse. [See MACDONNELL, ALASTER MACCOLL, p. 310.] When the battles joined, Purcell charged the English horse opposed to him with great bravery; and MacDonnell's Highlanders, after a fire, throwing down their pieces, fell sword in hand into the enemy's left, and drove them two miles before them with considerable slaughter, and, with very little loss on their own side, made themselves masters of the cannon and carriages, keeping possession of them for a full hour. Inchiquin in the meantime broke the left wing of the Irish army, all the Munster regiments, except Lord Castleconnell's, after a single fire, throwing down their pieces and running away; nor could the General stop their night, though he killed several of them with his own hand. Inchiquin did not amuse himself in following the runaways, but turned back to assist his left wing. Purcell, seeing him advance, retired with his horse, and left the Highland foot, drawn up about the cannon which they had seized, without a general to command them; for MacDonnell, after his success, had sent to give notice of it to the other wing, and his messengers not returning, he had moved to an eminence at a little distance from his men, to observe from thence what was doing in the field. As he returned, he was intercepted and killed by a small party of fourteen horse. His men stood their ground till 700 of them were killed, when the rest threw down their arms, and cried for quarter. The Irish lost all their arms, ammunition, and baggage, and about 3,000 men in this action, wherein the flower of the Munster army were cut in pieces." Lord Taaffe commanded Ormond's infantry at the battle of Rathmines, in 1649, and was again defeated. He was one of the deputies who in 1651 went to the Continent to offer the sovereignty of Ireland to the Duke of Lorraine, and was excepted from pardon for life and estate by Cromwell. After the Restoration he received sundry grants of land, and was created Earl of Carlingford. He died 31st December 1677, and was buried at Ballymote. [His brother, Lucas, was a Major-General in the army of the Confederates, and was Governor of New Ross in 1649. Theobald's eldest son, Nicholas, the 2nd Earl, fell at the Boyne in 1690, in command of a regiment of foot under the banner of King James. The second son, Francis, 3rd Earl, entered the Austrian service, became Chamberlain to the Emperor Ferdinand, a Marshal of the Empire, and Councillor-of-State, and died in August 1704. The title became extinct on the death of Francis's nephew, Theobald, the 4th Earl.]

Taaffe, Nicholas, Viscount, cousin of preceding, was born in Ireland in 1677. He became a Field-Marshal in the Imperial service, was Chamberlain to the Emperor Charles VI. and his successor, and fought with distinguished bravery during the war against the Turks, in 1738. Late in life he took a prominent part in the agitation for Catholic Emancipation in Ireland, and in 1766 published Observations on Affairs in Ireland from the Settlement in 1691 to the Present Time. Mr. Wyse, in his Historical Sketch of the Catholic Association, speaks of him as "the German statesman and general, the Irish sufferer and patriot; "and eulogizes "his unchanging attachment to an unfortunate country.. [at a time when] the clergy stood altogether aloof from the people... His perfect simplicity of purpose; his calm and mild wisdom; his untiring zeal for the depressed caste with which his name and birth, much more than his connexions and property, had associated him, would add a lustre to.. any country... No views of leadership mingled with his zeal. .. His rank in the Imperial court gave him access to the first circles in Great Britain. Bred in camps, and educated in Germany, he impressed on senators and courtiers the impolicy and injustice of the Penal Code, with the bluntness of a soldier and the honesty of a German. His efforts had no small weight in softening the rigour of persecution... His ardent zeal in the cause of his oppressed countrymen procured him a preponderating influence in the councils of the Catholics; that influence was exerted in the great purposes, during a long life, of promoting union, extinguishing dissension, and rousing to exertion." He died at his seat of Elishau, in Bohemia, 30th December 1769, aged 92. [His descendant, the 11th Viscount Taaffe, is an Austrian count, and Chamberlain to the Emperor of Austria.]

Taaffe, Denis, Rev., a Catholic clergyman, author of a History of Ireland, was born in Ireland in the middle of the 18th century. He was educated at Prague, entered the priesthood, and returned home. He took an active part in the Insurrection of 1798, and headed the insurgents at Ballyellis, in the County of Wexford, in an engagement where they almost annihilated a detachment of the regiment of Ancient Britons. He was afterwards wounded, but managed to escape into Dublin secreted in a load of hay. Being suspended from his sacerdotal functions, he became a Protestant. He wrote against the Union, and, between 1809 and 1811, published four volumes of An Impartial History of Ireland. Although written hastily, and from meagre materials, it contains some matter of importance not to be met elsewhere. He became reconciled to his Church before his death in 1813, but continued hostile to the Government to the last, bitterly complaining to a friend who visited him in sickness of having to occupy lodgings in sight of "that cursed red flag," flying from the Magazine Fort in the Phoenix Park. His remains were laid in St. James's churchyard, Dublin, near Sir Toby Butler's monument.

Talbot, Richard, Duke of Tirconnell, son of Sir William Talbot, of Carton, in the County of Kildare, was born in Ireland early in the 17th century. At nineteen years of age he went to the Continent, and rose to the rank of colonel in the French service. Though a Catholic, he was subsequently induced by the Ormond party to return to Ireland, where he served against Owen Roe O'Neill. He was with the army that defended Drogheda against Cromwell; but in the storm and slaughter of the garrison, his life was saved by Reynolds, a Parliamentary officer. Escaping to Flanders, he entered the service of the Duke of York, with whom he returned to England on the Restoration. There appear to be no grounds except party animosity for the black colours in which his character is sketched by many writers. In person he was above the common stature, extremely graceful and well-made. In Grammont's Memoirs he is described as "possessed of a pure and brilliant exterior; his manners were noble and majestic; no one at court had a better air." The character given him by a contemporary author - his over-readiness "to speak bold, offensive truths, and to do good offices" - is inconsistent with his having been a mere cringing courtier. In 1664 he was committed to the Tower for using threatening words to the Duke of Ormond touching the Act of Explanation, a measure which he considered extremely unjust to many of his countrymen who had suffered in the cause of the Stuarts. In November 1670 he drew up a petition to the Crown setting forth the services of the loyalist Irish. His advocacy of the claims of the ousted Catholic land-owners, strenuously persevered in, made him many enemies. It is not so well known that he was equally distasteful to the ultra-Catholic or French party, who were ready to sacrifice everything to their desire to sever the connexion between Ireland and England. Selected by Titus Oates in 1677 as one of his victims, he fled to the Continent; but on his return soon afterwards was received into great favour at Court. His first wife was Miss Boynton, maid-of-honour to the Queen, sister-in-law to Lord Roscommon, the poet. She died in Dublin, in March 1679, and wasburied, with her child, in Christ Church Cathedral. Within a year Colonel Talbot married, in Paris, Frances Jennings, sister of Sarah, the celebrated Duchess of Marlborough. According to Sir Bernard Burke, "she had the fairest and brightest complexion that ever was seen; her hair a most beauteous flaxen, her countenance extremely animated, though generally persons so exquisitely fair have an insipidity; her whole person was fine, particularly her neck and bosom. The charms of her person and the unaffected sprightliness of her wit gained her the general admiration of the whole [English] court; in these fascinating qualities she had other competitors; but scarcely one except Miss Jennings maintained throughout the character of unblemished chastity." During the reign of Charles II., Colonel Talbot lived mostly in Ireland, where he was regarded by all of his creed as a countryman who stood high in favour, and would stand higher as soon as the Duke of York came to the throne. When that event occurred, in February 1685, King James, "to mitigate a little the cruel oppression the Catholics had so long groaned under in that kingdom, thought it no injury to others that they who had tasted so deeply of his sufferings should now, in his prosperity, have a share at least of his protection; "and for other considerations thought it "necessary to give a commission of Lieutenant-General to Colonel Richard Talbot, a gentleman of an ancient family in that kingdom, a man of good abilities and clear courage, and one who for many years had a true attachment to his Majesty's person and interest." "In the same year he was created Baron of Talbot's Court, Viscount Baltinglass, and Earl of Tirconnell; and in February 1686-'7, he was made Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. His administration of affairs in the interest of the Catholics increased the discontent and alarm aroused in the minds of the Protestants by the accession of James. Two Catholic judges were appointed in each court, the third being a Protestant; Catholics were made high-sheriffs and privy-councillors, granted commissions of the peace, and admitted members of corporations, and the army was flooded with officers of that Church. When James II. retired to France in December 1688, Tirconnell adhered to his cause, and at once set about organizing forces in his interest. There are some grounds "for the belief that great temptations were held out by King William to win him over to his side. When James landed at Kinsale in March 1688-'9, Tirconnell met him, and was thereupon made a duke. During the ensuing campaign he continued to be the King's principal adviser. [See JAMES II., p. 261.] He fought at the battle of the Boyne in July. Lady Tirconnell did the honours of Dublin Castle with singular tact and grace. "The dignity of her character was shown on the evening of the battle of the Boyne, a day which she had spent in an agony of suspense, and which was only terminated by the arrival of the King and Talbot, all weary and travel-stained, as they had ridden from the field. She received them at the top of the stairs at the Castle, and knelt to James, asking him to honour her by refreshing himself with a supper which she had prepared." James is said to have replied that his breakfast had left him no appetite; and to have complimented her on the alertness of the heels of her husband's countrymen; whereupon she rejoined that in that respect "his Majesty had the advantage of them." Tirconnell did not take a very prominent part in affairs after James's departure for France. His overbearing manner made him increasingly unpopular with his countrymen; and the infirmities of age obliged him to make way for younger and more vigorous men in the support of a declining cause. When Limerick was besieged by William III., in August 1690, and General Lauzun declared that the place could be "taken with roasted apples," Tirconnell retired with the French troops to Galway, leaving Sarsfield to reap the glory of the successful defence. In the autumn he visited France, delegating his civil authority to one council, and his military to another, but giving Sarsfield a low place on the list of military councillors. In January 1691 he entered the Shannon with three frigates laden with provisions, clothing, arms, ammunition, and about £8,000 in money. After the defeat at Aughrim he acted as Governor of Limerick; but died of apoplexy, 14th August 1691, just as the advanced-guard of the English army came again within sight of the town. He was buried in St. Mary's Cathedral. No inscription marks the spot. Lady Morgan says: "Much ill has been written, and more believed; but his history.. has only been written by the pen of party steeped in gall, and copied servilely from the pages of prejudice by the lame historians of modern times, more anxious for authority than for authenticity. Two qualities he possessed in an eminent degree - wit and valour; and if to gifts so brilliant and so Irish be joined devotion to his country, and fidelity to the unfortunate and fated family with whose exile he began life, and with whose ruin he finished it, it cannot be denied that in his character the elements of evil were mixed with much great and striking good." His widow resided for some time in France. She subsequently returned to Ireland, and in Dublin, where she had once done the honours of a court, established a nunnery in which she spent the remainder of her days. On the morning of the 7th of March 1730-'31, in her 93rd year, long after most of her contemporaries had passed away, and when her existence was almost forgotten, she was found dead on the floor of her cell. She was interred in St. Patrick's Cathedral. An inscription to her memory may be seen in the old Scots College, in the Rue des Fosses St. Victor, Paris.

Talbot, Peter, Archbishop of Dublin, younger brother of preceding, was born at Malahide, County of Dublin, in 1620. He was educated principally in Portugal. In 1635 he was received into the Society of the Jesuits, and he was subsequently ordained a priest at Rome, and sent to Antwerp as a teacher of moral theology. His intimacy with Dominick a Rosario, Portuguese ambassador in Paris, enabled him to render many services to Prince Charles (afterwards Charles II), and it is said to have been mainly through his influence that the Prince secretly joined the Catholic Church. Sent to England to promote the interests of Catholicism, it is stated that he wormed himself into the confidence of Cromwell, and that he was among those who attended his funeral as a mourner. On 9th May 1669, at Antwerp, he was consecrated Archbishop of Dublin, and immediately proceeded to administer the affairs of his diocese, which for twenty years had been almost entirely neglected. His supposed influence at the English court, and his uncompromising assertion of the claims of his Church exposed him to the bitter hostility of a large party; and early in 1673 he was banished the kingdom. He returned from the Continent to England in 1675, and resided for a while in Cheshire, in poor health, until, through the influence of the Duke of York, he obtained permission to return home. In October 1678, the aged and infirm prelate was arrested at his father's house, near Carton, Maynooth, on the charge of participation in a "Popish plot," and "committed close prisoner to the Castle, with a person to attend him in his miserable and helpless condition, the violence of his distemper [calculus] being scarce supportable, and threatening his death.' On examination, nothing appeared against him; yet he was retained in confinement, and died in Dublin Castle in 1680, aged about 60. He was a man of singular ability and learning, and wrote numerous theological works, thirteen of which are named in Harris's Ware.

Tandy, James Napper, a prominent actor in Irish affairs between 1780 and the Union, was born in Dublin in 1740. He was engaged in business, and from an early period took part in every popular movement in the Irish capital. In 1780 he was expelled from the Dublin Volunteer Artillery for the expression of extreme opinions, and two years afterwards was imprisoned by an order of the House of Commons for breach of privilege, in sending a challenge to Mr. Toler, the Solicitor-General. Wolfe Tone remarks in his Journal: "It is but justice to an honest man, who has been persecuted for his firm adherence to his principles, to observe here that Tandy, in coming forward on this occasion, well knew that he was putting in the most extreme hazard his popularity among the corporations in the city of Dublin, with whom he had enjoyed the most unbounded influence for near twenty years; and, in fact, in the event, this popularity was sacrificed. This did not prevent him taking his part decidedly." At times Tandy did not figure very creditably, as when he headed a mob that endeavoured to destroy the works connected with the new Custom House in Dublin, because they feared its erection would injure the trade of those who lived in the vicinity of the old one. In the spring of 1793 proceedings were instituted against him for distributing a pamphlet, entitled Common Sense, embodying severe strictures on the Beresford family; and, finding that a bill had been found against him for communicating with the "Defenders" in the County of Louth, with a view to induce them to join the United Irishmen, he thought it wise to fly to America. He established himself at Wilmington. Delaware, until 1798, when the progress of events in Ireland induced him to proceed to France. He was there given the provisional rank of general, and entrusted with the command of a small body of Irish refugees intended to form the nucleus of an army in Ireland. They sailed in the frigate Anacreon, and on 16th September landed on the island of Aran, off the coast of Donegal, where they heard of Humbert's defeat at Ballinamuck eight days previously. They almost immediately re-embarked, after scattering a few bombastic proclamations calling upon Irishmen "to strike from their blood-cemented thrones the murderers of your friends," and to "wage a war of extermination against your oppressors." To avoid British cruisers, the Anacreon sailed north, and landed Tandy and his companions in Norway. Thence he endeavoured to make his way to France, but was arrested at Hamburg through the influence of the Czar, detained in prison for some years, and ultimately delivered to the British authorities. He was tried in Dublin for complicity in the Insurrection of 1798, but was acquitted on a point of law. He was then sent to Lifford, and on 7th April 1801 was arraigned for his part in the attempted invasion, and the proclamations. He pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to death. Two months before the trial Lord Cornwallis had interceded with the Ministry in London on his behalf; and, in Cornwallis's own words, "considering the incapacity of this old man to do further mischief, the mode by which he came into our hands, his long subsequent confinement, and, lastly, the streams of blood which have flowed in this island for these last three years," his life was spared, on condition of his leaving the country for ever. He spent the remainder of his days at Bordeaux, where he died in the latter part of 1803, aged 63. His name occupies a prominent place in the government despatches of the time. Barrington says of Napper Tandy: "His person was ungracious; his language neither eloquent nor argumentative; his address neither graceful nor impressive; but he was sincere and persevering, and though in many instances erroneous and violent, he was considered to be honest. His private character furnished no ground to doubt the integrity of his public one; and, like many of those persons who occasionally spring up in revolutionary periods, he acquired celebrity without being able to account for it, and possessed influence, without rank or capacity."

Tate, Nahum, Poet Laureate to William III, was born in Dublin about 1652. [His father, Faithful Teate, D.D., minister of St. Werburgh's, Dublin, was the author of Sermons, and minor works, published between 1655 and 1672.] Soon after taking his degree at Trinity College, Dublin, Nahum Tate removed to England, where he resided the rest of his life. In 1692 he was appointed Poet Laureate. According to Harris's Ware, "he was a man of learning, had a winning, affable behaviour, and a good share of wit." Conjointly with Dr. Brady, he wrote a metrical version of the Psalms, which was until lately in general use by the Established Church. The poet Dryden selected him to continue his Absalom and Achitophel. Tate spent the latter part of his life in reduced circumstances, and died a prisoner for debt in London, 6th August 1715. His poetry excelled rather in quantity than quality, and his name is not even included in Johnson's Lives of the Poets. Charles Knight says: "There is an English word-joiner-author we will not call him- who has had the temerity to accomplish two things, either of which would have been enough to have conferred upon him a bad immortality. Nahum Tate has succeeded, to an extent which defies all competition, in degrading the Psalms of David and the Lear of Shakspere to the condition of being tolerated, and perhaps even admired, by the most dull, gross, and anti-poetical capacity. These were not easy tasks; but Nahum Tate has enjoyed more than a century of honour for his labours, and his new version of the Psalms are still sung on (like the shepherd in Arcadia piped) as if they would never be old, and his Lear was the Lear of the playhouse at the time of the publication of our first edition, with one solitary exception of a modern heresy in favour of Shakspere."

Taylor, George, one of the signers of the American Declaration of Independence, was born in Ireland in 1716. At an early age he was placed with a physician to study medicine, but not liking the profession he ran away from home without consulting his friends. Finding a vessel ready to sail for Philadelphia, he entered as a "redemptioner" - one who sailed on the chance of having his passage paid at the port of arrival by some person to whom he would mortgage his services. He was redeemed by a Mr. Savage of Durham, Pennsylvania, owner of some ironworks, who employed him as a worker in his smelting house. Resolute, and ambitious of gaining the approbation of all around him, he persevered without complaint, through the unwonted toil imposed on him, until Mr. Savage discovered his intelligence, education, and talents, and made him a clerk in his office. There he was soon esteemed for his correct, deportment, and admired for clearness of perception and soundness of judgment. After the death of Mr. Savage he married his widow, and thus became sole owner of a large property. He was elected, in 1764, to the "Provincial Assembly at Philadelphia, and for five years took a prominent part in its deliberations. He was afterwards made judge of the County Court and colonel of militia. In 1775 he was again returned to the Assembly, became one of the Committee of Safety, the virtual executive, and continued to exercise a powerful and salutary influence until the summer of 1776, when he became a member of the Continental Congress, and endorsed with his signature to the Declaration of Independence, the principles of liberty he had so boldly advocated. In the spring of 1777, after having successfully negotiated a treaty with some of the Indian tribes, he retired from Congress and from public life to Delaware, where he died 23rd February 1781, aged about 65.

Taylor, Jeremy, Bishop of Down and Connor, one of the greatest theologians and writers of his age, was born at Cambridge, 15th August 1613. He accompanied Charles I. on some of his campaigns. After undergoing hardships and imprisonments at the hands of the Parliamentary party, he was, in 1658, induced by some of his friends to seek a retreat in Ireland. Sir William Petty procured him a farm on advantageous terms, and gave him introductions to persons of influence; Cromwell granted him a passport and protection for himself and his family; and in June 1658, he settled near Kilulta, eight miles from Lisburn. There, in a half-ruined church, he occasionally preached to a small congregation of royalists. According to tradition, it was his wont occasionally to retire to Rams Island, in Lough Neagh, for study and devotion. Poor as he was, this is said to have been the happiest period of his life, as he had abundant leisure for daily if not hourly devotions and literary composition. Upon one occasion, in the dead of winter, he was brought before the Privy Council in Dublin, on a charge of using the sign of the cross in baptism. Just before the Restoration he proceeded to England, and in August 1660 was appointed Bishop of Down and Connor, and was shortly afterwards elected Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dublin. In February 1661 he was made a member of the Privy Council, and in April was entrusted with the administration of the small adjacent see of Dromore. The disorganized condition of his see taxed all his energies. For the University he revised the statutes, settled rules for the conferring of degrees, appointed lecturers, and otherwise contributed to forward its interests and increase its reputation. Bishop Taylor died at Lisburn, 13th August 1667, aged 53, and his remains were interred in the cathedral at Dromore, to which he had been a liberal benefactor. His second wife, Joanna, daughter of his friend and patron, Charles I., survived him some years. One of his daughters married Francis Marsh, Archbishop of Dublin. A monument to his memory was erected by Bishop Mant in Lisburn church in 1821. A list of his works occupies nearly four pages of Allibone. John Forster says: "From the little I have yet read, I am strongly inclined to think this said Jeremy is the most completely eloquent writer in our language. There is a most manly and graceful ease and freedom in his composition, while a strong intellect is working logically through every paragraph, while all manner of beautiful images fall in as by felicitous accident." Cotton says: "Of his character and talents it is needless to speak. His works have been long before the world, and have proved their author to have been one of the best of men, and one of the most shining lights of our church."

Taylor, Thomas, M.D., a botanist of some note, stated to have been an Irishman, was born near the end of the 18th century. He graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1807, took his medical degree in 1814, and became attached to some of the Dublin hospitals. He exhibited a marked predilection for the study of nature, and in his excursions into the County of Wicklow, with his friends Dr. Whitly Stokes and Mr. Mackay, evinced those talents that afterwards distinguished him. He was the joint author, with Sir William J. Hooker, of the Muscologia Britannica (1818), and contributed the articles "Mosses" and "Ferns" to Mackay's Flora Hibernica. He added a new genus to the order Hepaticae, and a good many undescribed species in the order of Lichens. He also gave to science a detailed account of the collection of John Templeton of Belfast, said to have been one of the earliest, as well as most distinguished and original of Irish zoologists. After the withdrawal of the government grant to the Cork Scientific Institution, to which he was Lecturer on Botany and Natural History, he retired to an estate at Dunkerron, near Kenmare, where he spent the remainder of his life, discharging the duties of a magistrate, occupying himself with country pursuits, and devoting his leisure to botany. He died February 1848.

Taylor, William B. Sarsfield, artist and author, was born in 1781, presumably in Ireland. On his father's side he was descended from an officer of the Enniskilleners, and on his mother's from General Sarsfield. He wrote chiefly on the fine arts, and contributed critical essays to the Morning Chronicle. For many years he was Curator of the Model Academy in St. Martin's-lane, London. He was also a prominent archaeologist. The most important works from his pen were: History of the Fine Arts in Great Britain and Ireland, 2 vols., 1841; History of the University of Dublin, octavo, 1845, originally commenced in quarto numbers, with coloured plates, many years before. He died 23rd December 1850, aged 69.

Taylor, John Sydney, a writer, younger brother of preceding, was born at Donnybrook, near Dublin, in 1795. At Trinity College he was the intimate friend of the Rev. Charles Wolfe. In 1824 he was called to the English Bar, and subsequently took part in some remarkable trials, but devoted himself chiefly to literature. By his contributions to the Morning Herald, extending over a period of fourteen years, he materially advanced the cause of Parliamentary Reform and the amelioration of the criminal code. Several beautiful old English churches are said to owe their preservation to his vigorous articles in denunciation of proposed "restorations." He died in London, 10th December 1841, aged 46, and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. A volume of selections from his writings was published in 1843.

Taylor, William Cooke, LL.D., a voluminous writer, was born at Youghal, 16th April 1800. When little more than sixteen he entered Trinity College, Dublin, where he obtained many prizes, graduating B.A. in 1825, and LL.D. in 1835. His first work was a classical geography for the use of Youghal school. His connexion with literature in London commenced in 1828, when he contributed to Pinnock's series a Catechism of the Christian Religion. Thenceforward a constant succession of works, chiefly historical and biographical, flowed from his pen. In Allibone's list they number twenty-six, the last being Memoirs of the House of Orleans, 3 vols., 1849. He was a strenuous advocate for the repeal of the Corn Laws and of the introduction of the system of National Education in Ireland. In politics he was a Whig, "without bitterness or asperity." He was employed by Government in the preparation of several important reports, and was enrolled in Lord Clarendon's Irish administration as Statistician, in which capacity his services were of infinite value. He edited the Evening Post, the Government organ in Ireland. He died of cholera in Dublin, 12th September 1849, aged 49, leaving a widow and family, for whose benefit a public subscription was made. The Gentleman's Magazine, in noticing his death, says: "In the fields of miscellaneous literature, he was, for constancy of application, fertility of thought, and variety of subject, quite unrivalled. He did not affect to climb the heights of science, or penetrate the depths of a profound philosophy. Neither his habits nor his inclinations would have led him to any secluded or exclusive application of his powers, even if the exigencies of his position did not require of him a compliance with the demands of the publisher in the line, whatever it was, to interest 'the reading public' He was literally a writer for his daily bread; and the calls upon him, multiplied and various as they were, never found him unprepared... His style was equable and unpretending; always clearly expressive of the thought which it conveyed... On proper occasions he could be touching and pathetic in a very high degree."

Teeling, Bartholomew, a leading United Irishman, was born at Lisburn, of an old Catholic family, in 1774. His father, Luke Teeling, suffered imprisonment for many years, as a suspect, through 1798 and the Union, not being liberated until 1802. Bartholomew received a good classical and general education. He entered with ardour into the United Irish movement, and was well known and beloved by several of the leaders, especially by Lord Edward FitzGerald. He enlisted in the French army under the name of Veron, and held the rank of captain in Humbert's expedition that landed at Killala in August 1798. His bravery in the field was only equalled by his humanity in saving the persons and property of the gentry from the hands of the insurgent peasantry. After the battle of Ballinamuck, he was identified and sent to Dublin for trial, despite Humbert's efforts to secure for him the same honourable treatment as the French-born officers. He was tried by court martial at the Royal Barracks, Dublin, and made an able and manly defence, but was sentenced to death, and executed at Arbour Hill on 24th September (1798). Mr. Madden says: "Neither the intimation of his fate, nor the near approach of it, produced on him any diminution of courage. With firm step and unchanged countenance he walked from the Prevot to the place of execution, and conversed with an unaffected ease while the dreadful apparatus was preparing." He died in his French uniform. His remains, with those of many other executed persons, were thrown into what was known as "the Croppy's Hole," at Arbour-hill. [His nephew, Bartholomew Teeling, a barrister, who died in 1844, was the author of a Narrative of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, which passed through more than one edition.

Temple, Sir John, was born in Ireland in the year 1600, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, of which his father was a fellow, and afterwards Provost. He was knighted in 1628, and in 1640 was appointed Master of the Rolls and a Privy-Councillor. Upon the breaking out of the war in October 1641, he was most active in issuing proclamations and putting Dublin in a proper state of defence. In 1643 he was imprisoned for a few months, with Sir W. Parsons, Sir A. Loftus, and Sir R. Meredyth, for opposing the cessation of arms which the Earl of Ormond was commanded by the King to agree to. Regarded as a sufferer for the cause of the Commonwealth, he was provided with a seat in the English Parliament, and received its special thanks for the services he had rendered at the commencement of hostilities. Sir John is worthy of notice principally on account of his History of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, together with the Barbarous Cruelties and Bloody Massacres that ensued thereupon, first published in 1646. The work went through many editions, and is the source whence numerous historians, including Mr. Froude, have drawn their evidence that the Irish Catholics, in 1641 and following years, perpetrated frightful atrocities, and massacred in cold blood from 100,000 to 300,000 Protestant settlers. Temple's own words are that: "Since the rebellion first broke out, unto .. September 15, 1643, which was not full two years after, above 300,000 British and Protestants were cruelly murthured in cold blood, destroyed some other way, or expelled out of their habitations." Shortly after the breaking out of hostilities in 1641, two commissions were issued to enquire among the thousands of panic-stricken Protestants who crowded into Dublin, into the perpetration of atrocities by the Irish. The original manuscript depositions of the witnesses examined on oath are preserved in Trinity College. A large proportion of them are not signed by the deponents, and where they are signed it is generally with a mark. Sir John Temple says in his preface: "And that I might in some measure compass my design herein, and give satisfaction even to the most curious inquisitors after truth, I did with great care and diligence turn over the very originals or authentical copies of the voluminous examinations remaining with the publick Register, and taken upon oath, by virtue of two several commissions issued out under the great seal of this kingdom, to examine the losses of the British, the cruelties and horrid murders committed by the Irish in the destruction of them. I have perused the publick despatches, acts, and relations, as likewise the private letters and particular discourses sent by the chief gentlemen out of several parts of the kingdom, to present unto the Lords-Justices and Council the sad condition of their affairs. And having been made acquainted with all the most secret passages and councils of the state, I have, as far as I could without breach of trust, and as the duty of a Privy Councellour would admit, communicated so much of them as I conceived necessary and proper for publick information. And.. I may confidently avow that I have been so curious in gathering up my materials, and so careful in putting them together, as very few passages will be found here inserted which have not either fallen within the compass of my own knowledge, or that I have not received from those who were chiefly intrusted in matters of action abroad; or that came not to my hands attested under the oaths of credible witnesses, or clearly asserted in the voluntary confessions of the rebels themselves." We may, therefore, reasonably suppose that the eighty witnesses whose names and depositions he gives, are selected as those likely to tell most strongly against the Irish. (The edition here referred to is that of 1724, printed in Dublin.) A careful collation of the evidence of these eighty deponents shows that but fourteen of them testify to what they saw themselves. (The evidence of the others is entirely hearsay.) (1) William Clerk says that he, with about 100 men, women, and children were driven like hogs six miles to Portadown bridge, which was cut down under them: and that his companions were barbarously murdered when in the water. [His deposition is signed with a mark, in ink fresher looking and quite different from that with which the body of the document is written.] (2) Margaret Fermeny's husband was murdered in her sight, and she was stripped of her clothes. (3) James Geare saw a man murdered and his entrails taken out, "yet he bled not at all." (4) Anne Hill's child was killed, and she and her four surviving children were stripped. (5) Mary Barlow's husband was killed, and she and her six children were stripped. (6) Elizabeth Green was stripped, and her five children died from exposure. (7) Anne Read was stripped, and her children died from exposure. (8) Adam Clover "observed" 30 persons murdered and about 150 wounded. [The words "or thereabouts" are in the original after "30 persons." The deposition is signed with a mark; and a note thereon shows that he was a soldier, so that there is little wonder he saw 30 persons killed and 150 wounded in the rebellion. The same note mentions that he desires liberty for his wife and five children to pass over to England, so they were not amongst the killed.] (9) Edward Banks and (10) Antony Stratford were imprisoned. (11) William Parkinson saw a boy led out to execution. (12) Philip Taylor drove a pig away from eating the carcase of a child. (13) Katherine Coke was obliged to hide among the rushes in a ditch of water: she saw the spirit of a murdered person. (14) Elizabeth Price saw the spirit of a murdered woman, which cried "Revenge, revenge, revenge!" Thirteen of the other witnesses testify only to hearing threats and treason. All the "horrid inhuman cruelties," such as boiling children alive, burying alive, and the unearthly atrocities depicted on the frontispiece of some editions of the work, are stated purely on hearsay. It is remarkable that, with the exception of one case, these acts of cruelty are not mentioned in the first series of depositions taken in January, February, and March 1641-'2, and to be found in a letter from the Lords-Justices, 7th March 1641-'2, published in the Thorpe Papers, vol. ii. It is also worthy of note that in none of the printed depositions, whether hearsay or otherwise, is there any hint of criminal assaults on women. There is sufficient evidence to prove that men, women, and children were murdered, or turned out naked from house and home (as has happened in time of war and revolution at the present day); but there is nothing to show a premeditated massacre in cold blood of tens of thousands of people. In 1648 Sir John Temple was appointed Commissioner of the Great Seal of Ireland, and in November 1653 a Commissioner of Forfeited Estates. He received large land grants in the Counties of Carlow and Dublin. On the Restoration he was re-instated in his office of Master of the Rolls, and in 1673 was appointed Vice-Treasurer of Ireland. He died 14th November 1677, and was buried beside his father in Trinity College, near where the campanile now stands. [Two of his sons, born in England, rose to eminence - Sir William, the statesman, the friend and patron of Swift; and Sir John, Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, from whom the late Lord Palmerston was lineally descended.]

Tennent, Gilbert, a distinguished Presbyterian preacher in America, was born at Armagh, 5th February 1703. At fifteen years of age he accompanied his father, a Presbyterian minister, to America, and assisted in conducting an academy opened by him near Philadelphia; and, having studied theology and medicine, was in 1726 ordained pastor of a congregation at New Brunswick. In 1740 and 1741 he travelled through New England, at the request of Whitefield, preaching with great success. Drake says: "He was one of the most conspicuous ministers of his day, ardent in his zeal, forcible in his reasoning, and bold and passionate in his addresses to the conscience and the heart." He affected eccentricity in his preaching, allowed his hair to grow long, and when in the pulpit wore an overcoat bound with a leathern girdle. In 1743, about the time of his father's decease, he founded a Presbyterian church in Philadelphia, and subsequently resumed the practice of itinerant preaching. In 1753 he visited England to solicit benefactions for the spread of religion in America. He was the author, amongst other works, of The Lawfulness of Defensive War (1747), and Sermons on Important Subjects (1758). He died 23rd July 1764, aged 61.

Tennent, William, brother of preceding, also a clergyman, was born in the County of Antrim, 3rd January 1705. He studied theology under his brother; and when near the completion of his course experienced a remarkable trance, during which he narrowly escaped being buried as one dead. He was ordained in 1733, and was pastor of a church for forty-four years. He died at Freehold, New Jersey, 8th March 1777, aged 72. A Memoir, giving a full account of his trance, was published in the United States in 1847.

Tennent, Sir James Emerson, Bart., son of William Emerson, was born in Belfast, 7th April 1794,7 and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took the degree of LL.D. He afterwards travelled on the Continent and took part in the war for the liberation of Greece, where he made the acquaintance of Lord Byron. In 1831 he was called to the English Bar, and in June of the same year married the heiress of a wealthy Belfast banker, whose name and arms he assumed. He entered Parliament as member for Belfast in 1832, and with some intermissions retained a seat until 1845, when he accepted the position of Colonial Secretary of Ceylon. He was knighted on his acceptance of this office, which he occupied until 1850. After his return he held several posts under Government, such as Secretary to the Poor-law Board and Secretary to the Board of Trade. In 1852 he re-entered Parliament as member for Lisburn. In 1867 he was created a baronet. The Annual Register says: "In politics Sir James was a Conservative of the English rather than the Irish type. In early life, indeed, he had been a Liberal of a somewhat advanced character, and he first entered Parliament as a reformer. He was, however, one of those who went over to the Tories about the same time with Lord Stanley, and during several sessions his votes were given on the Tory side; but in his advanced years he adhered to the policy of Sir Robert Peel, and it was from Lord Palmerston's government that he accepted his baronetcy." It is as an author that Sir James is best remembered. The History of Modern Greece (1833), according to one critic, "presents a mass of valuable information;" while, according to another, "it is thoroughly weak both in conception and execution, unpleasing in style, feeble in narrative, and full of portentous blunders." Incomparably the most important of his works is his Account of Ceylon, a finely illustrated book, published in 1859. It has gone through several editions, and was declared by the Edinburgh Review to be "the most copious, interesting, and complete monograph which exists in our language on any of the possessions of the British crown." His Story of the Guns, published in 1864, one of the lighter productions of his pen, advocated the merits of the Whitworth gun, in opposition to that invented by Sir William Armstrong. These are, however, only a few of his numerous | publications. He died in London, 6th March 1869, aged 74.

Thompson, William, an artist, born in Dublin in 1726, was the author of a work entitled The Principles of the Beautiful. He practised portrait painting in London, and his name appears in the catalogues of the several picture exhibitions from 1761 to 1776. Bryan says: "Though he was not considered a painter of the first eminence, his pictures possessed the merit of a faithful resemblance and a natural tone of colouring." He died in London in 1800.

Thompson, William, Brigadier-General in the American Revolutionary War, was born in Ireland. He was captain of horse in America during the French War (1759-60). In June 1775 he was made colonel of one of the regiments of riflemen which marched to the camp at Cambridge, Massachusetts; and on 10th November his command had a skirmish with the British at Lechmere Point. He was made Brigadier-General the following March, and succeeded Lee in the command of New York. In April he was ordered to Canada to reinforce General Sullivan, by whose orders he attacked the enemy at Three Rivers, where he was taken prisoner. He was allowed to return to Philadelphia on parole, but was not exchanged for nearly two years. He died at his residence near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 4th September 1781.

Thompson, William, a naturalist, was born in Belfast, 2nd December 1805. [His father was a linen merchant, and at an early age he was himself apprenticed to the business.] His attention appears to have been turned to natural history by a copy of Bewick's Birds, after reading which most of his spare time was devoted to that study. For a while he carried on business on his own account; but want of success induced him to give it up, and thenceforward science was not only the pleasure but the occupation of his life. In 1826 he joined the Natural History Society of Belfast; in 1833 he was chosen one of the Vice-Presidents, and in 1843, on the retirement of Dr. Drummond, was elected President. His systematic observations appear to have dated from 1832, from which time he continued steadily recording the occurrence of species previously unknown as Irish, and gradually accumulating the materials for an account of the fauna of Ireland. As his labours became known, correspondents in every part of the country sprang up, and information of the most varied character poured in upon him. He occasionally contributed papers to English societies, and an annual visit to London became one of the delights of his life. In 1840 he laid before the British Association a report on the vertebrata of Ireland. In 1841 he joined his friend Edward Forbes in a naturalist cruise in H.M.S. Beacon in the AEgean Sea. The first three volumes of his Natural History of Ireland, comprising the Birds, were published between 1849 and 1851. The work was most favourably received, and has since been regarded as a standard authority on the subject. He died suddenly in London, 17th February 1852, aged 46, and was interred at Belfast. "Mr. Thompson differed from the generality of naturalists in the wide range of his research. He gave attention not only to the long series of vertebrate and invertebrate animals (excepting insecta and infusoria) but also to the vegetable kingdom in all its various forms." He made several contributions to the Phycologia Britannica of Dr. W. H. Harvey. By a provision in his will, his unpublished papers were left in the hands of his friends Robert Patterson and James R. Garrett, the former of whom edited the fourth volume of his Natural History of Ireland, published in 1856. The book is prefaced by a memoir, from which this notice is taken: it concludes with a catalogue of Mr. Thompson's publications, numbering seventy-three, and a list of ten species to which his name has been given.

Thomson, Charles, LL.D., Secretary of the United States Congress during the Revolutionary War, was born at Maghera, in the County of Londonderry, 29th November 1729. In 1741 he and three sisters landed penniless at Newcastle, Delaware. He was educated by Dr. Allison, and became teacher in a school belonging to the Society of Friends. He early enjoyed the friendship of Benjamin Franklin. In 1758 he was sent to treat with the Indians at Oswego. The Delaware tribe adopted him, and conferred on him an Indian name signifying "One who speaks truth." He consistently espoused the cause of the Revolution, and his services as Secretary of the Continental Congress from 1774 to the organization of the government under the Federal Constitution in 1789, were highly esteemed. He made copious notes of the proceedings of Congress and the progress of the Revolution; and after retiring from public life prepared a history of his own times. But his goodness of heart would not permit him to publish it, and a short time before his death he destroyed the manuscript, giving as a reason that he was unwilling to blast the reputation of families rising into repute, by placing on record the want of patriotism of their progenitors during the war. He was a good classical scholar, and was the author of a Harmony of the Gospels, a translation of the Old and New Testaments, and an Inquiry into the cause of the Alienation of the Delaware and Shawnee Indians. He died in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, 16th August 1824, aged 94.

Thorkil, or Turgesius, a Scandinavian chieftain who held sway in Ireland from about 832 to 845. It has been suggested by some writers that he was identical with Ragnar Lodbrok. He arrived with three fleets. Dr. Todd says: "He seems to have had in view a higher object than the mere plunder which influenced former depredators of his nation. He aimed at the establishment of a regular government or monarchy over his countrymen in Ireland, the foundation of a permanent colony, and the subjugation or extermination of the native chieftains. For this purpose the forces under his command, or in connexion with him, were skilfully posted on Lough Ree, at Limerick, Dundalk Bay, Carlingford, Lough Neagh, and Dublin. He appears also to have attempted the establishment of the national heathenism of his own country, in the place of the Christianity which he found in Ireland... With this view he placed his wife, Ota, at Clonmacnoise, at that time second only to Armagh in ecclesiastical importance, who gave her audiences, or according to another reading, her oracular answers, from the high altar of the principal church of the monastery." He was reinforced from time to time by the arrival of contingents of his countrymen, but in 845 was arrested in his victorious course by Malachy I., then King of Meath, who had him drowned in Lough Owel. The romantic story of his death, told by Cambrensis, evidently an imitation of the story of Hengist's treacherous banquet to Vortigern, although repeated by Keating, is not found in any ancient Irish authority.

Thornton, Matthew, Colonel, one of the signers of the American Declaration of Independence, was born in Ireland in 1714. He went to America at an early age, studied medicine, and settled as a physician at Londonderry, New Hampshire. In 1745 he served as a surgeon in an expedition against Louisburg, and was appointed a colonel of militia. In 1775 he presided over the convention which assumed the government in the name of the people of the colony. He was a delegate to Congress in 1776, in which capacity he signed the Declaration of Independence. He held the position of Judge of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire until 1782, was subsequently a member of the House and of the Senate, and in 1785 of the Council. He died at Newburyport, Massachusetts, 24th June 1803, aged about 89.

Threlkeld, Caleb, M.D., author of Synopsis Stirpium Hibernicarum.. The first Essay of the kind in the Kingdom of Ireland (Dublin, 1727), was born in Cumberland, 31st May 1676. After studying at Glasgow, where he acquired a taste for botany, he settled near his birth-place as a dissenting clergyman. In 1712 he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine at Edinburgh, and next year, "having a straight income, and a large family, he removed to Dublin, and settled there in the united character of divine and physician." He ultimately devoted himself entirely to medicine, and became a successful and respected practitioner. He died in Mark's-alley, Dublin, 28th April 1728, aged 51, and was buried in "the new burial ground, belonging to St. Patrick's." His botanical work, above mentioned, which claimed to be the first essay of the kind attempted in Ireland, was published in Dublin the year before his death. Dr. Pulteney, in his Sketches of Botany, from which this notice is taken, says: "Threlkeld's Flora.. does not contain more than 535 species. The author appears to have been better acquainted with the history of plants than with plants themselves, and seems not to have studied botany in a systematic way."

Thurot, Francois, a French privateer captain, who made a descent upon Carrickfergus in 1760, was born in France, 21st June 1727. His maternal grandfather, Captain O'Farrell, an Irishman, served in the Irish Brigade. Thurot was singularly successful in his operations against British commerce, in one year capturing no fewer than sixty vessels. In 1759 it was decided by the French government, taking advantage of the known charm of his name in Ireland, to make a diversion against England by sending an expedition thither under his command. He accordingly left Dunkirk in October, with a squadron of six vessels, and 2,000 troops under Brigadier de Flobert. Steering north, to elude the British fleet, he put in at Gottenberg and Bergen. Scarcity of provisions compelled him to cruise among the Hebrides for some weeks. On the 24th January 1760, he sighted Tory Island, but a violent storm prevented his effecting a landing on the coast of Donegal. His fleet was then reduced to three shattered vessels, and Flobert unsuccessfully urged him to abandon the expedition. At Islay a number of soldiers were landed to procure provisions, and so great was their hunger that they were glad to dig up potatoes with their bayonets and eat them raw. There Thurot received the discouraging news of the defeat by Hawke of the larger French expedition under Conflans. He however entered Belfast Lough, anchored off Carrickfergus on 21st February, and landed a body of 1,000 soldiers and sailors. The small garrison was soon overpowered, and the castle taken, the victors agreeing not to injure the town if furnished with provisions. These not being supplied, the French troops commenced pillaging, which Thurot and his officers unsuccessfully endeavoured to restrain. Lord Charlemont hurried down to the north, where his estates lay, and enrolled his tenantry in a yeomanry corps; and the principal Catholics of Ireland were induced to come forward with an address of loyalty and adhesion to the Government. The reception of this address by the Lord-Lieutenant may be said to have been the first public recognition since the Treaty of Limerick of the Catholics of Ireland as a body. The country people did not flock to Thurot's standard, as he had expected. Without their assistance he could effect nothing; and accordingly, having victualled his vessels, he re-embarked his troops, and sailed early on the 26th of February. Thurot's three vessels (the Belleisle, 44 guns; Blonde, 32; and Terpsicore, 26) were, however, intercepted in the Irish channel by a British fleet, consisting of the AEolus, 32; Pallas, 36; and Brilliant, 36, under Captain John Elliott, which had been driven into Kinsale by stress of weather, and there received news of Thurot's expedition. The vessels came to an action off the coast of the Isle of Man on the 28th. For an hour and a half Thurot, in the Belleisle, defended himself against Elliott's whole fleet; but his consorts held aloof, his dispirited and worn-out crew fought badly, and he was himself killed in the last broadside, and his body committed to the deep before his vessel struck. We are told that many even in England lamented the death of Thurot, who, even when he commanded a privateer, fought less for plunder than for honour. His successful and almost unopposed landing was remembered with great satisfaction by the oppressed Irish Catholics, and commemorated in lines commencing: "Blest be the day that O'Farrell came here." His body was washed ashore in Luce Bay, on the coast of Wigtonshire, and being recognized by some personal tokens, was respectfully buried in the churchyard of the ruined chapel of Kirkmaiden. [In June 1864, an ivory-handled poniard, found in Thurot's belt, was exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries in Edinburgh.]

Tichborne, Sir Henry (son of Sir Benjamin Tichborne, ancestor of the English baronets of that name), was born in 1581. He was for some time governor of the Cattle of Lifford, and was knighted by James I. in 1623. On the rising of the Catholics in October 1641, he was commissioned by the Lords-Justices to raise a regiment of 1,000 men, and he occupied Drogheda on the 4th of November. His heroic four months' defence of the town against overwhelming forces of the Irish insurgents under Sir Felim O'Neill, until the siege was raised early in March, is fully narrated in a letter to his wife, written in 1651, which is generally to be found bound with Sir John Temple's History of the Irish Rebellion. After the northward retreat of the Irish, he followed them to Ardee, took Dundalk, and for a time occupied Carlingford. In 1642 he was made one of the Lords-Justices. On the Restoration, Charles II. constituted him Field-Marshal of his forces in Ireland. Clarendon writes of him as a man of "excellent fame." He died in 1667, aged 85, and was buried at Drogheda. [His grandson was knighted by William III. in 1694, and was in 1715 created Baron Ferrard of Beaulieu, in Louth.]

Tighe, Mary, the author of Psyche and of other poems, daughter of William Blachford, was born in Ireland on 9th October 1772. Highly connected, beautiful, and gifted, she was at an early age the centre of attraction in the Viceregal court of Dublin, and in 1793 married her cousin Henry Tighe, of Hosanna, in the County of Wicklow. The union was not happy. The publication of Psyche in 1795 established her reputation as a poet. This work has been characterized as "pure, polished, sublime - the outpouring of a trammelled soul yearning to be freed from its uncongenial surroundings." In a contemporary portrait "she is depicted with rich flowing, dark-brown hair, a few tendrils of which stray upon her smooth, intellectual forehead. The eyes are of a deep blue, large and pellucid; the lower part of the face is exquisitely formed,.. the general expression of the countenance is sweet, innocent, and lofty, but tinged with a look of inexpressible sadness." She was attacked with consumption, and, after wandering in search of health for some years, died at the residence of her brother-in-law, at Woodstock, in the County of Kilkenny, 24th March 1810, aged 37, and was buried in the churchyard of Inistioge, where a monument by Flaxman marks her grave.

Tighernach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise, historian and annalist, lived in the 11th century. O'Curry says his "name stands among the first of Irish annalists... If we take into account the early period at which he wrote, the variety and extent of his knowledge, the accuracy of his details, and the scholarly criticism and excellent judgment he displays, we must agree.. that not one of the countries of northern Europe can exhibit a historian of equal antiquity, learning, and judgment." 0'Donovan says: "His quotations from Latin and Greek authors are numerous; and his balancing their authorities against each other manifests a degree of criticism uncommon in the iron age in which he flourished. He quotes Eusebius, Orosius, Julius Africanus, Bede, Josephus, St. Jerome, and others." Eight copies or fragments of his annals are known to exist; but no one of them is perfect. Two are in the Bodleian Library at Oxford; two in the Royal Irish Academy; one in Trinity College; two in the British Museum; and one in the library of the Earl of Ashburnham. Professor O'Curry gives a minute account of these manuscripts. Tighernach died in 1088, and was buried at Clonmacnoise.

Todd, James Henthorn, D.D., a distinguished author and antiquary, was born in Dublin, 23rd April 1805. [His father, Dr. Robert Todd, of Kildare-street, Dublin, was cut off early in life.] He graduated Bachelor of Arts in Trinity College, Dublin, in 1825, obtained a fellowship in 1831, was elected Regius Professor of Hebrew in the University in 1849, and Librarian in 1852. He was elected Treasurer of St. Patrick's Cathedral in 1837. He became a member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1833, was elected on the Council in 1837, was Secretary from 1847 to 1855, and for five years from 1856 filled the office of President. The life of this eminent scholar was uneventful. He contributed largely to the literature of his country, and took part in various movements for its advancement in arts and literature: he was, in fact, as Archdeacon Cotton designated him in 1850, "the sine quo non of every literary enterprise in Dublin." He devoted himself with zeal to the study of Irish history and archeology, and was one of the foremost workers in that great movement for the restoration and reform of Celtic studies, which marked the second generation of the present century in Ireland. Dr. Todd exerted himself particularly in procuring transcripts or accurate accounts of Irish manuscripts existing in foreign libraries - "endeavouring," in the words of Professor O'Curry, "to recover for his native country" as large a portion as possible "of her long lost and widely dispersed ancient literary remains." He edited for the Archaeological Society the Irish version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius, with a translation and notes, and the Liber Hymnorum. He was the author of elaborate introductions to the works of other contributors to the publications of the same society. A list of Dr. Todd's published sermons and minor works will be found in Cotton's Fasti, ii., 126. He edited the Wars of the Gaedhill and the Gaill for the Master of the Rolls' series. One of his most important and exhaustive volumes was a Life of St. Patrick (1864), and another valuable one was his Catalogue of Graduates who have proceeded to Degrees in the University of Dublin (1866). He was a frequent contributor to Notes and Queries. Dr. Todd collected a valuable library of books and manuscripts. He died at Rathfarnham, 28th June 1869, aged 64, and was buried in St. Patrick's Cathedral churchyard, where a Celtic cross marks his resting-place. "At the sale of the library of the late Rev. Dr. Todd," says Notes and Queries, "the books fetched prices far higher than were ever known in Dublin. His Irish manuscripts realized £780, and his interleaved copy of Ware, richly annotated by Dr. Todd, produced no less than £450; it was bought for the University Library [Cambridge]. O'Conor's Scriptores Hiberniae fetched £36; Fleming's Collectanea Sacra, £70; the Ritual of St. Patrick's Cathedral, dated 1352, sold for £73 10s.; the Book of Lismore, £43 10s.; and the Book of Clonmacnoise, £31 10s. Many of the manuscripts were copied for Dr. Todd [by O'Curry] from unique manuscripts in the public libraries of England, Ireland, and Belgium." Some of the particulars in this notice have been taken from the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. i., 1870-74. A movement has been set on foot to found a Celtic scholarship in connexion with the Academy, to perpetuate Dr. Todd's memory.

Todd, Robert Bentley, M.D., F.R.S., younger brother of preceding, was born in Dublin in 1809. He was educated at Trinity College, went to London in 1831, rose rapidly into practice and prominence, and was appointed Professor of Physiology in King's College in 1837. He took a leading part in founding King's College Hospital, to which he was physician from its opening in 1839 until within a few weeks of his death. He originated the plan of St. John's Training Institution for Nurses in 1847. The Annual Register says: "From the first he had shown the strongest taste for anatomical and physiological pursuits, which he followed with uncommon ardour, and became a lecturer on these subjects in the schools. They were the foundation of his subsequent success, giving to his thoughts and views that sound practical tone so much in harmony with the force of his own character, and which impressed itself so strongly on the medical doctrines of the day." In conjunction with Dr. Grant, he projected the Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology, published between 1836 and 1859. With Dr. Bowman, he brought out an important work on Physiological Anatomy. He also published Clinical Lectures on Paralysis (London, 1854), Clinical Lectures on the Urinary Organs (London, 1856), and numerous other works. Dr. Todd died at his residence in London, 30th January i860, aged about 51, and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery.

Toland, John, a theologian, was born at Eskaheen, in the County of Donegal, 30th November 1670. His real name was O'Tuathalain. Harris says that he was baptized Janus Junius. In the preface to his Pantheisticon he signs himself Janus Junius Eoganesius. Before he was sixteen he left the Roman Catholic Church, in the tenets of which he had been educated, and afterwards passed some time successively at the Universities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Leyden, and Oxford. By constant reading in the Bodleian Library, he collected the materials for much of his subsequent writings. Early in life he showed that predilection for paradoxes and curious speculations which formed afterwards a marked feature of his literary productions. He became the correspondent of Leibnitz, Le Clerc, and Bayle, and had established a literary reputation almost before he attained man's estate. His first great work, published in 1696, Christianity not Mysterious, was received with great disfavour by the orthodox world. Toland denied that it was designed in any way as an attack on Christianity, but "only on those subtractions, additions, and other alterations, which have corrupted that pure institution." To avoid the storm it caused, he returned to Ireland; but the book preceded him, he was generally avoided, and a jury, some of the members of which confessed they could not comprehend a page of it, condemned the volume to be burned by the common hangman. The sentence was carried into effect in Dublin, in September 1697. He returned to England, and for a time turned his attention to political matters; and as his first work on theology had stamped his religion with something worse than heresy, so his edition of Milton's prose writings branded him as a Commonwealth man. It has been said that with Toland opposition produced controversy, which he loved, and controversy produced books, by which he lived. Yet for a time he renounced his heterodox opinions, and informed the Archbishop of Canterbury that he was willing to reform his religion to the prelate's liking. This apparent change of views cannot be reconciled with the tenor of his after writings. In his Pantheisticon, he describes a society of pantheists, worshipping the universe as God - their prayers, passages from Cicero and Seneca; instead of psalms, chanting long poems. Several liturgies are burlesqued in the book. Notwithstanding his poverty, he occasionally visited the Continent, where he became a favourite with the Electoral Princess Sophia and the Queen of Prussia, to whom he addressed his Letters to Serena, published in 1704. He then completely threw off the mask of orthodoxy. To the discomforts of poverty in his latter days were added the agonies of acute rheumatism. Lord Molesworth contributed somewhat to cheer his dying hours, passed in a poor lodging over a carpenter's shop in Putney. He sustained a philosophical patience to the last, replying to the enquiries of a friend: "I desire but death." He passed away 11th March 1722, aged 51. His property consisted almost solely of 155 volumes piled on four chairs. Disraeli calculates that he did not receive in the aggregate more than £200 for the fifty works he contributed to the literature of his country; this, however, does not accord with the statement that he lived by his literary labours. Toland may be said to have died with the pen in his hand. He avenged himself on an unskilful physician, by leaving behind an Essay on Physic without Physicians; as a dying politician, he had reached as far as the preface of a pamphlet on The Danger of Mercenary Pamphlets; and as a philosopher he composed his own epitaph in Latin, which is thus translated: "A lover of literature, and knowing more than ten languages; a champion of truth, an assertor of liberty, but the follower or dependent of no man; neither menaces nor fortune could bend him; the way he had chosen he pursued, preferring honesty to his interest. His spirit is joined with its ethereal father, from whom it originally proceeded; his body, likewise, yielding to nature, is again laid in the lap of its mother: but he is about to rise again in eternity, yet never to be the same Toland more." The notice of his life in the Biographie Generale thus concludes: "Toland and his writings have been presented too often in a false light... His faults are chiefly to be attributed to an excessive vanity - he affected to be singular in all things; and he had neither critical taste, elevation of ideas, nor style. Nevertheless, a true passion for liberty, and generous ideas possessed him; nor can we reproach him with evil actions. Rationalistic as Locke at first, he gradually arrived at the deism, or rather the pantheism, he had at first combated." Toland had a perfect vernacular knowledge of Irish.

Toler, John, Earl of Norbury, an Irish judge, noted for the severity of his disposition on the bench, descended from one of the Cromwellian planters, was born in July 1740. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, took his degree in 1761, was called to the Irish Bar in 1770, and entered Parliament as member for Tralee in 1776. It was his favourite boast that he commenced his legal career with £50 in cash and a brace of hair-trigger pistols. In 1781 he obtained a silk gown, in 1789 became Solicitor-General, and in 1798 Attorney-General. For a vote in favour of the Union he was made Chief-Justice of the Common Pleas, and raised to the peerage as Baron Norbury. The following remarks upon his character will be found in Curran and his Contemporaries: "Despite of many drawbacks, Norbury was.. a very extraordinary man. If he was deficient in learning, he abounded in common sense; if divested of genius, he was given, as its substitute, a thorough knowledge of the world, and consequently a thorough contempt for it. His very appearance set dignity at defiance, and put gravity to flight. The chivalry of Quixote was encased in the paunch of Sancho Panza. Short and pursy, with a jovial visage, and little, grey, twinkling, laughing eyes, he had a singular habit of inflating his cheeks at the end of every sentence, arid, with a spice of satire, was called 'Puffendorf,' in consequence. His court might be distinguished by the bursts of merriment that issued through its portals... There he sat in all his glory, good humour personified, puffing, and punning, and panting, till his ruddy countenance glowed like a full moon... Norbury was all things to all men, and equally sincere to all - that is, meaning nothing to any... With good humour ever in his looks, and merriment, also, ever on his lips, he was by nature fierce, obdurate, and callous. Utterly reckless of life himself, he seemed scarcely to comprehend how others could value it... Either not feeling or defying pain, he was a stranger to sympathy." Lord Norbury was a fitting instrument to carry out the severe policy of the Irish government at the period of the Union, and the assizes at which he was present were invariably followed by wholesale executions. He presided at the trial of Robert Emmet, and more than once interrupted him in the course of his speech before sentence. After he became unfitted by age for the due performance of the duties of his office, several ineffectual efforts were made to induce him to resign. At length, however, in consequence of his having fallen asleep during a trial for murder, a petition to Parliament, through Mr. O'Connell, enforced his resignation in 1827. The blow was softened by his advance in the peerage as Viscount Glandine and Earl of Norbury. He died 27th July 1831, aged 91.

Tone, Theobald Wolfe, was born in Dublin, 20th June 1763. [His grandfather owned property at Bodenstown, County of Kildare; his father carried on business as a coachbuilder, in Stafford-street, Dublin.] Theobald, with his brothers William and Matthew, attended a school kept by Rev. William Craig, where he managed to pull through his lessons in three days out of the six, and devoted the rest of the week to country rambles and attending the parades, field days, and reviews of the Dublin garrison. In February 1781, much against his will, he entered Trinity College. He says: "I continued my studies at college as I had done at school; that is, I idled until the last moment of delay. I then laboured hard for about a fortnight before the public examinations, and I always secured good judgments, besides obtaining three premiums in the three last years of my course." In 1784 he obtained a scholarship, and in the following year he eloped with Matilda Witherington, a girl of sixteen, who lived with her grandfather, an elderly clergyman, in Grafton-street. He describes her at this time as "beautiful as an angel," and says that after their marriage she grew more and more upon his heart. To the last hour of his life he continued to pay her the most devoted homage. Writing in after years he remarked: "Women in general, I am sorry to say, are mercenary, and especially if they have children, they are ready to make all sacrifices to their establishment. But my dearest love had bolder and juster views. On every occasion of my life I consulted her; we had no secrets, one from the other, and I invaryingly found her to think and act with energy and courage, combined with the greatest prudence and discretion. If ever I succeed in life, or attain at anything like station or eminence, I shall consider it as due to her counsels and example." In February 1786 he took his degree of B.A., resigned his scholarship, and left the University. He had been Auditor of the Historical Society, and was one of its most distinguished ornaments. His father became bankrupt, and retired to Bodenstown; and with him the young couple sojourned for a time. In 1787 Theobold entered the Middle Temple, London, took chambers in Hare-court, and supported himself mainly by contributions to the European and other magazines. In partnership with his friends Jebb and Radcliff, he wrote Belmont Castle, a burlesque novel. After about a year he was joined by his brother William, who had been serving the East India Company. The brothers were often without a guinea, yet the recollection of happy days spent with him and other friends in London afterwards filled Theobald's mind with a "tenderly melancholy." He had read nearly every book relating to the buccaneers, the South Seas, and South America, and conceived the plan of a military settlement on one of the islands lately discovered by Cook - "in order to put a bridle on Spain in time of peace, and to annoy her grievously in that quarter in time of war." He forwarded a memorial on the subject to Mr. Pitt, but it met with no response. At length the brothers Tone became so reduced, that they applied at the India House to be sent out as volunteers; but were refused - "I believe we were the single instance since the beginning of the world, of two men, absolutely bent on ruining themselves, who could not find the means." After two years' residence in London, Theobald returned home with but a small knowledge of law. His wife's grandfather made them a present of £500. Tone was called to the Bar in February 1789, purchased £100 worth of law books, and took lodgings in Clarendon-street. But he hated and despised the profession, and it was impossible he could make any way in it. He was somewhat attracted to the Whig Club, and wrote a pamphlet in its favour, and in the gallery of the Irish House of Commons he became acquainted with Thomas Russell, an ensign in the army. Their sentiments coincided, and they soon became most intimate. Writing a few years afterwards, he says: "I frame no system of happiness for my future life in which the enjoyment of his society does not constitute a most distinguishing feature, and if I am ever inclined to murmur at the difficulties wherewith I have so long struggled, I think on the inestimable treasure I possess in the affections of my wife and the friendship of Russell, and I acknowledge that all my labours and sufferings are overpaid." He describes delightful days spent at a simple cottage he had taken for his wife at Irishtown, in company with Russell, his father and brother, and his own brother William. Mrs. Tone was the centre and soul of the party. They talked politics and loitered by the sea, and each bore a part in the housekeeping. He depicts Russell, in his laced uniform, helping to cook a dinner. The South Sea project again came up, was again brought before Government, and was this time civilly considered, but came to nothing. Soon Irish affairs took the foremost place in his thoughts, and he formed those decided opinions that influenced all his future life: "I made speedily what was to me a great discovery, though I might have found it in Swift and Molyneux, that the influence of England was the radical vice of our Government, and consequently that Ireland would never be either free, prosperous, or happy, until she was independent, and that independence was unattainable whilst the connexion with England existed... This theory.. has ever since unvaryingly directed my political conduct." In the winter of 1790 he and his friends John Stack, William Drennan, Joseph Pollock, Peter Burrowes, William Johnson, Whitley Stokes, and Thomas Russell, formed themselves into a club for the discussion of political and literary subjects. Russell removed to Belfast, and stirred up their friends there into sympathy with the efforts the Catholics were making to secure a measure of political equality. In September 1791 Tone published An Argument on behalf of the Catholics of Ireland. This work brought him into intimate relation with the principal Catholic leaders, who induced him to accept the office for which Richard Burke had proved himself unsuitable - that of paid Secretary of the Catholic Committee. The Society of United Irishmen, for securing Catholic Emancipation and Reform, was inaugurated about the same period. The progress of the French Revolution vivified the whole political atmosphere. Tone's papers abound with sketches of the principal men with whom he was brought into contact, and give a particular account of the proceedings of the Catholic Committee, the Catholic Convocation of 1792, and the deputations and discussions in Parliament that led to the large measure of relief embodied in 33 George III. c. 21 - followed as it was by cap. 29, the Convention Act, which rendered effective political action difficult, and tended to make the United Irishmen a secret society. [See KEOGH, JOHN, p. 273.] When war was declared against France, efforts were made by Government to suppress the French principles that so largely prevailed in Ireland. The Volunteers were discouraged, and ultimately broken up. The Catholics saw no hope of securing full political rights, and Tone and many of his friends engaged eagerly in the secret designs of the revolutionists. In April 1794, the Rev. William Jackson, who had come over on a mission from France to ascertain to what extent the Irish people were ready to support a French invasion, was betrayed by his associate Cockayne, and arrested on a charge of high treason. Tone had had many conferences with Jackson, and had warned him against Cockayne, who, he declared, must, as an Englishman, be a traitor either to his country or to his friends. After Jackson's arrest, Tone's position was known to be precarious. Some of his friends entered into negotiations with Government, it is said without his knowledge, and it was finally arranged that if he left the country no proceedings should be taken against him. If the statement in his memoirs is correct, he did not in any way bind himself as to his future course. Before leaving Ireland he communicated to his friends Russell and Thomas Addis Emmet his determination, upon his arrival in Philadelphia, to seek an interview with the French Minister there, with a view to interest him in the affairs of Ireland, and point out the deadly blow that through her could be struck at English prestige. Tone was presented by the Catholic Committee with a sum of £300 in recognition of his services. He paid his debts, settled with everybody, and, on 20th May 1795, with his wife, sister, and three children, left Dublin to take shipping at Belfast. Apart from clothes and books, his whole property consisted of about £700. His friends detained him nearly a month in Belfast; and there, on Cave Hill, on the summit of McArt's fort, Russell, Neilson, McCracken, and Tone took a solemn obligation never to desist in their efforts until they had secured the independence of Ireland. Within a few years two of them by their death on the scaffold, one by his own hands in prison, and one in exile, had proved the sincerity with which they had made the engagement. On 13th June Tone and his family sailed in the Cincinnatus for Wilmington - 300 passengers in a ship of 230 tons. They had a tolerably fine voyage of seven weeks; but were boarded by officers from British cruisers, who pressed fifty of the passengers and all but one of their crew. Nothing but the tears and entreaties of his wife and sister prevented Tone being carried off with the others. "It would have been a pretty termination to my adventures. .. The insolence of these tyrants, as well to myself as to my poor fellow passengers, in whose fate a fellowship in misfortune had interested me, I have not since forgotten, and I never will." They landed at Wilmington 1st August; and at Philadelphia, where they arrived a few days later, he met his friends Hamilton Rowan and Dr. Reynolds. Furnished with a letter of introduction from Rowan, two resolutions of thanks from the Catholic Committee, and the certificate of his enrolment as an Irish Volunteer, he waited on Adet, the French Minister, and explained to him his plans for a French invasion of Ireland. Adet spoke English imperfectly; Tone, French a great deal worse: but they managed to understand one another, and at the Minister's request Tone prepared a memorial. Then, feeling he had done his duty, he bought a farm near Princeton, fitted up a study, and began to think of settling down as an American farmer. In the autumn he received letters from Keogh, Russell, and Simms, informing him of the advance of revolutionary opinions in Ireland, and imploring him, if possible, to force his way to the French government, and supplicate its active assistance. He consulted with Rowan, and again saw Adet, who now entered warmly into his plans, and furnished him with a letter to the Committee of Public Safety in France. The conduct of Mrs. Tone was singularly self-forgetful. She concealed from her husband the fact of a probable early increase in their family, and implored him to let no consideration stand in the way of his duty to his country. He drew upon Simms for £250, £100 of which he left with his wife; he sent his brother Arthur to Ireland, to inform the leaders that he was starting for France, and to tell his parents that he was settling on a farm: he spent a day in Philadelphia with Rowan, Reynolds, and Napper Tandy; and, at four o'clock on a December morning, embraced his wife, children, and sister, and set off for New York. - "The courage and firmness of the women supported me;.. we had neither tears nor lamentations; but, on the contrary, the most ardent hope and the most steady resolution." On 1st January 1796 he sailed from New York, and landed at Havre on 1st February. It was now that Wolfe Tone commenced his remarkable Journal, scarcely to be equalled in interest by any similar record in the English language, except perhaps Swift's Journal to Stella, on which it is probably modelled. It commences the day after his arrival in France, and continues uninterruptedly till 1st January 1797, the morning of his return from the Bantry Bay expedition. It is resumed on the 1st of the following month, and continued with less minuteness (one entry sometimes covering a month) until 30th June 1798, before his last and fatal expedition. Besides this, commencing on 7th August 1796, with the words, "As I shall embark in a business, within a few days, the event of which is uncertain," he wrote out some particulars of his past career, which expanded into a memoir of his life to the time of his arrival in France. In the Journal he unreservedly records all his doings - whether it is "a sad rainy day, and I am not well, and the blue devils torment me," or whether he tells of his confidential interviews with Carnot. His "dearest love" and his "darling babies" are ever present in his thoughts. Thomas Russell is constantly referred to by the pseudonym of "P.P." Without friends, with but an imperfect knowledge of French, and a small sum of money which soon ran out, and having no credentials but Adet's letter and the resolutions of the Catholic Committee, he was a few days after his arrival in Paris, in intimate communication with the heads of the French government. He passed openly as citizen Smith, but was known to the Government under his true name. His views were warmly seconded by Madgett, an exiled Irishman, engaged in the Foreign Ministry. On the 24th February he had an interview with Carnot at the Luxembourg. Tone writes: "I am a pretty fellow to negotiate with the Directory of France, pull down a monarchy and establish a republic; to break a connexion of 600 years' standing, and contract a fresh alliance with another country." Again: "Here I am, with exactly two louis in my exchequer, negotiating with the French Government, and planning revolutions. I must say it is truly original." He presented two memorials to the Government, pointing out the advantages they would gain from assisting Ireland: the reduction of English power could alone be accomplished by the separation of Ireland from Great Britain: Ireland was a rich recruiting field both for the army and navy: The Protestant aristocracy (450,000) of the country were but a small body: the Dissenters (900,000) were largely imbued with French principles: the Catholics (3,150,000), ground down by oppressive laws, were "trained from their infancy in an hereditary abhorrence of the English name." To a large extent, the old volunteers and the militia would be likely to join the invaders. All the waverers would soon go over to the new government. If possible, 20,000 men should be sent, of whom 15,000 should land near Dublin, and 5,000 near Belfast. These once landed, the Irish government would fall to pieces without the possibility of effort. Should it be impossible to send such a force, 5,000 was the very lowest number with whom the attempt could be made with anything like certainty of success, and they should be landed in the north of Ireland, where the people were in the greatest forwardness as to military preparation. But with only 5,000 there might be a civil war, which he "would most earnestly wish, if possible, to avoid." As to arms, 100,000 stand should be sent; as to money, pay for 40,000 men for three months would be amply sufficient, "as before that time was expired, we should have all the resources of Ireland in our hands." There should be an absolute disavowal of ideas of French conquest. The expedition should be commanded by a General whose name and character were well known in Ireland. The war should not be a rose-water war: every shilling of English property in the island should be confiscated. Such was the substance of his memorials. They concluded, as they commenced, with the assurance of "what a staggering blow the separation of Ireland would be to England in a commercial point of view, not to speak of the military, or, which is of far more consequence, the naval part of the question... It is in Ireland, and in Ireland only, that she [England] is vulnerable." While, from Tone's point of view, and that of many of his countrymen, the proposed invasion was perfectly justifiable, the statements in his memorials as to the state of feeling in Ireland, and the importance of Ireland to England, went largely to justify the subsequent policy of Pitt and Castlereagh. In a few months an expedition was decided upon, and on the 12th of July Tone was introduced to Hoche as the probable commander-in-chief. He dined in state with Carnot, and his personal money troubles were put an end to by his appointment as chef-de-brigade. In the middle of September he left Paris for Brest, with the expectation of immediate embarkation. There were delays that almost broke his heart, and caused many a page of his Journal to be blotted with imprecations; but at length, on the 16th of December, he embarked in the Indomitable, 80, one of a fleet of forty-three vessels (seventeen sail of the line, thirteen frigates, seven corvettes, and six transports), carrying some 15,000 of the best French troops, under Hoche, one of the ablest of French Generals, the object of the armament being the separation of Ireland from Great Britain, and its erection into an independent republic under the aegis of France. The vessels encountered very bad weather; but escaped meeting any portion of the British fleet. On the 21st they were off Cape Clear, but thirty sail to be seen. The wind was dead ahead, and Tone was furious with impatience and vexation. He calculated, however, there were still in the vessels in company 41,160 stand of arms, and twenty field pieces, besides a large quantity of powder and other requisites. Further dispersions reduced the fleet still more. A descent in force at Bantry appeared impossible; but he urged upon the captain of his vessel the advisability of landing him and ever so small a force at Sligo, so as to make a desperate attempt to effect something. For days the fleet rode at anchor in Bantry Bay, in the midst of blinding snow storms, unable to communicate with the shore; and, at last, on 29th December, the seven sail to which the once proud expedition was reduced, were obliged to slip their anchors and make the best of their way back to Brest. "It was hard," says Tone, "after having forced my way thus far, to be obliged to turn back; but it is my fate, and I must submit... Well, England has not had such an escape since the Spanish Armada; and that expedition, like ours, was defeated by the weather; the elements fight against us, and courage is of no avail." His wife and children had meanwhile arrived at Hamburg, and peaceful ideas of settling in France floated through his brain. He draws affecting pictures, in his letters to his wife and children, of how happy they would be in some small country place on his pay as chef-de-brigade. They met at Amsterdam in May; but Tone was soon hurried off to join Hoche and the Batavian army, as the way began to open for another expedition to Ireland. Indeed twenty sail, carrying 15,000 troops, with arms and supplies in proportion, were already, assembled; and his friend Lewines, of Dublin, had arrived as accredited agent of the Leinster Directory of United Irishmen with the French government. Bonaparte's Italian policy (his suppression of liberty and evident personal ambition) gave Tone much uneasiness. He told Hoche plainly that such doings would never answer in Ireland; as it was an ally, not another master, the country desired. On 8th July Tone went aboard the Vryhead, a fine vessel of seventy-four guns, lying in the Texel, and was presented to Admiral De Winter, who was to command the proposed expedition. As before the Bantry expedition, his time was fully occupied conferring with the commanders, arranging plans for landing, and drawing up proclamations. On 14th July he notes the "glorious prospect" of the Dutch fleet, ready to weigh anchor - fifteen sail of the line, ten frigates, ten sloops, twenty-seven transports. The instructions of the Dutch government, as shown to him by General Daendels, commander of the troops, were most satisfactory; the object of the expedition was not conquest, but to aid the Irish people in establishing their liberty and independence. But again he was doomed to disappointment. Delays, unaccountable to him, occurred. Hoche, whom he regarded as his best friend, and who had always entered heartily into his plans, died in September; and on 11th October, Admiral Duncan almost annihilated the Dutch fleet in an engagement off Camperdown. Still Tone did not despair. He had several interviews with Bonaparte. "His manner is cold, and he speaks very little; it is not, however, so dry as that of Hoche, and seems rather to proceed from languor than anything else." One of his last notes in 1797 is: "It is a droll thing that I should become acquainted with Bonaparte. This time twelve months I arrived in Brest from my expedition to Bantry Bay. Well, the third time, they say, is the charm." The early part of 1798 was spent in Paris, urging on ministers the organization of another expedition, and conferring with the numerous Irish refugees now beginning to come over. He was agonized at the fate of his friends at home, unsupported in their attempted insurrection, and torn with mortification that he could not be present with a French contingent to aid at such a critical juncture. Hope almost deserts him on 26th May 1798, when he offers to go out to India in the service of the French government. "My blood is cooling fast; 'my May of life is falling to the sear, the yellow leaf.'" His journal ends with the 30th June - "If the Irish can hold out till winter, I have every reason to hope that the French will assist them effectually. All I dread is, that they may be overpowered before that time." In the middle of August Humbert forced the precipitate sailing of the desperate Killala expedition. Three Irishmen accompanied it - Tone's brother Matthew, Teeling, and Sullivan. About the same time a small party commanded by Napper Tandy landed at Rathlin, spread some proclamations, and, hearing of Humbert's defeat at Ballinamuck, escaped to Norway. Tone did not sail with either of these expeditions, as he still cherished the hope of being able to influence the despatch of one more likely to be effective. In September preparations were made for another expedition. The Hoche, 74, eight frigates, and the Biche, despatch schooner, were collected at the Baye de Camaret. Tone was now in the deepest despondency as to Irish affairs, and was hopeless of success. But he had all along said that while an army of 20,000 men was desirable, and 5,000 necessary, he would accompany even a corporal's guard. His death in case of failure was all but certain. Such had been the indiscretion of the French government, that his name in full was allowed to appear in the Parisian papers as having embarked on the Hoche. We have no particulars of the parting with his wife, further than that he assured her, in case of capture, he would never suffer death by the halter. The fleet sailed about the 20th September, under Admiral Bompart. Again the good genius of England was in the ascendant. Contrary winds scattered the fleet, and on 10th October only the Hoche, Loire, Resolue, and Biche arrived off Lough Swilly. At daybreak next morning, before they could effect a landing, a superior British fleet, under Sir John Borlase Warren, appeared on the horizon. Bompart determined to fight the Hoche to the last, but signalled the frigates and schooner to retreat through the shallow water. A boat came from the Biche for last orders, when the French officers entreated Tone to escape on board of her - "Our contest is hopeless, we shall be prisoners of war, but what will become of you?" "Shall it be said," he indignantly replied, "that I fled, whilst the French were fighting the battles of my country?" For six hours the Hoche engaged five sail of Admiral Warren's fleet, Tone commanding one of the batteries with the utmost coolness and bravery. At length the ship struck, after she had become a dismantled wreck, with five feet of water in her hold, and the cockpit full of dead and dying. All the French squadron were ultimately taken, with the exception of two frigates, and the Biche, in which Tone might have escaped. The captive officers were landed and marched to Letterkenny, where the Earl of Cavan invited them to breakfast. It was believed that Tone was among them. Sir George Hill entered the room, followed by some soldiers, recognized Tone, and said: "Mr. Tone, I am very happy to see you." Tone replied with perfect composure: "Sir George, I am happy to see you; how are Lady Hill and your family?" On being removed to another room, and finding handcuffs about to be placed on him, he flung off his uniform coat, saying: "These fetters shall never degrade the revered insignia of the free nation which I have served." Resuming his composure, he held out his hands, and added: "For the cause which I have embraced I feel prouder to wear these chains than if I were decorated with the Star and Garter of England." He was taken under an escort of dragoons to Londonderry, and thence to Dublin, where he was placed in the provost prison at the Royal Barracks. On the 10th November a court-martial was called to try him. Tone appeared in his French uniform. He made an eloquent and touching speech - avowed everything, and declared his love for Ireland, and his belief in the necessity of a separation from England - "For it I became an exile; I submitted to poverty; I left the bosom of my family, my wife, my children, and all that rendered life desirable. After an honourable combat, in which I strove to emulate the bravery of my gallant comrades, I was forced to submit, and was dragged in irons through the country, not so much to my disgrace, as to that of the person by whom such ungenerous and unmanly orders were issued." Knowing that conviction was certain and sentence of death inevitable, he pleaded that he should meet a soldier's death - within an hour if it were practicable. The voices of the court were immediately collected and submitted to Lord Cornwallis, who confirmed the verdict of guilty, and directed that he should be hanged within forty-eight hours. This was on Saturday. He wrote to the French Directory, commending his wife and children to their protection and support. He wrote one note on Saturday and another on Sunday to his wife, full of resignation and affection; "The hour is at last come when we must part. As no words can express what I feel for you and our children, I shall not attempt it. Complaint of any kind would be beneath your courage and mine." He advised her to be guided by the counsel of an old friend, Mr. Wilson, a Scotchman. He declined to see his parents. On Sunday night he was informed that the Lord-Lieutenant had refused his last request, as to the manner of his execution, and that he was to be hanged next day. On Monday Curran moved before Chief-Justice Kilwarden for a habeas corpus to bring him up for civil trial before the King's Bench, then sitting. This was immediately granted, but the authorities at the barracks refused to surrender him. All efforts to save him were too late, however; for during Sunday night Tone had with a penknife opened an artery in his neck. The morning found him weltering in his blood, but still living. "I find then I am but a bad anatomist," he faintly said to the humane surgeon who was at once called in. On his bed was found a pocket-book, stained with his blood, directed to his old friend John Sweetman, with the inscription "T. W. Tone, Nov. II, 1798. Te nunc habet ista secundam." Tone lingered in agony for eight days. The end came on the 19th. When Surgeon Lentaigne told him that death would ensue if he stirred, he replied: "I can yet find words to thank you, Sir: it is the most welcome news you could give me: what should I wish to live for?" Falling back, he expired without an effort. He was aged but 34. His body, with his uniform and sword, were considerately given up to his relative William Dunbavin, of 65 High-street. After two days, Government directed an immediate interment, and, attended only by two friends, both opposed to Tone in politics and members of yeomanry corps, his remains were buried with those of his ancestors, in the ancient cemetery of Bodenstown, near Sallins. (The stone erected by Thomas Davis and other admirers in 1843 wassoon chipped away for relics. Its place has lately been taken by a more substantial memorial, surmounted by ironwork.) Goldwin Smith, when Professor of History at Oxford, said of Tone: "Though his name is little known amongst Englishmen, he,.. brave, adventurous, sanguine, fertile in resource, buoyant under misfortune, warm-hearted,.. was near being almost as fatal an enemy to England as Hannibal was to Rome." Mrs. Tone, on hearing of her husband's capture, made immediate preparations for proceeding to Ireland, but was stopped by the news of his death. She lived for some years in Paris on a small grant from the French Government and a collection made in Ireland, devoting herself to the education of her children. In 1804, her daughter, an accomplished girl of sixteen, died, and two years later she lost her younger son. One son, William Theobald Wolfe Tone, alone survived. By a personal interview with Napoleon, Mrs. Tone procured him admission to the Imperial Lyceum, and in 1813 he joined the army. No more terrible picture of war has been penned than his account of Napoleon's last campaigns, in which he took part. It is appended to his edition of the Memoirs and Writings of his father, published in two volumes at Philadelphia in 1826. He rose to be lieutenant of the staff and aide-de-camp to General Bagneris, and received the decoration of the Legion of Honour. On the fall of Napoleon he left the army, and remained with his mother until September 1816, when, after eighteen years of widowhood, she married Mr. Wilson, her constant and devoted friend and adviser. William Tone then went to America, where (after a year's residence in Scotland) his mother and Mr. Wilson joined him in the autumn of 1817. William studied law, wrote some works on military affairs, and was appointed to a captaincy in the United States army. In 1825 he married the only daughter of his father's friend William Sampson. He died of consumption, 10th October 1828, and was buried on Long Island. His widow and daughter were living in New York in 1858. Mrs. Wolfe Tone Wilson was intimate with Mrs. Fletcher, in whose charming Autobiography some of her letters will be found. Mrs. Fletcher's daughter says in a note to one of them: "Mrs. Wolfe Tone Wilson was one of my mother's very dear friends, and she says of her in a letter to me: 'I admired and loved her for the union of magnanimity and tenderness she possessed, and it will always be a pleasing reflexion to me that I believe my sympathy in all she had done and suffered was some comfort to her when she came into a land of strangers.'" She survived her second husband twenty-two years, and died at Georgetown, 18th March 1849, in her 81st year. Wolfe Tone's father, who latterly held a situation under the Corporation of Dublin, died in 1805, his mother in 1818. His brother Matthew entered the French army, accompanied General Humbert to Killala, was taken prisoner at Ballinamuck, and was hanged at Arbour Hill, Dublin, 29th September 1798. William Henry Tone, after his residence with Theobald in London, returned to the East, rose to high rank in the Mahratta service, and was killed in action between 1801 and 1804. He was the author of a Treatise on Mahratta Institutions. His sister Mary married a Swiss merchant, and is believed to have perished in the insurrection in St. Domingo. Arthur, the youngest of the family, a lieutenant in the Dutch navy, was last heard of in the East Indies.

Torna was an Irish poet who lived in the 4th and 5th centuries. He fostered Niall of the Nine Hostages. O'Curry gives an interesting account of such of Torna's poems as have come down to our day (amongst the most valuable being one enumerating the great men interred at Cruachan (now Rathcroghan), County of Roscommon, and thus concludes his notice: "There is no reason to think, as O'Flaherty does, that he did not survive King Dathi, who died in 428, nor that he had embraced the faith before writing this poem."

Torrens, Sir Henry, Major-General, was born in Londonderry in 1779. He lost both his parents at an early age, was educated at a military academy in Dublin, and when fourteen entered the 52nd Regiment as an ensign. In 1796 he served under Abercrombie in the West Indies, where he displayed great bravery, was wounded, and was rewarded with a company. He served in Portugal in 1798; in Holland under the Duke of York in 1799 and afterwards in Nova Scotia, Egypt, and India. Returning home on sick leave from India in 1803, he married, at St. Helena, Miss Paton, daughter of the Governor. In 1805 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. After seeing service at Buenos Ayres in 1807, he accompanied Sir Arthur Wellesley as military secretary to Portugal in 1808, and was present at the battles of Rolica and Vimiera. He attained the rank of major-general in 1814, and was gazetted K.C.B. About 1820 he was appointed adjutant-general, and the onerous task of revising the army regulations and introducing many improvements was imposed upon him. Sir Henry died suddenly at Welwyn, Hertfordshire, 23rd August 1828, aged 48.

Torrens, Robert, Colonel, a prolific writer, was born in Ireland in 1780. He entered the Royal Marines in 1797, and rising through the various grades became a colonel in 1837. He distinguished himself against the Danes in 1811, and afterwards served in the Peninsula, where he was appointed colonel of a Spanish legion. In 1831 he was elected member of Parliament for Bolton. His works, numbering twenty-six in Allibone's list, are on divers subjects, from Celibia Choosing a Husband, a novel published in 1809, to Tracts on Finance and Trade, 1852. The Annual Register says: "He was an indefatigable writer; the productions of his pen, which include a great variety of tracts on subjects of political economy, some able pamphlets on the currency, and some literary efforts of a lighter class, extend over a period of fifty years. For some time Colonel Torrens was a part proprietor and editor of the Globe newspaper. He was a skilful and lucid writer, and succeeded in throwing considerable light upon some of those abstruse questions connected with monetary science which are the stumbling-block of economical students." He died 27th May 1864. aged 84.

Tottenham, Charles, a member of the Irish House of Commons, was born about 1685. He resided at Tottenham Green, Wexford, and sat for the borough of New Ross. In 1731 a great opposition was set on foot to a proposal that a surplus of £60,000 in the revenue should be made over to the British Government. Tottenham, hearing that the division was coming on sooner than had been expected, rode on horseback from Wexford to Dublin. Getting down at the House of Commons, he was stopped by the serjeant-at-arms, who reported to the Speaker that a member was trying to enter the House without being in full dress, as was customary. After some hesitation, the Speaker decided that he had no power to exclude him, and the bold rider, splashed from head to foot, and wearing jack-boots, strode in, gave his vote, which proved to be a deciding one, and defeated the unpopular measure. Thenceforward he was known and toasted as "Tottenham in his boots." He died 20th September 1758, aged about 73. A portrait of him, in huge jack-boots reaching his thighs, was shown at the National Portrait Exhibition in Dublin in 1872.

Touchet, James, Earl of Castlehaven, was born early in the 17th century. His father, the 2nd Earl, was beheaded on Tower Hill, 14th May 1631. James was restored to the title and estates of his ancestors in 1634. In 1638 he returned from Rome to attend Charles I. in his campaign against the Scots, and afterwards served in the Low Countries. After Stafford's execution, he retired to Ireland. Early in the war of 1641-'52 he was made prisoner and confined in Dublin. Managing to make his escape, he went through Wicklow to Kilkenny, where he was warmly received by the Supreme Council. In October 1642 he was entrusted with a military command. The history of his life for the next few years is a recital of petty skirmishes, battles, and retreats, the reduction of castles, and misunderstandings with his brother generals and the Council. He was bitterly opposed to the party of the Nuncio, and favoured the peace of 1646. He resided in France and the Low Countries for some two years, and "then I went to Ireland, with the Marquess of Ormond, Lord-Lieutenant, serving the King against the Nuncio, Council, and other his Majesty's enemies." He was appointed Master of the Horse by Ormond. Upon the subjugation of the kingdom by Cromwell, he again withdrew to France, where he engaged in the Prince of Conde's service, and went through many of the Continental campaigns until 1678. After the Restoration, he was, by special Act of Parliament, restored to his dignities. His last days were spent at his mansion in the County of Tipperary, where he died nt h October 1684. He was passionately fond of field sports, and his Memoirs tell how in the midst of the most bloody and harassing campaigns he often turned aside to enjoy the chase.

Trench, Melesina Chenevix, grand-daughter of Dr. Chenevix, Bishop of Waterford, was born in Ireland in 1768. This talented and amiable woman, mother of Dr. R. C. Trench, Archbishop of Dublin, is known to the public mainly through a volume of Remains, Selections from Journals, Letters, and other Papers, published by her son in 1862, and by her correspondence with Mary Leadbeater, published in the Leadbeater Papers in 1861. The notes we have of her early years with her grand­father (her parents having died when she was but a child), her brief married life with her first husband, Colonel St. George, subsequent residence in Ireland, visits to the Continent between 1799 and 1806, and later married life in England as Mrs. Richard Trench, portray a character of remarkable strength, discernment, and sweetness. She died at Malvern, 27th May 1827, aged 59. Mrs. Leadbeater, under date of 1802, gives a vivid description of their first interview and the mutual attraction by which they were drawn to each other. She says: "My heart entirely acquits me of having been influenced by what I have heard of her rank and fortune. Far more prepossessing than these were the soft lustre of her beautiful black eyes, and the sweetness of her fascinating smile... Providence had given her talents and dispositions calculated to promote the improvement and happiness of all around her, while her meekness and humility prevented the restraint of her superiority being felt, without taking from the dignity of her character. I was surprised and affected when I beheld her, on one occasion, seated on one of the kitchen chairs in the scullery, for coolness, hearing a company of little children of her tenants sing out their lessons to her."

Trench, Power le Poer, Archbishop of Tuam, son of the Earl of Clancarty, was born in Sack ville-street, Dublin, 10th June 1770. He entered Trinity College as a pensioner, 2nd July 1787; was ordained a deacon in 1791, consecrated Bishop of Lismore and Waterford in 1802, translated to Elphin in 1810, and promoted Archbishop of Tuam in 1819. He may be said to have headed the evangelical party of the Irish Church, and consistently opposed nearly all the political changes in Ireland during his episcopate. He took a vigorous part against the National System of Education, "as at variance with the reverence due to the Word of God, and the temporal and spiritual welfare of the country," and was one of the seventeen Irish prelates that signed the protest against it in February 1832. He was very benevolent. W. Torrens McCullagh describes a visit in his company to the poor of Tuam in November 1834: - "I never saw less ostentatious and more universal respect shown to any man of his station. It seemed habitual to the people to see the venerable bishop come amongst them, and listen to their tales of suffering." The Archbishop died 26th March 1839, aged 68, and was buried with his ancestors at Creagh, near Ballinasloe. Upon his death the see of Tuam ceased to be metropolitan. Sirr's bulky memoir of the Archbishop, published in 1845, contains much that is valuable relating to the ecclesiastical history of his diocese and of Ireland generally; but in nothing is it more instructive than as showing the great change for the better - both in the bearing of religious bodies towards each other, and in the material condition of the people - that has come over Ireland since his time.

Tresham, Henry, R.A., an eminent painter, was born in High-street, Dublin, about the middle of the 18th century. He studied in his native city under the elder West, and spent fourteen years in Italy. On his return he finished several paintings (including a large one of "Adam and Eve," which became the property of Lord Powerscourt), and executed designs for Boydell's Shakespere Gallery. He was admitted to the academies of Rome, Bologna, and London. His acquaintance with the history of the fine arts was extensive; but the high authority claimed for him in his day as an art critic has been since discredited. He was the author of Rome at the Close of the Eighteenth Century, published in 1799, and some slight poetical effusions. He is said to have had much facility of composition, but his oil paintings are deficient in richness of colouring and spirit of execution. Mr. Tresham was a better designer than painter. He died 17th June 1814.

Troy, John Thomas, Archbishop of Dublin, was born near Porterstown, County of Dublin, 10th May 1739. At fifteen he left Ireland to prosecute his studies at Rome, where he assumed the Dominican habit in 1756, and gradually passed from grade to grade, until he became rector of St. Clement's in that city. In 1776 he was consecrated Bishop of Ossory; and in December 1786 was elevated to the archbishopric of Dublin. He exerted himself to discourage hurried marriages, and other irregular proceedings within his jurisdiction; and fulminated anathemas against Catholics who engaged in any kind of rebellion against the constituted authorities. Dr. Troy was of all Irish Catholics most instrumental in helping to carry the Union, throwing all his influence into the government scale, and suggesting plans for the endowment of the Catholic clergy. Many of his communications with members of the Government are published in the Castlereagh Papers and Cornwallis Correspondence, where he is repeatedly referred to as an honoured and efficient ally of the ruling party in Ireland. Lord Cornwallis thus wrote in December 1798, to a friend in England in regard to the proposed Union: "The Catholics are for it, and the principal persons among them, such as Lords Fingall and Kenmare, and Dr. Troy, titular Archbishop of Dublin, etc., etc., say that they do not wish the question of the Catholics being admitted into the representation to be agitated at this time, as it would render the whole measure more difficult; that they do not think the Irish Parliament capable of entering into a cool and dispassionate consideration of their case, and that they trust that the United Parliament will, at a proper time, allow them every privilege that may be consistent with the Protestant establishment. You will easily conceive that this sensible and moderate conduct on their part has greatly relieved my mind." In 1809 Dr. Murray was appointed his coadjutor. In April 1815, Archbishop Troy laid the foundation of the Cathedral in Marlborough-street, Dublin, but did not live to see it completed. His remains were the first laid within its precincts, and prayers for the repose of his soul were the first offered before its altar. He died 11th May 1823, aged 84. Mr. D'Alton, speaks of him as "a truly learned and zealous pastor,.. a lover and promoter of the most pure Christian morality, vigilant in the discharge of his duty, and devotedly solicitous not only for the spiritual good of those consigned to his charge, but also for the public quiet of the state."

Tuckey, James Kingston, Captain, B.N., was born at Greenhill, near Mallow, August 1776. He went to sea at an early age, and in 1793 was received into the navy. From the first he saw a good deal of active service, and he was more than once wounded. He was engaged in expeditions to the Red Sea, and in 1802 went out to Australia as first-lieutenant of the Calcutta. Amongst other services, he made a survey of Port Phillip. On his return to England he published an Account of the Voyage to establish a Colony at Port Phillip. The Calcutta was captured by the French on a voyage from St. Helena in 1805, and Lieutenant Tuckey suffered an imprisonment of nearly nine years in France, during which time he married Miss Margaret Stuart, a fellow prisoner, and prepared a work on Maritime Geography and Statistics, published after his release. In 1814 he was promoted to the rank of commander, and in February 1816 sailed in command of the Congo and the Dorothy, to explore the River Congo. The particulars of the expedition are fully given in his Narrative and Professor Smith's Journal, a quarto volume, with plates and maps, published in London in 1818. On the 12th July they left their vessels and proceeded up the Congo in boats 120 miles, and travelled 150 miles farther inland. Numbers died of the hardships they underwent, and Captain Tuckey himself succumbed after the party regained their vessels, on the 14th October 1816, aged 50. He was tall, and had been handsome, but long and arduous service broke down his constitution, and even at thirty he was grey-haired and nearly bald. His countenance was pleasing and pensive; he was gentle and kind in his manners, cheerful in conversation, and indulgent to those under his command.

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