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Raleigh, Sir Walter, the celebrated statesman, author, and adventurer, was born at Hayes, in Devonshire, in 1552. His connexion with Ireland commenced in 1580, as a captain in the Munster wars. A month after landing he was joined in commission with Sir Warham St. Leger, for the trial of Sir James, brother of the Earl of Desmond. He took a prominent part in the capture and massacre of the Spanish invading force at Smerwick in November 1580. His services upon several occasions in the Desmond war are specially commended in despatches, and in the forfeitures which followed its conclusion he was allotted about 12,000 acres in the Counties of Cork, Waterford, and Tipperary. With characteristic promptitude he settled his grant with colonists from Devonshire and Somersetshire, and for some years it was noticed that his estates were better tenanted, tilled, and pastured than those of many other grantees. In 1587 Archbishop Miler Magrath and his chapter demised to him the castle and manor of Lismore, with the lands adjacent, at the annual rent of £13 6s. 8d. He had besides a manor house at Youghal, still standing, in which he occasionally resided during his visits to Ireland. (Mr. Edwards, his biographer, doubts the commonly-received statement that he was Mayor of Youghal.) His estates were thickly wooded, and not long after his occupation he had one hundred and fifty labourers in full employment, felling the timber, and making staves for the manufacture of wine casks. This was the commencement of the process of clearing off the forests, that in little more than a century left Ireland, once called the "Island of Woods," almost bare of timber. As might be supposed, Sir Walter was engaged in many bitter quarrels with the old proprietors of the soil. The Government also threw difficulties in the way of his exportation of pipe-staves, which excited the jealousy of English manufacturers. He was clear-sighted enough to perceive that the high-handed dealings of Government with the Irish chiefs and people must ere long lead to fresh troubles. The Queen, he says, "made a scorn of my conceit" in the matter. Yet he had no scruples concerning "practising," as he calls it, the secret murder of Irish enemies. He says: "It can be no disgrace if it were known that the killing of a rebel were practised; for you see that the lives of anointed princes are daily sought; and we have always in Ireland given head- money for the killing of rebels, who are ever proclaimed at a price. So was the Earl of Desmond; and so have all rebels been practised against... I am more sorry for being deceived than for being declared in the practice." "Of the consistency with which Raleigh," says his biographer, "on almost all occasions, counselled an unrelenting demeanour towards Irish rebels, the evidence is superabundant. The exceptional instances are but rare. He did this alike in open conference with the Queen, and with his private advice to her ministers." Yet Sir Walter was one of the most cultivated and high-minded men of his day. Eventually the difficulties in connexion with his Irish property so pressed upon him, that, by the advice of Cecil and Carew, he sold almost his whole Irish estates, including the land on which he had planted the first potatoes ever set in Ireland, to Richard Boyle, afterwards Earl of Cork. He says himself: "There remains unto me but an old castle and demesne, which are yet in the occupation of the old Countess of Desmond, for her jointure." The result of a sojourn with Spenser at Kilcolman Castle, in 1589, was that the poet gave to the world his Faerie Queene. Raleigh does not appear to have had any material connexion with Ireland after this date. He ended his career on the scaffold in London, upon a verdict given fifteen years before, 29th October 1618.

Ratcliffe, Sir Thomas, Earl of Sussex, several times Deputy or LordLieutenant of Ireland between 1556 and 1564, one of Elizabeth's lieutenants in the Irish wars, was born in 1526. At the instance of Shane O'Neill, he made several expeditions against the Scots in Ulster and the Isles, rousing their animosity, without effecting their subjugation. In July 1561, collecting all the troops in the Pale, he marched into Tyrone against Shane O'Neill himself. He occupied Armagh, but was artfully delayed by negotiations, and ultimately suffered a disastrous defeat. He wrote to Cecil: "The fame of the English army, so hardly gotten, is now vanished, and I wrecked and dishonoured by the vileness of other men's deeds." Leaving a garrison at Armagh, he returned with the disspirited remnant of his forces into the Pale. He then sent Shane O'Neill a safe conduct to negotiate in person in London, at the same time writing to the Queen that he had unsuccessfully endeavoured to have him assassinated. After Shane's return from England, Sussex endeavoured to entice him to Dublin to visit his sister, with whose beauty the chief had been smitten. He was, however, too wary, and Sussex told Elizabeth that she must either use force once more, or be prepared to see "all Ireland under Shane's dominion." The Queen sent over supplies in 1563; the Lord-Lieutenant once more marched against his adversary, and an ineffective three weeks' campaign ensued in the neighbourhood of Newry and Armagh. Sussex threw the blame of failure on others, writing in a letter to Cecil: "I have been commanded to the field, and I have not one penny of money; I must lead forth an army, and have no commission; I must continue in the field, and see not how I shall be victualled; I must fortify, and have no working tools." In May 1564, "having failed alike to beat Shane O'Neill in the field, or to get him satisfactorily murdered," Sussex was recalled, leaving the government of Ireland in the hands of Sir Nicholas Arnold. He died in London, 9th July 1583. He is described as "a goodly gentleman, of a brave, noble nature, and constant to his friends and servants."

Rawdon, Francis, Earl of Moira, Marquis of Hastings, son of the 1st Earl of Moira, was born in Ireland 7th December 1754. He completed his education at Oxford, made a short tour on the Continent, and entered the army in 1771 as ensign in the 15th Foot. Two years later he was made lieutenant in the 5th, and embarked for America, where, in 1775, he distinguished himself at the battle of Bunker's Hill. He was second in command under Cornwallis at the battle of Camden, 1780, where he played a prominent part. On 25th April 1781, at the head of only 900 men, Lord Rawdon attacked and defeated the American General, Greene, who had nearly 2,000 troops under him, at Hobkirk's Hill. Ill health ultimately obliged him to return home. The vessel in which he embarked was captured by the French, and was carried into Brest; but he soon obtained his release. On his arrival in England, he was treated with great distinction, was appointed one of the royal aides-de-camp, and created a British peer, 5th March 1783. Lord Rawdon was an intimate friend of the Prince of Wales, and during the illness of George III. sustained the Prince's right to assume full regal power. In the House of Lords he gained the reputation of a clear and able orator, and a judicious man of business. In October 1789 he inherited the estates of his maternal uncle, the Earl of Huntingdon, and in 1793 succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Moira. In 1794 he was advanced to the rank of major-general, and went with 10,000 troops to the assistance of the Duke of York, who was then returning through Brabant to Flanders, and was nearly surrounded by the superior forces of the French. The Earl of Moira made a rapid march across the country from Ostend, and by skilful movements in the face of much danger and under great hardships, effected a junction with the Duke and extricated him from his perilous position. Next year Lord Moira was appointed to direct the Quiberon expedition. He was an ardent and active liberal in Irish politics, and was found associated on most questions with Grattan and Charlemont. His speech in the Irish House of Lords on 19th February 1798, was an eloquent appeal for reform, and a bitter denunciation of the cruelties and outrages to which the people were being subjected. He strenuously and to the last opposed the measure of Union. He was appointed Commander- in-chief in Scotland, and Constable of the Tower in 1803. In 1805 he effected a reconciliation between the Prince of Wales and the King, and in the same year was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. When the Whigs came into power in 1806, Lord Moira was created Master-General of the Ordnance. In 1812, on the assassination of Mr. Percival, he made an ineffectual effort to form an administration. The same year he was appointed Governor- General of India, and in the ten years of his sway subdued the Nepaulese, the Pindarees, and other native powers, and made the British authority supreme in India. In 1816 he was created Marquis of Hastings, and was thanked by Parliament. Mr. Marshman, in his History of India, remarks on his administration: "In political genius, Lord Hastings can scarcely be said to rank with Warren Hastings or Lord Wellesley, though in completing the work they had begun, and consolidating the British Empire in India, he exhibited talent of the highest order. His administration was rendered memorable by the benefits he conferred on the old capital of the Moguls and the new capital of the Company... No Governor-General has ever laboured with greater assiduity in the performance of his duties... In the fevered climate of India - which since the facilities for visiting England have been multiplied, is considered insupportable - he laboured for nine years at the rate of seven and eight hours a day, without a hill sanitarium to resort to, or the convenience of a sea-going steamer." Broken down in health, he returned to the United Kingdom in 1822. Embarrassed circumstances, mainly arising from the generosity of his disposition, induced him to accept the position of Governor of Malta in 1824. He was not a little mortified by the refusal of the East India Company to reimburse him for some of the outlay he had incurred in India in furtherance of their interests - "an ungrateful return," Mr. Marshman says, "to the man who had raised them to the pinnacle of political power, and invested their rule with a moral grandeur." He was ultimately advised by his physicians to try the effects of a residence in Italy. "With Lady Hastings and his family, he proceeded in the Revenge to Naples; but within a few days died on board that vessel, in Baia Bay, 29th November 1825, aged 70. His last request was that his right hand might be cut off, preserved until the death of the Marchioness, and buried with her. He was greatly beloved by his own family and friends. He left two sons and four daughters. His widow survived until 1840. His Dublin residence was Moira House, now the Mendicity Institution. The title became extinct on the death of the 4th Marquis of Hastings in 1868.

Regan, Maurice, an Irishman, was secretary and interpreter to Dermot MacMurrough in his dealings with the Anglo- Normans. A valuable fragment of Irish history, relating events between 1169 and 1173, was taken down from Regan's lips in Norman French verse. An English translation by Sir George Carew will be found among the Carew Papers, and may also be consulted in Harris's Hibernica (Dublin, 1747). The last-mentioned edition is especially valuable on account of Harris's appendix, giving a list of "such English and Welsh adventurers as assisted in the reduction of Ireland during the first sixteen years of the invasion." Regan's narrative breaks off abruptly. It is probably but a fragment of a longer manuscript.

Reid, James Seaton, D.D., a Presbyterian clergyman, was born at Lurgan in 1798. He ministered to congregations at Donegore and Carrickfergus from 1818 to 1837. For the next four years he was Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the Belfast Institute, and from 1841 to 1851 Professor of Ecclesiastical and Civil History in the University of Glasgow. He died near Edinburgh, 2nd April 1851, aged 52. He was the author of a History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, published in 1834, afterwards continued to the year 1853 by Dr. Killen. For particulars of the controversy between Dr. Reid and Dr. Elrington regarding conflicting statements in the History and Dr. Elrington's Life of Ussher, see Notes and Queries, 3rd Series.

Reynolds, Thomas, the principal informer against the United Irishmen in 1798, was born in Dublin 12th March 1771. [We take the following particulars mainly from his Life, by his son, 2 vols. London, 1839-a work containing much interesting and valuable information regarding the times of which it treats.] He appears to have belonged to a wealthy Catholic family, and to have been educated at a Jesuit College in Flanders. During subsequent visits to the Continent he witnessed some of the principal events of the French Revolution. Upon his marriage to a sister of Wolfe Tone's wife, in 1794, he estimated his property at £20,000, apart from business. Reynolds settled at Kilkea Castle, County of Kildare, which he held on lease from the Duke of Leinster. He was a member of the Catholic Convention of 1792; but retired with the Earl of Fingall when more cautious counsels began to prevail, and soon afterwards became a Protestant. At the solicitation of Lord Edward FitzGerald, he joined the United Irishmen, was appointed treasurer of his district, and colonel of an insurgent regiment. Only then, as he states, fully instructed as to the designs of the United Irishmen, and overcome at the thought of the horrors impending over the country, he in March 1798 gave the informations that led to the arrest of the Leinster Directory. He then retired to Kilkea. During the Insurrection the Government troops, for no assigned reason, occupied and wrecked the castle. He computed his losses at £19,760. His son says: "It has been my father's lot since then to witness the ravages of war in the Peninsula, where Spaniards, French, Portuguese, and English, with their German auxiliaries, men trained to rapine, alternately plundered and devastated the country; but in all that disorder of which he was an eye-witness during six years, he has frequently assured me that he never saw such cool- blooded, wanton, useless destruction as was committed [by the King's troops] at Kilkea and the surrounding country." Some attempts are said to have been made to assassinate him; and at length, harassed and worn out, he unreservedly went over to the government side, was lodged in the Castle, and openly gave evidence. In October 1798 the freedom of the city of Dublin was presented to him. His son feelingly descants upon the ingratitude with which he was treated by Government, the lukewarmness of his friends, and the virulence of his enemies and political opponents. A yearly pension of £1,000 for his life and the lives of his sons was settled upon him. He was for a time Postmaster at Lisbon, and was sent as Consul to Iceland. His sons also received official appointments. Reynolds spent the last few years of his life on the Continent. His death in Paris, on 18th August 1836, at the age of 65, is described as having been truly edifying. Letters from the Earl of Chichester, the Marquis of Camden, and other persons of note testify to the high appreciation in which he was held.

Rice, Thomas Spring, Lord Monteagle, a prominent politican, was born in Limerick, 8th February 1790. He was educated at Cambridge, and studied for the Bar. In 1820 he entered Parliament for Limerick, which he continued to represent in the Whig interest until the passing of the Reform Bill in 1832, when he was returned for Cambridge. He sat for that borough until his elevation to the peerage in 1839, lending his support to nearly every liberal measure. He was Under-Secretary for the Home Department in 1827; Secretary of the Treasury from November 1830 to June 1834; Secretary of the Colonies, and a Privy-Councillor, 1834; and Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1835 to 1839, when he was appointed Comptroller of the Exchequer, and raised to the peerage. He never occupied a more prominent place in the public mind than in 1834, when, as an Irishman, he may be said to have led the opposition to O'Connell's motion favouring the Repeal of the Union, on which occasion he replied to O'Connell's argument in a speech of six hours' duration. He frequently acted on royal commissions in matters of art, and gave much attention to the question of decimal coinage. He died at Mount Trenchard, near Limerick, 7th February 1866, aged 75.

Richard II., King of England, Lord of Ireland, was born at Bordeaux, 3rd April 1366. His reign commenced 22nd June 1377. In 1394, finding it necessary to assert his supremacy in Ireland, he came over with a large fleet and an army of 4,000 men-at-arms and 30,000 archers, and entered the Suir on 2nd October. He was accompanied by his uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, the Earls of March, Nottingham, and Rutland, and other nobles. Of the descendants of the adventurers amongst whom Henry II. had divided Ireland two centuries before, there remained in the direct male line only the Geraldines of Kildare and Desmond, and the Butlers. Most of the Anglo-Norman families had become, according to an often- quoted saying, "more Irish than the Irish themselves." The native Irish chieftains had to a great extent regained their lands in Ulster, Connaught, and Munster; and "all Leinster trembled" at the "might and puissance" of Art MacMurrough. Immediately after the King's landing, MacMurrough made a descent upon New Ross; and the English troops were discomfited by the attacks of the O'Conors and O'Carrolls. In November Richard despatched letters to the Privy Council, informing them that he had made many long journeys since he had taken the field, and had marched to Dublin through the country of the "rebel Makemurgh," and directing them to transmit money for the payment of his army, and to defray his personal expenses. Owing to the character of the country, and the irregular mode of warfare of the natives, his large force, led by experienced commanders, was able to make but little progress in the subjugation of Ireland beyond the borders of the Pale. King Richard, as Henry II. had done on one occasion, spent Christmas in Dublin in a sumptuous palace fitted up on Hoggin [College] Green, where he entertained such of the native chiefs as paid court to him. Concerning the country he wrote to his uncle, the Duke of York, on 1st February 1395: "In our land of Ireland there are three kinds of people: wild Irish, our enemies; Irish rebels; obedient English. To us and our Council here it appears that the Irish rebels have rebelled in consequence of the injustice and grievances practised towards them, for which they have been afforded no redress; and that, if not wisely treated, and given hope of grace, they will most likely ally themselves with our enemies." Finding it impracticable to reduce the Irish by force of arms, Richard sought to conciliate the chiefs, and laying aside the English banners, quartered with leopards and fleurs- de-lis, he substituted flags bearing a golden cross on an azure ground, surrounded by five silver birds, the arms of his patron saint, Edward the Confessor. On 16th February 1395, Richard met MacMurrough in the open plain of Ballygorry, near Carlow. A proposed treaty having been read and explained in English and Irish, MacMurrough did homage, received the kiss of peace from the Earl of Nottingham, and promised allegiance, conditional on the restitution of his wife's lands, the payment of an annuity, and the grant of territories for those he might surrender. At Drogheda Richard met O'Neill with the northern chiefs, and Brian O'Brien, Prince of Thomond, and he forwarded to the Lord Treasurer of England two hampers, containing seventy-five agreements, entered into with them. In March he again entertained with great splendour some of the chiefs in Dublin, Henry Castede (a knight, the particulars of whose captivity amongst the Irish are related by Froissart) acting as their principal attendant and interpreter. Froissart gives an interesting recital of the efforts made to induce these tribal magnates to adopt English manners and customs. O'Neill, O'Conor, MacMurrough, and O'Brien were knighted by the King, after keeping their vigils in Christ Church Cathedral. The English Privy Council, while expressing satisfaction at the King's efforts to settle affairs in Ireland, complained of his admitting the Irish chiefs to grace without payment of fines, which would have defrayed a portion of the heavy costs of his expedition. After nine months spent in Ireland, Richard left in the summer of 1395, committing the government of the colony to his cousin, Roger Mortimer. Froissart says that the great expenses of the campaign were "cheerfully defrayed by the kingdom; for the principal cities and towns in England thought it was well laid out when they saw their King return home with honour." On the other hand, Grafton, the chronicler, says, under date 1394: "This yere King Richard made a voyage into Ireland, which was nothing profitable or honourable vnto him, and therefore the wryters seeme to thinke it scant worth the notying." In 1399 Richard prepared for another expedition, partly to avenge Mortimer, who had fallen in an engagement with the Irish, and partly to suppress MacMurrough, who had taken up arms in consequence of the King having given away to the Duke of Surrey portions of his territories near Carlow. A large fleet carrying an army of some 30,000 was again collected at Milford Haven. It sailed on the 29th May, and anchored at Waterford on the 2nd June. The King took with him the English regalia, to impress the native chiefs, and was accompanied by many of the first ecclesiastics and nobles of England. After resting a few days, he rode with some 20,000 men in close array to Kilkenny, where he waited fourteen days in vain for the arrival of the Duke of Albemarle, who was to have been accompanied by 140 chosen men-at-arms, knights, and esquires, and 200 mounted archers, besides a corps of carpenters and masons. On the 23rd June Richard marched in the direction of Leighlin Bridge against Art MacMurrough, who retreated before him into the fastnesses of Wicklow. The King's 2,500 axe-men with difficulty cleared a road, while Art's followers cut off his scouts and foraging parties, and scoured the hills and valleys with a fleetness that astonished the English. In an open cleared space (probably near Tullow) and beside a burning native village, Richard set up his standards, and knighted Henry, son of the Duke of Lancaster, and other young nobles who had come to win their spurs in Ireland. MacMurrough successfully eluded all efforts to bring him to an engagement, and continued to cut off the King's supplies, so that, but for their meeting some vessels of the English fleet at Arklow, most of the army might have perished. A contemporary picture, in a chronicle preserved in the British Museum, "represents the arrival of three vessels laden with provisions from Dublin, and the rush made by the soldiers for them. Here the chronicler represents the men as fighting among themselves, plunging into the sea, and parting with clothes and money for food and drink. On that day, he believes, there were more than a thousand men drunk, seeing that it was just then the vintage of Spain, 'qui est bonne contree.'.. In this drawing the scramble in the water is given with great spirit; three men are already in the sea, which, however, appears to be rather shallow, (helmets, gauntlets, coats of mail, hoods, and all), and a sailor is depicted stretching over the bows of one of the vessels, and holding out a loaf of bread to the nearest soldier. This is the only sailor who appears to take any interest in the matter, the rest of the crews, two men to each vessel, wear an expression of profound indifference." Abandoning further attempts against MacMurrough, Richard proceeded to Dublin, amidst loud war cries and shouts of defiance from the Irish; who according to a French eye-witness, were "as bold as lions, and gave many a hard blow to the King." In the midst of plenty in Dublin, during July, Richard's army forgot the hardships to which they had been subjected. The Duke of Albemarle arrived with the expected reinforcements in 100 barges, bringing news of the revolt of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, and Richard was obliged to make immediate preparations for return. He took shipping from Waterford, and arrived in Milford Haven, 5th August, after a two days' passage. He left Sir John Stanley as Lord-Lieutenant. King Richard was dethroned on the 29th of the following September, and is supposed to have been murdered at Pontefract, on 14th February 1400. He was eventually buried in Westminster Abbey.

Rinuccini, Giovan Batista, Archbishop of Fermo, who acted a prominent part in Ireland between the years 1645 and 1649, was born at Rome, 15th September 1592. In 1645 he was sent by Pope Innocent X. as Nuncio to the Confederate Catholics in arms in Ireland. The main object of his embassy was to secure the free exercise of the Catholic religion in Ireland. The 14th section of his instructions reads: "Let him promote the interests of the Catholic religion in such a manner as to show he considers it one with the English crown, and hold firmly to the principle that at no time could he wish its yoke to be thrown off, nor ever hearken to propositions which tend to the contrary." His retinue consisted of twenty- six Italians, several Irish officers, and his secretary, Belling. Leaving Rome in April, he spent some time in Paris, where lie in vain sought an interview with Queen Henrietta. At Rochelle he bought the frigate San Pietro, freighted her with military stores, and embarked with his retinue. He had drawn on the Pope for 150,658 dollars, while Cardinal Barberini advanced 10,000 crowns, and Cardinal Mazarin 25,000 dollars. Having narrowly escaped capture by Parliamentary cruisers, he landed in Kenmare Bay, 22nd October 1645, and celebrated Mass in a shepherd's hut. The Supreme Council sent troops to escort him to Kilkenny, which he entered in state on the 13th November. His papers and correspondence throw a flood of light upon the history of the time; but it would be impossible within reasonable limits to follow their intricate mazes. He resided chiefly at Kilkenny, Limerick, and Galway. Some of his letters are dated from Duncannon, Waterford, Bunratty, and Maryborough. It was Rinuccini's policy throughout to oppose all propositions for peace not providing for the open recognition of his faith in Ireland, and the appointment of a Catholic viceroy. He was consequently in continual opposition to the Marquis of Ormond. He strenuously opposed the treaty of 28th March 1646 with the Marquis. The Nuncio received in Limerick Cathedral the captured standards sent by Owen Roe O'Neill after he victory of Benburb in June that year. In August he induced O'Neill to come to the aid of the Waterford assembly, met to protest against the second treaty with Ormond, ratified on the 29th July. On 17th September he entered Kilkenny, with O'Neill on the one hand and Preston on the other, committed the old Confederate Council to the Castle, and called a new council, consisting of four bishops and eight laymen. Father Meehan says: "Never did any event give greater cause of joy to the chieftains and people of the `Old Irish' than this change of the Confederate government." He vainly endeavoured to reconcile the bitter animosities between O'Neill and Preston, which showed themselves before and during the abortive attack on Dublin. At Rinuccini's instance, a general assembly met at Kilkenny, 10th January 1647, from which a Supreme Council of twenty-four was elected. Most of the members were considered to be inflexibly opposed to making any terms with the enemy; yet after many negotiations, in April 1648 they gave their assent to a truce so distasteful to Rinuccini that he pronounced sentence of excommunication against all who should respect it, and against all districts in which it should be received or observed. His further efforts to carry on the war proved ineffectual, and in March 1649 he sailed in the San Pietro for France - leaving a country in which, according to his own words, "the sun had never shone on him," and where his mission had been a complete failure. He reached Rome in August the same year. For his own expenses, when on his mission, he had been allowed by the Pope 3,000 crowns, and 200 crowns a month. Although living in Ireland was then cheap, he is said to have also expended the current revenues of his see, and 15,800 crowns of his private income. He caused frescoes to be painted in the archiepiscopal palace at Fermo of the actions that had been fought in Ireland during his stay there. He is said to have been severely censured by the Pope for his want of prudence in the conduct of Irish affairs. He died in December 1653, and his remains were buried in the cathedral of Fermo. Carte says: "He was regular and even austere in his life and conversation, and far from any taint of avarice or corruption." He is described by another writer as " a man of shining abilities, of graceful and conciliating address, of eloquent speech, and of regular and austere habits; but he was also ambitious and proud to an eminent degree, and filled with a zeal for the interests of the Church, which he set above all things else, and would not allow to be overlooked for an instant, even though the cost should be the public peace and liberty." A collection of the Nuncio's documents and letters, entitled The Embassy in Ireland of M. G. B. Rinuccini, Archbishop of Fermo, in the years 1645-'9, translated by Anne Hutton, and published in Dublin in 1873, is a valuable contribution to the history of the time.

Robertson, William, D.D., a distinguished divine, was born in Dublin, 16th October 1705. He was educated chiefly at Glasgow University, where he remained three years. Alone he withstood the Rector in some matters relating to the privileges of the students, and was expelled; but, bringing the question before the Government, he procured a committee of inquiry, and was triumphantly reinstated, the Rector being dismissed. In 1727 he received deacon's orders, and was appointed to the livings of Tullow and Rathvilly, producing about £200 a year. The system of tithes appeared to him so troublesome, wasteful, and cumbrous, that he published a treatise advocating their abolition, and the substitution of a fixed tax upon land - thus anticipating by more than one hundred years the system of tithe-rent charge. He married in 1728, and for a time had the cure of St. Luke's parish, Dublin. In 1759, from conscientious motives, he declined further advancement in the Church, and omitted the Athanasian Creed from his services, and in 1764 resigned all his preferments. He published a tract entitled An Attempt to Explain the words of Reason, Substance, Person, Creeds, Orthodoxy, Catholic Church, Subscription, and Index Expurgatorius. In 1767 the University of Glasgow, on receipt of a copy of this work, conferred upon him the degree of DD. Next year he was appointed master of the Free Grammar School of Wolverhampton, and there he passed the remainder of his days. In 1772 he was one of a committee of ministers who petitioned Parliament that clergymen on their ordination should be relieved from the necessity of subscribing to the Thirty-nine Articles and Book of Common Prayer. Living with almost Spartan frugality on a salary of some £40 a year, he survived all his children. He died 20th May 1783, aged 77, and was interred in the parish churchyard of Wolverhampton.

Robinson, Richard, Lord Rokeby, Archbishop of Armagh, was born in Yorkshire about 1709. Coming over as chaplain to the Duke of Dorset, Lord- Lieutenant, he was consecrated Bishop of Killala in 1751; translated to Ferns in 1759, and to Kildare and the Deanery of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, in 1761. In 1765 he was advanced to the Primacy. In 1777 he was created Baron Rokeby; and on the death of his brother succeeded to a baronetcy. Bishop Mant thus enumerates his benefactions: "A publick infirmary, erected by his means, and in a great degree by his contributions; a publick library, constructed, endowed, and furnished at his cost with what a Greek inscription described as c the medicine of the soul; the town of Armagh, converted by his prudential management of the episcopal property from an unsightly crowd of mud cabins into a handsome city of stone dwellings; an observatory, built at his expense, and inscribed with the appropriate motto, 'The heavens declare the glory of God;' combined in attesting the multiplicity and extent, the solid value, and the practical usefulness, of his benefactions. In the mean time the creation of new parochial cures, and the providing of additional residences for the ministers of the Church, proved his solicitude for the welfare of the clergy and people of his diocese; and the legislative enactments which he caused to be effected for the general extension of these improvements bore witness to his care for the general welfare, and enlarged and augmented efficiency of the Church." He built several churches in his archdiocese, and a splendid palace for himself at Armagh. A contemporary, quoted by the same author, describes the state in which he lived: "I accompanied him on the Sunday forenoon to the Cathedral. He went in his chariot with six horses, attended by three footmen behind... On our approach the great western door was thrown open, and my friend (in person one of the finest men that could be seen) entered, like another Archbishop Laud, in high prelatical state, preceded by his officers and ministers of the church." He died near Bristol, 10th October 1794, aged 85. His body was interred in the Cathedral of Armagh, where a monument, surmounted by a marble bust, has been erected to his memory. Amongst other liberal bequests was one of £1,000 to the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin. His portrait and bust are placed in the library and hall of Christ Church, Oxford, of which he was a generous benefactor. Cotton says: "He is acknowledged to have been one of the most vigilant prelates and the most munificent benefactors of the Church of Ireland."

Roche, Sir Boyle, Bart., "the buffoon of the Conservative party" in the Irish House of Commons, as he is styled by Mr. Froude, was born in Ireland about the middle of the 18th century. As an officer of the British army, he distinguished himself in the American War. Retiring from the service, he obtained a seat in Parliament, and for his consistent support of the Government, was created a baronet in 1782. Acting at the instigation of the Viceroy, he played a very discreditable part at the Rotunda Convention of 1783, declaring, without any warrant, that he was commissioned by Lord Kenmare to say that the Catholics did not desire to press for any alteration in their position. He voted for the Union, and was granted a pension and the post of Master of Ceremonies at Dublin Castle. Barrington says he was "in point of appearance, a line, bluff, soldier-like old gentleman. He had numerous good qualities;.. his ideas were full of honour and etiquette - of discipline and bravery. .. His lady, who was a 'bas bleu' prematurely injured Sir Boyle's capacity, it was said, by forcing him to read Gibbon's Decline and Fall." He was gifted with a wonderful memory, and could get off by rote, at one or two readings, any production, no matter how long. The Ministry made constant use of this faculty, and there was scarcely an important debate in which he had not a part previously cast for him. The following are specimens of the many "bulls" attributed to Sir Boyle, most of them supposed to have been uttered in the House of Commons: "Mr. Speaker, if we once permitted the villainous French masons to meddle with the buttresses and walls of our ancient constitution, they would never stop nor stay sir, till they brought the foundation stones tumbling down about the ears of the nation. Here perhaps, sirs, the murderous Marshallaw-men [Marsellaise] would break in, cut us to mince meat, and throw our bleeding heads upon that table, to stare us in the face." Burke's son, as agent of the Catholic Committee, had committed a breach of privilege in the House, and the sergeant-at-arms was blamed for permitting him to escape: "How could the sergeant-at-arms stop him in the rear, while he was catching him in the front? Did he think the sergeant-at-arms could be, like a bird, in two places at once?" Opposing a grant for some public works: "What, Mr. Speaker, and so we are to beggar ourselves for the fear of vexing posterity! Now, I would ask the honourable gentleman, and this still more honourable house, why we should put ourselves out of our way to do anything for posterity; for what has posterity done for us? (Laughter.) I apprehend gentlemen have entirely mistaken my words. I assure the house that by posterity I do not mean my ancestors, but those who are to come immediately after them." Speaking of the Union, Sir Boyle Roche said: " entlemen may tither and tither and tither, and may think it a bad measure;.. but when the day of judgment comes, then honourable gentlemen will be satisfied at this most excellent Union. Sir, there are no Levitical degrees between nations, and on this occasion I can see neither sin nor shame in marrying our own sister." Sir Boyle Roche died at his residence in Eccles-street, Dublin, 5th June 1807. His brother, "Tiger Roche," was a noted fighting character in Dublin.

Roche, James, Colonel, known as "The Swimmer," was of the family of the Lords of Roche and Fermoy. His father lost his estates in the County of Waterford in the War of 1641-'52, for adhesion to the royal cause, and died in exile in Flanders. James grew up to be a distinguished soldier, and refusing Tirconnell's solicitations to cast in his lot with James II., entered the Williamite army, attained the rank of colonel, and was attached to the expedition under the command of Kirke, sent for the relief of Londonderry, in June 1689. On the arrival of the fleet in Lough Foyle, the town was found to be completely invested, and Colonel Roche volunteered to carry a despatch, and arrange signals with the besieged. He was accordingly put ashore, made his way unobserved through the woods, reached the lines of the besiegers, concealed his clothes in a thicket on the banks of the river, took to the water, and was carried up by the tide to the ferry-gate, where he was joyfully received. After one day of consultation with the besieged, he again committed himself to the river, but on landing found his clothes gone, and the spot occupied by the enemy on the lookout for him. He was set upon, and his jawbone broken. He plunged again into the water, received three shots, and at the same time was assured of life, liberty, and large rewards if he would surrender. These he spurned, and managed to swim back three weary miles to the city, where he arrived in an exhausted condition. When he woke out of the swoon into which he fell on reaching the landing- place, he found the chamber where he lay occupied by Governor Walker, Baker, and other prominent defenders, in prayer for his recovery. He was thenceforward known as "The Swimmer," and was appropriately granted by King William most of the ferries in Ireland. These cannot have been of much value, as small estates in the counties of Waterford, Cork, and Meath were added, and a charge of £3,269 on certain Irish forfeitures, of which sum he is said to have received only £1,148. A memorial addressed to Parliament about 1704 fully sets forth his services.

Roche, James, styled by Father Mahony, the "Roscoe of Cork," was born in Limerick in 1771. After completing his studies at the Catholic College of Saintes, in France, and paying a short visit to Ireland, he settled in Bordeaux, where he became acquainted with the most distinguished Girondists. He was in Paris during the horrors of the Revolution, and was arrested in 1793, but was released on the death of Robespierre. About the year 1800 he returned to Ireland, and, in partnership with his brother, opened a banking house in Cork. In 1819 a monetary crisis ruined him as well as many others; his property was sold, and his precious library, excepting a few books with which his creditors presented him, was brought to the hammer. After this he resided in London for some time as a parliamentary agent, and again visited the Continent; but eventually returned to Cork, where he performed the duties of a magistrate and director of the National Bank until his death. He was intimately acquainted with many of the great men of his time, and was especially familiar with everything concerning French history and literature. He contributed largely, over the signature " . R. of Cork," to the Gentleman's Magazine, Notes and Queries, the Dublin Review, and other periodicals. In 1851 he printed in Cork, for private circulation, a most interesting work, in two volumes, Essays, Critical and Miscellaneous, by an Octogenarian. The Athenaeum says: "His strongest mental faculty was a memory of remarkable tenacity, joined to the talent of a linguist. He had stored up vast masses of erudition, which he placed liberally at the service of his numerous literary correspondents." He died in Cork, 1st April 1853, aged 82.

Roche, Regina Maria, presumably an Irishwoman, born in 1765, was a distinguished novelist. Allibone notes sixteen works written by her between 1793 and perhaps 1823. Her latter years were spent in retirement at her residence on the Mall, in Waterford, where she died 17th May 1845. The Gentleman's Magazine speaks of Miss Roche as "the author of The Children of the Abbey and other novels which delighted our elders half a century ago... Many young hearts, now old, must remember the effect upon them of her graceful and touching compositions; and imaginations once excited by her skill will yet acknowledge her loss with a melancholy feeling of regret, that the bright should thus have faded in the overwhelming darkness of fast-flitting years."

Rocque, John, a French artist, who flourished in the 18th century. He engraved a series of maps and views in different parts of the world; and in 1754 came to Ireland, and dating from "his lodgings at the Golden Heart, opposite Crane-lane, Dame-street, Dublin, 5th September," issued a prospectus for maps of Dublin. His "Plan of the Camp at Thurles" is dated 1755; "City of Kilkenny," 1758; "County of Kilkenny," 1758; "City of Cork," 1759; and "County of Armagh," four sheets, 1760. He also published without dates, a Map of the City of Dublin, and Six Views in the city. Maps by Rocque, of the "City of Dublin," and "Dublin and Environs," each in four sheets, with additions by Bernard Scale, were published in 1773. These maps are peculiarly interesting on account of the engravings of buildings, vessels, and other objects with which many of them are embellished. No particulars of the life of John Rocque are attainable.

Rothe, David, Bishop of Ossory, was born in Ireland, the second half of the 16th century, and was educated at Douay. He was consecrated Bishop of Ossory in 1618. His name is appended to the declaration of the Kilkenny Confederation. On 18th August 1646, he interdicted Kilkenny for not agreeing to Rinuccini's policy. He died 20th April 1650. He is best known for his Analecta Sacra, published about 1617 (an exposure of James's plantation schemes, and an appeal for union among Irishmen), but he wrote various other works, chiefly relating to Irish Church history. Ware speaks of him as "a man of great natural parts, and very well accomplished in learning;" but is wroth that he should defend the truthfulness of the miracles recorded in the lives of the Irish saints. Archbishop Ussher speaks kindly of him. Messingham says that Rothe was "well versed in all sorts of learning, was an elegant orator, a subtle philosopher, a profound divine, an eminent historian, and a sharp reprover of vice." Thomas Ryves, an Oxford graduate, was knighted by James I. for his reply to the Analecta. Sir Richard Cox styles the Analecta "a most scandalous lying book, and stuffed with innumerable falsehoods and malicious accusations of the King's government, and yet dedicated to the Prince of Wales; which is a high strain of impudence and folly, to dedicate to the son reflections and scandals upon the father."

Routh, Bernard, Rev., S. J., a French author, was born in Ireland, 11th February 1695. Sent to France in his youth, and educated at an Irish college, he entered the order of Jesuits, and devoted himself to education at Poitiers. He became noted for his learning and critical talents, wrote numerous works, and from 1739 to 1743 edited a newspaper in Paris. On the expulsion of the Jesuits, he retired to the Low Countries, and became confessor to the Princess Charlotte of Lorraine. He was one of those who attended Montesquieu in his last moments. The statement that he unjustly secured for himself some of that great man's manuscripts is said by the Biographie Generale to be without foundation. The same dictionary enumerates his works, the principal of which appears to have been, Recherches sur la Maniere d'Inhumer les Anciens en Poitou (Poitiers, 1738) - said to be a rare and interesting memoir. He died at Mons, 18th January 1768, aged 72.

Rowan, Archibald Hamilton, a distinguished United Irishman, was born in London, 12th May 1757; his father, Gawen Hamilton of Killyleagh, was a gentleman of large landed property in Ireland, whose ancestors came over in James I.'s reign. Educated at Westminster and Cambridge, he formed aristocratic acquaintances, travelled on the Continent, and when his means ran short, mortgaged his expectations. After his matriculation he visited the United States as private secretary to Lord Charles Montague, Governor of South Carolina. On his return "after a very rough passage, I landed at Portsmouth-my racoon dead, my bear washed overboard, and my opossum lost in the cable tier - and I returned to Cambridge." About 1780 he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel in the Portuguese army, but on reaching Lisbon found that the Marquis of Pombal, through whose influence the English officers had been appointed, had fallen, and the whole party returned. In 1781 while residing with his mother in France, he married. Three years afterwards he returned to Ireland, settled in a small cottage near Naas, and afterwards purchased the estate of Rathcoffy in the County of Kildare. He was active in the Volunteer movement, was a member of the Whig club, and in 1792 joined the United Irishmen, who then sought merely a reform in Parliament. In October of the same year the Hon. Simon Butler was imprisoned for complicity in the movement. After his release, Rowan was the bearer of a hostile message from him to the Lord-Chancellor, for language used in passing sentence. Mr. Butler then accompanied him to Edinburgh to challenge the Lord-Advocate for expressions regarding some of Rowan's political writings. Both judges refused to fight on account of their official position. On 16th December 1792, Rowan and Napper Tandy were present at a meeting of the Volunteers, in uniform and with side arms, held in Dublin to protest against a government proclamation tending to their dissolution. For distributing at this meeting an address headed "Citizen soldiers, to arms!" informations were filed against Rowan, and he was brought to trial in January 1794, at the old Four Courts, near Christ Church. Curran was his advocate, and in the course of his defence delivered the memorable speech in which he made reference to "the irresistible genius of universal emancipation." Rowan was sentenced to be fined £500, imprisoned for two years, and to find security for his good behaviour. In Newgate he was permitted to receive addresses from the United Irishmen; his meals were supplied from his own house, and his wife and children and friends were allowed to visit him at pleasure. Two months after his incarceration, the Rev. William Jackson and his friend Cockayne went to see him. [See JACKSON, REV. WILLIAM.] On hearing of Jackson's arrest in April, he knew that there was sufficient evidence in the hands of Government to hang him, and immediately decided on attempting to escape. On the 1st of May he bribed one of his jailers with £100 to permit him to visit his wife in Dominick-street. Mrs. Rowan had disguises and all preparations made. He descended into the back-yard by a rope, mounted a horse, and rode to a friend's house at Rogerstown, near Lusk, where he lay in concealment for three days, until arrangements were made with two brothers named Sheridan to convey him to France. Shortly before they sailed, one of these men pulled out of his pocket a printed notice offering £1,000 reward for Rowan's apprehension, and asked: "Is it Mr. Hamilton Rowan we are to take to France?" "Yes," replied his friend Mr. Sweetman, who furnished the boat for the voyage, "and here he is." "Never mind it," rejoined the elder Sheridan; "by -, we'll land him safe." They sailed on the 4th of May, and after various adventures, landed at Roscoff, near Morlaix. The Sheridans when returning were taken by a French privateer, but were liberated through Rowan's intervention, obtained government employment in France, and were ultimately enabled to return to Ireland. Rowan remained more than a year in France, where he became acquainted with Mary Wollstonecraft and other notabilities. In June 1795 he removed to the United States, and there passed five years, living on £300 a year sent him by his wife out of his Irish estates. His correspondence with her shows that the horrors of the French Revolution had considerably modified his political views; yet he met Tone during his short residence in America, and entered into his plans. To keep himself occupied, he tried more than one business. He bore the strongest testimony against slavery, and refused to have anything to do with it. Writing to his wife, he says: "I will go to the woods, but I will not kill Indians or keep slaves." The union of Great Britain and Ireland had his heartiest concurrence. He believed the Irish Parliament so hopelessly corrupt that any change must be for the better. In July 1800 he sailed for Hamburg, and on the passage had to throw overboard a trunk containing valuable correspondence, with Franklin and others, lest the discovery of such papers might cause delay from English cruisers. At Hamburg he met his wife and children, and spent three years there and at Altona. In July 1802 he petitioned the British government for permission to return home, stating himself to be "impressed with the most unfeigned attachment to your Majesty's government," and "conscious of the excellence of the British constitution, in which your petitioner sees with heartfelt satisfaction his native country participating under the late happy Union." There is little cause for wonder that this appeal was successful. The remainder of his life was passed on his estate at Killyleagh, in the County of Down, and in Dublin - where he was a prominent character, generally appearing in the streets followed by a couple of large Danish deerhounds. He earnestly devoted himself to the amelioration of the social condition of his countrymen, and kept up constant correspondence with his friends abroad. When Shelley came to Ireland in 1812, with the intention of devoting his talents to the regeneration of the country, it was to Rowan he addressed his first letters; but they met no response. He was the strenuous and consistent advocate of Catholic Emancipation and other liberal measures. In 1825 he went over to London to challenge Mr. Peel and another gentleman, who had spoken of him in Parliament as an attainted traitor. He never recovered the death of his wife in February 1834, and followed her to the grave on the 1st of the following November, aged 77. He was buried in the vaults of St. Mary's Church, Dublin. Mr. Rowan was a member of Strand-street Unitarian congregation. His biographer, Dr. Drummond, says: "Mr. Rowan had a tall and commanding person, in which agility, strength, and grace were combined. .. He was a man of a generous, manly, chivalrous disposition, of high principles, and a strong sense of the obligations of truth, justice, and humanity. He loved liberty, and hated oppression. He was steadfast, intrepid, and incorruptible in his public career, a brave and a good Irishman, in the fullest sense of the term, persevering and consistent in his patriotism, the same in youth and age, in the worst of times, as in the better days of his country.”

Rowan, Arthur Blennerhassett, Archdeacon of Ardfert, son of William Rowan, of Arabela, County of Kerry, was born near the close of the 18th century. He was an author, an able pulpit orator, and at one time held several local offices at Tralee. For more than thirty years he officiated as curate of Blennerville, not being confirmed in the archdeaconry of Ardfert until 1856. In literature he devoted his talents both to divinity and history, particularly to the history of the County of Kerry. He was also a contributor to the Gentleman's Magazine and Notes and Queries. The former enumerates thirteen of his works. The principal of these relating to Ireland were: Killarney Lake Lore (Dublin, 1853), Memorials of the Case of Trinity College in 1686 (Dublin, 1858), The Old Countess of Desmonde (Dublin, 1860) - replied to by Sainthill, an article in the Gentleman's Magazine for June 1849 - Historic Doubts respecting the Massacre at Fort del Ore. He died 12th August 1861, and was buried at Ballyseedy.

Rowley, Sir Josias, Bart., Admiral, was born in Ireland in 1765. He entered the navy in 1779, and was made a post captain in 1795. After service at the Cape of Good Hope and Buenos Ayres, he in 1810 took the Mauritius from the French. In the same year, in the Boadicea, he did distinguished service against the French in the East, so that by the middle of January 1811 there did not remain to them a slip of territory in either of the Indies, or a ship on the Indian Ocean. He was created a baronet in November 1813; in 1814 he was advanced to the rank of Rear-Admiral; in 1815 he was gazetted K.C.B.; in 1821, Vice- Admiral; and in 1837, Admiral of the Blue. For some time he commanded on the Irish station. He sat as member of Parliament for Kinsale for five years. The latter part of his life was passed on his estates in the County of Leitrim, fulfilling the duties of a magistrate and country gentleman. He died 10th January 1842, aged 76.

Rumold, Saint, flourished in the 8th century. He was the son of an Irish prince. He preached through England and France, visited Rome, and founded a monastery at Mechlin, of which place he was first bishop. He was murdered in 775. His festival is said to be celebrated on 1st of July in the province of Mechlin.

Russell, Patrick, Archbishop of Dublin, was born at Rush, in the County of Dublin, in 1629. In August 1683 he was appointed by the Pope Archbishop of Dublin. He could with difficulty exercise his functions in public, and was frequently obliged to conceal himself amongst his relatives at Rush. After James II.'s accession he held several synods for arranging the shattered affairs of the Church, and through his influence the King was induced to settle £200 per annum out of the Irish revenues upon the Catholic bishops. During James's residence in Dublin the Archbishop took a prominent part in public affairs. After the battle of the Boyne he was tracked to his concealment in the country, and cast into prison, and lingered in a filthy underground cell until 14th July 1692, when death put an end to his sufferings.

Russell, Thomas, a distinguished United Irishman, was born at Betsborough in the County of Cork, 21st November 1767. He was intended for the Church, but in 1782 went to India as a volunteer, with his brother Ambrose. After five years' service he returned (according to one account disgusted at the outrages perpetrated on the natives of India), and was appointed captain in the 64th Regiment. In 1789 an acquaintance with Wolfe Tone ripened into a close intimacy. He entered warmly into all Tone's plans regarding Ireland - his sobriety of demeanour and deep religious earnestness contrasting strangely with his friend's mercurial temperament and heterodoxy in religion. Tone was devotedly attached to him; "P.P." or "Clerk of the Parish," the playful name by which he knew Russell, occurs upon almost every page of his Journal. About 1791 he sold his commission, as the only means of meeting a liability of £200 which he had incurred for a friend. He obtained the position of Seneschal to the Manor Court of Dungannon, and was made a justice of the peace for the County of Tyrone. It was not long before he threw up both appointments, declaring "he could not reconcile it to his conscience to sit as magistrate on a bench where the practice prevailed of inquiring what a man's religion was before going into the crime with which a prisoner was accused." In 1794 he was appointed librarian of the Belfast Library, on a very small salary. Russell wrote for the Northern Star, Several pieces on negro slavery show that his liberal principles were not confined to any race or country. He published a pamphlet on the Catholic claims in 1796. When the plans of the revolutionary party took shape, he was appointed to the command of the United Irishmen in the County of Down. Several of his letters found their way into the hands of the Government, and on the 16th September 1796 he was arrested, and was kept in confinement until 1802 - first at Newgate, Dublin, and afterwards at Fort George, Scotland. This long incarceration in no way abated his ardour in what he believed to be the cause of Ireland. In June 1802, with other state prisoners, he was liberated, and landed on the Continent. In August he met Robert Emmet in Paris, and threw himself with zeal into his plans. With difficulty he contrived to reach Ireland in disguise. To him Emmet assigned the task of rousing Ulster. He met with little encouragement, yet even after receiving the news of Emmet's failure and arrest, he wrote to his friend Miss McCracken: "I hope your spirits are not depressed by a temporary damp, in consequence of the recent failure; .. of ultimate success I am still certain." He returned to Dublin, and took lodgings at the house of a gunmaker in Parliament-street, where, on 9th September 1803 he was arrested by Major Sirr: he was shortly afterwards sent to Downpatrick for trial. Ineffectual efforts were made by Miss McCracken to bribe the jailers and procure his release. He was found guilty of high treason at Downpatrick on 19th October 1803, and was executed next day. His last letters to his friends were full of a spirit of lofty devotion and self- sacrifice; and his only request before sentence was that he might be given a few days to complete a treatise he was writing on the book of Revelation, which he believed would be of some good to the world. His body was interred in Downpatrick churchyard, under a slab bearing the inscription, "The grave of Russell." He is described as tall, with dark hair and complexion; his voice was deep and melodious; his presence showed a singular combination of sweetness and strength. His sister, to whom he was devotedly attached, was cared for by Miss McCracken, and survived until 1821. [For further mention of Miss McCracken, see MCCRACKEN, HENRY J.]

Rutherford, Griffith, General, a commander in the American War of Independence, was born in Ireland in the first half of the 18th century. He resided in the Locke Settlement, North Carolina, at the commencement of the Revolution, and was sent representative to the Convention at Newbern. Next year he led a force against the Cherokees, and was appointed a brigadier by the Provincial Congress. He led a brigade at the battle of Camden, in August 1780; was taken prisoner; and, having been exchanged, commanded the American troops at Wilmington when it was evacuated by the British at the close of the war. He was a State Senator in 1784, and was President of the Tennessee Legislative Council in 1794. Counties in North Carolina and Tennessee bear his name. Drake says: "He was brave and patriotic, but uncultivated in mind and manners." General Rutherford died in Tennessee after 1794.

Rutty, John, M.D., a distinguished Dublin physician, a member of the Society of Friends, was born in Wiltshire, 25th December 1697. He settled in Dublin in 1724, where he practised during the remainder of his life. He was the author of numerous works relating to Ireland; besides others not here enumerated: (1) Rise and Progress of the People called Quakers in Ireland, from 1653 to 1700. .. Compiled by Thomas Wright, Revised, Enlarged, and Continued to 1751, Dublin, 1751. This is a valuable and comprehensive book, and embodies much information that but for Rutty's care might have been lost to posterity. (2) The Mineral Waters of Ireland, Dublin, 1757. He was severely taken to task by Dr. Lucas for some of the statements in this work. (3) The Weather and Seasons in Dublin for Forty Years, London, 1770. (4) Natural History of the County of Dublin, 2 vols., Dublin, 1772. (5) The labour of his life was a book, now very scarce, written in Latin, and printed and published at Rotterdam in 1775 - Materia Medica, Antigua et Nova, Opus XL. Annorum - a quarto of 560 pages. (6) Perhaps Dr. Rutty is better known by his Spiritual Diary and Soliloquies than by any other of his works. It recounts his spiritual conflicts, backslidings.and progresses, from September 1753, to December 1774, not many weeks before his death. In accordance with the provisions of his will, it was printed without alteration from his manuscript. Johnson "laughed heartily at this good Quaker's self-condemning minuteness." Boswell says the volumes "exhibited in the simplicity of his heart, a minute and honest register of the state of his mind; which, though frequently laughable enough, was not more so than the history of many men would be, if recorded with equal fairness." Dr. Rutty died in Dublin, 26th April 1775, aged 77, and was interred in the Friends' burying- ground, Dublin, where the College of Surgeons now stands. He resided for many years before his death on the drawing-room floor of the house at the eastern corner of Boot-lane and Mary's- lane, for which he paid £10 per annum.

Ryan, Richard, probably an Irishman, son of a London bookseller, was born in 1796. He was the author of some works of but moderate reputation, and assisted in several literary undertakings of other persons. His Dictionary of the Worthies of Ireland, 2 vols., London, 1821, contains some information not attainable elsewhere, and is occasionally referred to in this Compendium. There are in it 326 notices. The early part is much overbalanced, 602 out of 1,136 pages being devoted to lives coming under A, B, C; and D. He also wrote Ballads on the Fictions of the Ancient Irish, 1822, and Poetry and Poets, 3 vols., 1826, the latter said to be "very gossipy and pleasant reading." Mr. Ryan died in 1849.

Ryves, Elizabeth, an authoress, was born in Ireland about the middle of the 18th century. Deprived of her birth-right in Ireland "by the chicanery of the law," most of her life appears to have been passed in London. In 1777 she published a volume of poems; in a small book, The Hermit of Snowdon, she traced her own sorrows; for some time she conducted the historical department of the Annual Register; and she made several translations from the French, amongst the rest De la Croix's Review of the Constitutions, in two large volumes, with painstaking notes. One of her comedies, The Debt of Honour, was warmly approved at the time. Isaac Disraeli gives a touching account of her struggles to win an honourable livelihood: "Even in her poverty her native benevolence could make her generous; for she has deprived herself of her meal to provide with one an unhappy family dwelling under the same roof... The character of Eliza Ryves was rather tender and melancholy, than brilliant and gay; and, like the bruised perfume-breathing sweetness when broken into pieces... Not beautiful nor interesting in her person, but with a mind of fortitude, susceptible of all the delicacy of feminine softness, and virtuous amid her despair." She died in London, April 1797.

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