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Lacy, Peter, Count, Field-Marshal, was born at Killeedy, County of limerick, 29th September 1678. At the capitulation of Limerick, Peter, a lad of but thirteen, was an ensign in Sarsfield's army, and quitting Ireland with the remains of his regiment, joined the Irish Brigade in France, and was appointed lieutenant in the Regiment of Athlone. He served with Marshal Cantinet's army in Italy until the end of 1696; and after the peace of Ryswick entered the service of Peter the Great, and rapidly rose to distinction. In 1708 he was appointed colonel of a regiment of infantry, and in December of that year distinguished himself while in command of 15,000 men at the assault of Rumna. In the following month he was given a regiment of grenadiers by the Czar. At Pultowa he commanded a brigade, and was wounded. In 1720 he was Lieutenant-General, and in that and the succeeding year commanded several descents on the Swedish coast. After Queen Catherine's accession we find him a general-in-chief; and in 1729 Governor of Livonia. In 1733, at the head of 30,000 men, he made an expedition to Poland to support the claims of Augustus of Saxony to the throne, and entered Warsaw triumphantly. Operations against Turkey, and notably the occupation of the Crimea, next engaged his services. In 1741 war with Sweden again broke out, and he was engaged in all the most important actions. In 1742 a Swedish force of 17,000 laid down their arms to him at Helsingfors, and he added part of Finland to the Russian crown. When peace was finally concluded he retired to his estates in Livonia, where he died nt h May 1751, aged 72, leaving five daughters and two sons. He left upwards of £60,000 personal property, as well as extensive estates. Lacy is described as tall and well made, vivacious yet cool, of sound judgment and prompt in action. His father and two brothers were killed in the French service.

Laeghaire, Monarch of Ireland from 427 to 457. His reign was rendered memorable by the advent of St. Patrick, and by the arrangement of Irish laws and customs in the Senchus Mor. Although his wife Agneis was a convert to Christianity, Laeghaire continued true to his old faith nevertheless giving every facility for the spread of Christianity. The collection of the Senchus Mor, called also Nofis from the number of its compilers, is thus referred to by Keating: "Laegari was induced to call a general convention, at which the kings, clergy, and bard-sages of Ireland were assembled together for the purpose of rectifying the said national records. When this convention had met, its members selected nine of their number for the duty, to wit: 'three kings, three bishops, and three ollamhs.' The three kings were, Laegari, son of Niall, King of Ireland; Dari, King of Ulster; and Core, son of Lugaidh, King of Minister; the three bishops were, Patrick, Benen, and Cairnech; the three ollamhs, or doctors of history, were, Dubthach, Fergus, and Rosa, son of Trichim. By these nine the traditions were purified and set in order. It is the work that resulted from their labour that is now called the Senchus Mor, that is, the great tradition." Professor O'Curry considered "the recorded account of this great revision of the body of the laws of Erin is as fully entitled to confidence as any other well-authenticated fact in ancient history." The work, we are told, was composed at "Teamhair [Tara] in the summer and in the autumn, on account of its cleanness and pleasantness during these seasons; and Rath-guthaird [Lisanawer, near Nobber] was the place during the winter and the spring, on account of the nearness of its firewood and water, and on account of its warmth in the time of winter's cold." Laeghaire was killed by lightning in 457, and was buried upright in the ramparts of Tara, "as if in the midst of warriors standing up in battle." The republication of the Senchus Mor (which when complete will extend to several volumes, three being already published in 1877, and a fourth in the press far advanced), with a translation and notes, was commenced by order of Government in 1865, from MSS. in Trinity College and the British Museum, the oldest dating from the early part of the 14th century.

A copy of Laurence Ginnell's book `The Brehon Laws: A Legal Handbook' (Price £4.99) is available as a digital download in PDF format from our e-bookstore Details of the book are: GINNELL, Laurence. The Brehon Laws: A Legal Handbook. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1894. vii, 249 pages. Ancient Law. Existing Remains of Irish Law. The Senchus Mor. Legislative Assemblies - The Feis of Tara, Tailltenn and Uisneach, The Aenach, The Tribal Assemblies. Classification of Society - Kings, Professional Men, the Druids, Bards, Brehons, Ollamhs, Jurors, Flaiths, Freemen owning Property, The Clan System, The Ceiles and the Land Laws, Devolution of Property, The Elizabethan Atrocities, Freemen owning no Property, the Non-Free, Bothachs and Sen-Cleithes, The Fuidhirs. The Law of Distraining. Criminal Law - The Book of Aicill, The Law therein laid Down, Capital Punishment, The Maighin Digona. Leges Minores - Marriage, Fosterage, Contracts and Wills, Artisans, Oaths. Native, Not Roman.

Lake, Gerard, Viscount, an English general, who took a prominent part in suppressing the Insurrection of 1798, was born 27th July 1744. He served in Germany during the Seven Years' War, and in America during the War of Independence. He was Lieutenant-Colonel under Cornwallis, and was taken prisoner at Yorktown. He served in the Low Countries in 1793. In 1797 he was engaged in Ulster chiefly in disarming the population and counteracting the plans of the United Irishmen. Early in 1798 General Abercrombie resigned, apparently sickening at the severity which the Government considered it necessary to exercise towards the people of the disaffected districts. General Lake was appointed to the chief command on 23rd April; and on 24th of the following month the insurrection burst forth. His most distinguished military service in the County of Wexford was the capture of Vinegar Hill, and the occupation of Wexford next day, the 22nd June. The former was the culmination of a series of combined movements by General Lake, supported by Dundas, Needham, Johnson, and Loftus, with 13,000 troops in four columns. Early in the day the insurgent position on the hill was attacked and carried with trifling loss to the assailants. General Lake says: "The carnage.. was dreadful. The rascals made a tolerable good fight of it." He had a horse killed under him early in the action. Great as was the loss of the insurgents, it would have been greater but that large bodies were able to break away through a pass left open by the accidental delay of General Needham in taking up his position. This accident has been by some erroneously ascribed to General Lake's deliberate intention to leave way open for the people to escape. Of the executions which he afterwards carried out at Wexford he writes to Lord Castlereagh: "I really feel most severely the being obliged to order so many men out of the world; but I am convinced, if severe and many examples are not made, the rebellion cannot be put a stop to." After the landing of the French at Killala in 1798 [See HUMBERT], General Lake marched to confront them. On 27th August he was, partly through the unsteadiness of the Galway, Kilkenny, and Longford militia (probably in secret sympathy with the enemy), defeated at Castlebar by a combined force of about 2,000 French and insurgents. After this disaster General Lake fell back upon Tuam, where he was reinforced, and acting in concert with Colonel Vereker and Lord Cornwallis, after a series of exhausting marches, he effected the capture of General Humbert and the whole remaining French force at Ballinamuck on the 8th September. The French were treated honourably as prisoners of war; but the insurgents, numbers of them in French uniforms, and indeed the country people generally of the districts that had been in occupation of the French, were slaughtered unmercifully, and their cabins were burnt to the ground. General Lake was brought into Parliament for Armagh in 1799, by Lord Castlereagh, to vote for the Union. He was afterwards Commander-in-chief in India, where on more than one occasion he strenuously opposed the policy of Lord Cornwallis, his former coadjutor in Ireland. For distinguished services, especially at the battles of Delhi and Laswanee, he was granted a pension, and was in 1804 created Baron Lake, and in 1807 raised to a viscountcy. He died in London, 20th February 1808, aged 63.

Lambart, Sir Oliver, Lord Lambart, an officer distinguished in the Irish wars, who served with much credit in the Low Countries and Spain, and was knighted at Cadiz in 1596, by Essex, with whom he came to Ireland in command of a company. In 1600 Sir Oliver led a force into Leix and Offaly against the O'Mores and O'Conors; afterwards served under Mount joy, and in 1601 at his recommendation, was appointed Governor of Connaught. He built a fort at Galway, served at the siege of Kinsale, and was granted estates in Cavan. He was created Lord Lambart, Baron of Cavan in 1617, and died 9th July next year. The present Earl of Cavan is his descendant.

Lanigan, John, D.D., ecclesiastical historian, was born at Cashel in 1758, the eldest of sixteen children - the youngest of whom (Anne) survived until 30th October 1860. At sixteen, after receiving the education of a Cashel school, he started for the Irish College, Rome, to pursue his studies for the priesthood. He sailed from Cork to London, where he was robbed of everything by a fellow-passenger; but fortunately a clergyman took him into his house until funds were sent him from home to enable him to reach Italy. His progress at college was brilliant and rapid; he received ordination at an early age, and was soon afterwards induced by his friend Tamburini to settle at Pavia, where he was appointed to the chairs of Hebrew, Ecclesiastical History, and Divinity, at the University. Here he published his Prolegomena to the Holy Scriptures, according to Mr. Fitzpatrick, "unrivalled for erudition and lucid arrangement;.. elaborate and critical." In 1786,"smelling mischief," he declined attending the Synod of Pistoja, held under the presidency of Scipio Ricci. Its proceedings are now regarded as schismatical. In 1794 he was granted a doctor's degree, in recognition of his labours and numerous writings, well known, at least amongst the alumni of Pavia, if not throughout Italy. In 1796 Napoleon's Italian successes broke up the University, and Lanigan hastily returned home, leaving behind many valuable books and MSS. He embarked at Genoa for Cork, and set foot in Ireland after an absence of twenty- two years. He was but coldly received by his brother clergy, as the suspicion of his friend Tamburini's heresy hung about him; and he was obliged to proceed on foot to his friends in Cashel, where he took up his residence and rested for a time. Through the influence of a college friend he was attached in a clerical capacity to the old Francis-street chapel in Dublin; where he was hardly settled, when he was invited to take, at Maynooth, the chair of Scripture and Hebrew, for which he was especially qualified. Suspicions regarding his orthodoxy again intervened; while declaring that he was no Jansenist, he declined to make any such disavowal in writing, and was consequently obliged to vacate the position just entered upon. In May 1799 he was appointed sub-librarian at the Royal Dublin Society at a salary of thirty shillings a week, never raised beyond £150 a year, and with the exception of periods of illness, he held the post until incapacitated for further work. We find his name intimately associated with the literary doings of the time in Dublin. His wit, learning, liberal Catholicism, and the dignity and suavity of his continental manners, were a ready passport to the best society. We find him editing Alban Butler's posthumous meditations and discourses, and occasionally contributing articles on ecclesiastical history to the Dublin papers, under the signature of "Irenseus." From the time of his appointment he appears to have been privately and steadily working at his Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, from the First Introduction of Christianity among the Irish to the beginning of the Thirteenth Century, which was brought out by subscription in 1822, in 4 vols. 8vo. It was many years after his death before this great work was fully appreciated, as at present, for its wonderful research and its striving after truth. On some questions, such as the origin of the round towers, it does not, nor have we any right to expect that it should, come up to the later discoveries of Petrie, 0'Curry, and O'Donovan. Rev. John O'Hanlon says Lanigan's work "may be considered a chronological arrangement of our principal saints' biographies, with their acts necessarily abridged, while, for the most part, their recorded miracles have been suppressed. .. Dr. Lanigan has contrived to present a clear, consecutive, and recondite history." Premonitions of insanity appeared in 1813, and he was granted leave of absence and tenderly cared for by his sisters at Cashel. Though for a time enabled to resume work, and even to superintend the removal of the Royal Dublin Society's library from Hawkins-street to Kildare- street, softening of the brain gradually settled down on him, and he ultimately became a permanent patient at Dr. Harty's asylum at Finglas. He died 7th July 1828, aged about 70, and was interred in Finglas churchyard, where thirty-three years afterwards a suitable monument was erected to his memory. During the latter years of his life he was so far forgotten that many readers of his History were even ignorant whether he was alive or dead. At one time of a portly form, somewhat resembling Scott in features, he became in his latter years thin, shrivelled, and wasted.

Lardner, Dionysius, Rev., LL.D., a voluminous scientific writer, was born in Dublin, 3rd April 1793. At fourteen he was placed in the office of his father, a solicitor, but his scientific tastes were so marked that he was permitted to enter Cambridge, where he took his degree of B.A. in 1817, and gained fifteen or sixteen prizes in metaphysics, mathematics, moral philosophy, and other departments of learning. During his fourteen years' residence in College he prepared several mathematical treatises for the Edinburgh and Metropolitan Cyclopaedias. He also delivered before the Royal Dublin Society, a aeries of scientific lectures for which he was awarded a gold medal. In 1828 he retouched these lectures and published them in a volume under the title of Lectures on the Steam Engine. Upon the establishment of the University of London in 1827, Lardner, at the solicitation of Lord Brougham, accepted the chair of Physics and Astronomy. He now conceived the idea of compiling a large popular scientific cyclopaedia. Obtaining the best assistance in the United Kingdom, the first volume of Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia appeared in 1830. It was completed in 135 vols. I2mo. in 1844. The articles on Hydrostatics, Pneumatics, Heat, Arithmetic, and Geometry were written by himself. From 1830 to 1840, he was occasionally employed by railway companies in preparing reports and giving advice at the inception of their several lines. In 1840 he left the country, in consequence, it is stated, of a verdict, with £8,000 damages, having been obtained against him in a suit for seduction. After a visit to France, he removed to the United States, where he was received with great attention as a leading scientific man. He gave courses of lectures in the principal cities of the Union, by which he is said to have made £40,000, besides the profits afterwards arising from their publication in book- form. On his return to Europe in 1845, he settled permanently in Paris. Besides many works and articles on scientific subjects, he projected and carried out his Museum of Science and Art, published in 12 vols. between 1854 and 1856. It has been styled by Sir David Brewster "one of those works the most interesting and the most useful which have been published for the scientific instruction of all classes of the community." Indeed Dr. Lardner may be said to have done more to popularize science amongst English-speaking people than any other writer in modern times. He died in Naples, 29th April 1859, aged 66.

Lascelles, Rowley, an English barrister, born in Westminster about 1770, educated at Harrow, called to the Bar in 1797, practised about twenty years in Ireland, and died in London 19th March 1841, aged 70. Besides Letters of Publicola (Dublin, 1816) in defence of the Established Church, and minor works, his literary history is remarkable as connected with a turgid, unindexed book in two large folio volumes, Liber Micnerum Publicorum Hibernice, published at the expense of Government, and compiled chiefly from MSS. left by John Lodge. After he had drawn £4,000 as editor, the work was stopped in the autumn of 1830. and Mr. Lascelles bitterly complained at being put off with,£500 in two instalments as a final settlement. The book was suppressed for twenty-two years, on account of the partizan tone of the History of Ireland, or as it is styled, Res Gestae Anglorum in Hibernia, written or compiled by Mr. Lascelles, and prefixed solely on his own authority. At length, in 1852, the work, incomplete as it is, was given to the public at the price of two guineas. It is now very scarce. Containing much valuable matter, "it is in the main," says Dr. Cotton, "a great mass of curious information carelessly put together, and disfigured by flippant and impertinent remarks of the compiler, most unbefitting a government employe." For further information regarding this work, see Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, vol. vi., p. 350, and the Gentleman's Magazine, September 1829, September 1841, and September 1854. A partial index to the Liber Munerum is given in the Report of the Deputy-keeper of the Public Records in Ireland, 26th February 1877.

Latham, James, a portrait painter of some merit, who resided in Trinity-lane, Dublin, in the early part of the 18th century. He was born in Tipperary, and studied at Antwerp. His portraits of Mrs. Woffington and of Geminiani, the composer, procured for him the title of the Irish Vandyke. He died in Dublin about 1750.

LaTouche, David Digues, founder of the Irish banking house of the name, was born on the family estate, near Blois, France, in 1671. When but fifteen he was obliged, in consequence of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, to fly to an uncle in Amsterdam, and the family estate was conferred upon his brother Paul, who conformed to the Catholic faith. David entered Caillemotte's Huguenot regiment, and served at the battle of the Boyne in 1690. At the conclusion of the war the regiment was disbanded in Dublin, and he established a silk, poplin, and cambric manufactory in High-street, and married a Dutch lady. A banking trade gradually sprang up; his ability, transparent probity, and unselfish generosity inspired confidence; and in 1735 the banking business had so much increased that it was removed to what were then considered handsome premises in Castle-street, where for generations afterwards it was carried on. David Digues LaTouche died while at prayers in the Castle Chapel, 17th October 1745, aged about 74. The family has become one of the wealthiest and most honoured in Ireland.

Lawless, John, an Irish politician, was born about 1772. Educated for the Bar, he was refused admission by Lord Clare, on account of his well-known revolutionary sentiments, and his intimacy with Thomas Addis Emmet. He then became partner with his father in a brewery; but business not suiting his tastes, he edited the Irishman in Belfast, became a leading member of the Liberal party, and occupied a prominent position during the stormy agitation for Catholic Emancipation. He was foremost in opposition to the "Veto" as well as the "wings" which Government attempted to attach to Emancipation - the payment of the Catholic clergy, and the disfranchisement of the forty-shilling freeholders. O'Connell latterly entertained a bitter animosity against him, and opposed his candidature for Meath. His unflinching integrity gained for him the title of "Honest Jack Lawless." His oratory was nervous, forcible, and convincing; his manner was earnest and often vehement, every gesture showing that the heart of the speaker was engaged in his subject. He died in London, 8th August 1837.

Lawless, Valentine Brown, Baron Cloncurry, was born in Merrion-square, 19th August 1773. [His father, originally a Catholic, sought in France in early life those rights from which he was debarred in Ireland. Nettled at religious partiality shown towards titled neighbours by the clergy, we are told that he sold his Rouen estate, returned home, and turned Protestant. Engaging in trade, he became a woollen merchant and banker, was created a baronet in 1776, and elevated to the peerage as Baron Cloncurry in 1789.] Valentine was educated at Portarlington, and at Dr. Burrowes' school at Blackrock, and graduated at Trinity College in 1791. He threw himself into the circle of which Lord Edward FitzGerald, the Emmets, and Sampson, were leading spirits. After a tour on the Continent he entered at the Middle Temple in 1795 - still keeping up the closest intimacy with the leaders of the United Irishmen, although not, overtly at least, entering into any of their revolutionary plans. In consequence of these relations he was arrested in London in June 1798, and committed to the Tower. The Duke of Leinster, Curran, and Grattan, who happened to be visiting him at the time of his arrest, were also taken into custody, but were immediately liberated. This imprisonment lasted about six weeks. Forbidden by his father to return to Ireland, then in the throes of the Insurrection, he made a tour of England on horseback. On 14th April 1799 he was again arrested under the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, and again committed to the Tower, where he remained until the expiration of the Act in March 1801. "Of the sufferings and privations I was made to endure throughout the protracted and rigid imprisonment, I will not trust myself to write at length:.. dragged from a sick bed in the heart of the metropolis of British freedom, incarcerated in a filthy and loathsome cell, subject to the continual companionship (even in my hours of sleep) of a double guard, deprived of the society of my nearest relatives, and even of the use of pen and paper." In the course of those two-and-twenty months he lost his grandfather, his father, and the lady to whom he was engaged. We are told that his father voted for the Union against his conscience, in the hope of obtaining his son's release, and before his death he left away from Valentine about £65,000, through fear of confiscation of his property by Government. "Whatever air or exercise I took was upon the leads of my prison, as the shouts of 'bloody Irishman' which greeted me from the mob allowed to assemble upon the parade when I was brought there for exercise in custody of my guards, obliged me to decline that indulgence." He succeeded to the title on his father's decease. During his imprisonment his affairs were neglected; and after his release it required all his ability to set them to rights. He subsequently paid a lengthened visit to the Continent. The particulars of his sojourn in Rome are most interesting. There he was on intimate terms with the Pope, whose body-guard then consisted of a squadron of British hussars. Lord Cloncurry brought home to his seat at Lyons, not far from Dublin, a large number of works of art, which it was then possible to purchase at low prices. He was created a peer of the United Kingdom and a Privy-Councillor in 1831. Although taking part in all liberal measures, and retaining to the last his opinions regarding the Act of Union, he held aloof from O'Connell in his Repeal agitation. Yet on one occasion he offered to take the chair of a committee to adjust the dispute between the Old and Young Irelanders, which proposal, we are told, John O'Connell rejected "in very saucy and unbecoming language." In 1849 he published an interesting volume of Personal Recollections. The summing up of the work shows that his hostility to the Act of Union continued unabated. Lord Cloncurry was twice married. He died 28th October 1853, aged 80, and was buried in the family mausoleum at Lyons. The honours of the family are at present (1877) enjoyed by his grandson.

Lawless, William, General, an ardent United Irishman, the confidant of Lord Edward FitzGerald, was Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin. Closely connected with John Sheares in the direction of affairs in the spring of 1798, a warrant for his arrest was issued on 20th May. Timely notice was, however, given him of the fact by Mr. Stewart, the Surgeon-General, and he escaped to France, where his abilities and spirit recommended him to the special favour of Napoleon. Entering the army, he rose to the rank of general, and distinguished himself on several occasions. He lost a leg at the battle of Dresden. General Lawless died in Paris, 25th December 1824. He was a distant relative and occasional correspondent of Lord Cloncurry. Thomas Moore speaks of him as "a person of that mild and quiet exterior which is usually found to accompany the most determined spirit."

Lawrence, Sir Henry, K. C. B., Brigadier-General, a distinguished Indian administrator, was born at Mattura, in Ceylon, 28th June 1806. [His father, Lieutenant-Colonel Lawrence, who died in 1835, originally a poor Irish soldier of fortune, was born in Coleraine, and his mother was from the same locality.] He was educated at Foyle College, of which his uncle, Rev. James Knox, was principal. The puritan training and impressions imbibed from his parents and instructors, had a marked influence on his after life. In August 1820, Henry followed his brother George to Addiscombe, passed in artillery, sailed for India in 1822, and joined the head-quarters of the Bengal Artillery near Calcutta. There his religious impressions were much strengthened by acquaintance with the Rev. George Craufurd. In 1825 he served in a short campaign in Burmah, and was appointed adjutant of artillery. After this he was invalided, and obliged to pass two years and a half at home, part of the time being engaged on the Ordnance Survey of Ireland. Returning to India in 1829, he passed an examination in native languages, and was then occupied for five years on the Indian Survey, in Moradabad, Futtygurh, Goruckpore, and Allahabad. Two years afterwards he married Honoria Marshall, an Irish lady, with whom lie fell in love when at home, and who was in every way qualified to make him happy. In 1839 he received the civil charge of Ferozepore, and in 1842 was specially thanked by General Pollock for his assistance in forcing the Khyber Pass. From this time forward important trusts in the government of India were confided to him - at Nepaul, Lahore, and elsewhere. One of his most remarkable achievements was in 1846, when, at the head of 10,000 Sikh soldiers, only eighteen months after their defeat at Sobraon and enlistment in the British service, he compelled the Lahore government to make over the richest province in the Punjaub to a British tributary. In 1846 he became Lieutenant-Colonel, and in 1848 the honour of knighthood as a K.C.B. was conferred upon him. In the following years he was sadly at issue with his brother John, acting Resident at Lahore, regarding the proper policy to be pursued towards the Punjaub - John favouring almost immediate annexation, and Henry desiring the maintenance of its semi-independent position. During this period he was an occasional contributor to the Calcutta Review. His subscriptions to religious and charitable institutions throughout India for many years averaged above £350; and in 1846 a school for the education of soldiers' children, now known as the Lawrence Asylum, and educating some 500 boys and girls, was opened through his instrumentality at Kussowlee, amongst the first ranges of the Himalayan mountains. As to his government of the Punjaub, the Westminster Review wrote in 1858: "Among the marvels achieved by Englishmen in India, there is nothing equal to the pacification of the Punjaub... The wisdom and beneficence of our rule were never more clearly vindicated than by the present condition and conduct of the Sikhs. All this is due to Sir Henry Lawrence. It was his genius which conceived and carried through that system to which we owe the preservation of India. The work which he undertook in the Punjaub was nothing short of an absolute reconstruction of the state. In five short years he had done it. He had brought order out of chaos - law out of anarchy - peace out of war. He had broken up the feudal system, and established a direct relation between the government and people. He had dissolved the power of the great Sirdars. He had disbanded a vast praetorian army, and disarmed a whole population. He had made Lahore as safe to the Englishman as Calcutta. And all this he had done without any recourse to violence, and with scarcely a murmur on the part of the conquered people." In 1854 his life was embittered by the death of Lady Lawrence -"as high-minded, noble-hearted a woman as was ever allotted for a life's companion to one called to accomplish a laborious and honourable career." In March 1857 he was appointed Chief Commissioner and Agent to the Governor- General in Oude, and took up his residence at Lucknow. Almost immediately afterwards the Indian Mutiny broke out. For a short period he managed to maintain order at Lucknow. On 29th June he marched out with all the force he could spare (some 300 European and 220 native bayonets, 36 European and 80 Sikh sabres, and 11 guns), and gave battle to a large body of insurgents at Chinhut, a short distance from the city, where he was defeated with a loss of 118 European men and officers. Sir Henry exposed himself in the thickest of the fight, and suffered the greatest agony of mind at the loss of so many of his little band. Next day he retreated to the Residency, which he had already fortified and supplied with stores and ammunition. There he gathered around him 927 Europeans and 765 natives, and withstood the attack of an army of 7,000 men formed of the revolted regiments. His situation was all but desperate; and had the natives continued to display the vigour and unity of purpose shown at Chinhut and for a few days afterwards, prolonged resistance would have been impossible. Sir Henry kept up the appearance of sanguine confidence, although his whole soul was engrossed with the thought of the dreadful fate awaiting the numbers of helpless women and children entrusted to his charge. "He had to soothe, argue with, command, the miscellaneous tempers which surrounded him and hampered him with their fears and their advice; the timid, who yielded to despair; the impulsive, who were always urging him on what they conceived more decisive measures." On 2nd July, while resting on his couch listening to an officer reading orders he had dictated, a shell came through the wall in front of his bed, exploded and shattered his thigh. (A short time before he had been urged to leave the apartment, which was much exposed to the fire of the enemy, one shell having already exploded there, but laughingly remarked that he did not believe they had an artilleryman good enough to put another shell into such a small room.) It was at once seen that the wound was mortal. He gave the clearest directions for the defence of the place, talked humbly of his own life and services, and died on the morning of the 4th July 1857, aged 51. Among his last directions was, "Never give in." On account of the heavy fire to which all the space round the Residency was exposed, it was with difficulty he was hurriedly buried in a grave with others of his companions in arms. Before the news of his death reached the United Kingdom, he had been appointed to succeed to the post of Governor-General of India in certain eventualities. Fourteen months after his death the government of India passed to the direct control of the crown. "He was therefore," says his biographer, "the last of that great line of statesmen soldiers - the last in the list which begins with Clive and ends with himself - who held to the end, and dignified, the simple title of `servants of the company.'" His eldest son Alexander was created a baron in memory of his father's achievements; he died from an accident, in Upper India, in 1864, leaving an infant son, the present owner of the title. Sir Henry's four surviving brothers all attained high positions in Indian civil and military service. Major-General Alexander W. Lawrence (born 1803, died 1868); Lieutenant-General Sir George St. Patrick Lawrence (born 1804); Sir John L. M. Lawrence (born 1811), created Lord Lawrence in 1869, Viceroy of India 1863-'68; and Major-General Richard C. Lawrence (born 1817).

Lawrence, Martin, Dr., a physician of considerable local eminence at Dundalk, was born there in 1815. He established a small free Public Library in Dundalk, and otherwise displayed public spirit. He died 14th November 1847, aged 32, of typhus fever, caught while attending the sick poor of the town. A monument to his memory was erected by public subscription in a churchyard near Dundalk.

Lawson, John, D.D., was born in 1712 at Omagh, of which parish his father was curate. He early discovered a taste for study, and entered Trinity College as a sizar, became a scholar in 1729, a Fellow in 1735, Senior Fellow 1743, D.D. 1745, and Professor of Divinity in 1753. His acquaintance with the European languages was wide; he excelled in pulpit eloquence, and acquired some celebrity by his Lectures on Oratory. Allibone quotes the following remarks concerning his sermons: "It is surprising that sermons possessing such originality of thought, splendour of diction, knowledge of human nature, and forcible appeals to the heart, should not have been reprinted." Dr. Lawson died in January 1759, aged 47.

Leadbeater, Mary, an Irish authoress, was born at Ballitore, in 1758. Her father, Richard Shackleton, kept a boarding-school, which had been established in that village in the year 1726 by his father, Abraham Shackleton, a member of the Society of Friends, a learned and good man from whom Edmund Burke received his education. Richard was educated at College, equalled his father in learning, and wrote with facility in several languages. Mary inherited her father's genius. In 1791 she married William Leadbeater, a descendant of the Huguenot refugee family LeBatre. He was a farmer and landowner, and Mary kept the village post-office. Her first essay in authorship was Extracts and Original Anecdotes for the Improvement of Youth, 1794. In 1798 she experienced the horrors of the insurrection, in the sack of Ballitore by the royal troops, and the murder of many of her neighbours and friends. Her Poems, published in 1808. were but of local and transitory interest. The first Series of her Cottage Dialogues of the Irish Peasantry appeared in 1811; the second in 1813; the third after her death. "In these dialogues, with a felicity of language rarely equalled by any writer previous to her time, she has painted the virtues and the failings, the joys and the sorrows, the feelings and the prejudices, of our impulsive and quick-witted countrymen. This is the work by which Mary Leadbeater is chiefly known; and its utility has been fully proved by the approbation of all who were at that time interested in the welfare of the Irish poor." Besides publications of a kindred character, and Biographical Notices of Irish Friends, she wrote poems, essays, characters, and tales, which found their way into various periodicals. The last work she lived to publish was The Pedlars, a tale, for the Kildare- place Society. Amongst her numerous correspondents were the poet Crabbe and Mrs. Trench, mother of Archbishop Trench. Besides keeping a private journal from her eleventh year, she wrote the Annals of Ballitore, extending from 1766 to 1824. They give a faithful picture of an Irish Quaker village one hundred years ago, tell of the terrible year of the Rebellion, and portray the small but cultivated circle of which she was the ornament. This work was published in 1862 in the Leadbeater Papers - the first volume of which comprised the Annals, the second Richard Shackleton's correspondence with Edmund Burke, and a portion of Mrs. Leadbeater's with Crabbe and Mrs. Trench. Her Annals were continued by her niece Elizabeth Shackleton in Ballitore Seventy Years Ago, published in 1862. Mrs. Leadbeater died 27th June 1826, aged about 68, and was buried at Ballitore. Gerald Griffin's friend, Mrs. Fisher, is her daughter.

Leahy, Patrick, Archbishop of Cashel, was born near Thurles about the year 1807. Entering Maynooth, he distinguished himself; and at the end of his course was appointed Professor in St. Patrick's College at Thurles. He soon became President of that institution; and in 1850 occupied the onerous post of Secretary to the Synod of Thurles. Not long afterwards he was appointed Vice-Rector of the Catholic University. On the death of Archbishop Slattery he was in 1857 consecrated Archbishop of Cashel. One of his first acts was the enforcement of the Sunday closing of public houses; and he made strenuous endeavours to put down the barbarous practice of faction-fighting. The fine cathedral in Thurles is an enduring monument of his zeal and energy. "H e had special gifts which fitted him to make a great impression as an ecclesiastical orator. Wide and varied learning, a profound mastery of theology, a comprehensive grasp of intellect, an unfailing store of language, a noble voice, an imposing presence, were all his; and to these were added the apostolical zeal and tender piety which distinguished him from youth up." He died 26th January 1875.

Ledwich, Edward, Rev., a distinguished antiquary and topographer, son of John Ledwich, merchant, was born in Dublin in 1738, and was educated at Trinity College-entering on the 22nd November 1755, and taking B.A. in 1760; LL.B. in 1763. [In his obituary notice in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1823, ii., 278, he is also styled "LL.D., F.S.A. of London and Scotland, and member of most of the distinguished literary societies of Europe; secretary to the Committee of Antiquaries of the Royal Irish Academy, and formerly a resident at Old Glas Durrow." LL.D. is also appended to his name on the title of the second edition of his Antiquities.'] He was instituted to the vicarage of Aghaboe in 1772, a benefice he must have resigned in 1797, as his successor was then appointed. His article on the "History and Antiquities of Irishtown and Kilkenny " forms No. ix. of Vallancey's Collectanea, published in 1781. The same article is appended to the second edition of his Antiquities of Ireland, 1804. Gough, in his edition of CamdevUs Britannia, 1789, acknowledges his obligations to "Mr. Ledwich and other curious gentlemen of Ireland, for an excellent comprehensive view of the government of that kingdom from the earliest times to the latest revolution in it." In 1790 he published his Antiquities of Ireland, in 1 vol. 4to. 473 pp., illustrated with numerous engravings, a work of great repute in its day, but now of no authority. Following the lead of Dr. Ryves, he all but denied the existence of St. Patrick, and advanced the theory, effectually set aside by Petrie and later writers, that a large proportion of Irish remains were to be attributed to the Northmen. In the index to Lanigan's Ecclesiastical History there are no fewer than ninety-five references under the head, "Ledwich, Dr., proofs of, and animadversions on, the ignorance, errors, and malevolence of." In 1791 Mr. Ledwich completed a work of considerable labour, the editing and publication of his friend Captain Grose's Antiquities of Ireland, in 2 vols. 4to. His Statistical Account of the Parish of Aghdboe was published in 1796. The dissolution of a society of antiquaries, of which the Right Hon. W. B. Conyngham was head, has been attributed to "th free pleasantry with which Mr. Ledwich treated certain reveries circulated among them." He died at his house in York-street, Dublin, 8th August 1823, aged 83 according to the notice in the Gentleman's Magazine, 84 or 85 according to the Entrance Book of Trinity College, Dublin. The mistakes into which Dr. Ledwich was led, through the imperfect information regarding Irish history current in his day, must not be allowed to nullify our sense of obligation to him as an original investigator in the field of Irish archaeology. [This author is not to be confounded with Edward Ledwich, LL.D., Dean of Kildare, who died in 1782, and who was a theologian rather than an antiquary.]

Ledwich, Thomas Hawkesworth, an eminent Dublin surgeon, grandson of preceding, and son of Edward Ledwich, a Waterford solicitor, was born in 1823. He was indentured to Dr. J. Mackessy, and in 1844 was admitted a licentiate, and in 1845 a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. In 1847 he became one of the principals of the Peter-street (now the Ledwich) School of Medicine, where he had been educated, and at once took his stand among the most able and popular lecturers on anatomy, physiology, and surgery. He contributed largely to the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, and other publications of a kindred character, and his Anatomy (Dublin, 1853), written in conjunction with his brother, entirely from original observations, is now a standard work. On the death of Sir Philip Crampton he was appointed, in his place, surgeon to the Meath Hospital. Surgeon Ledwich died in Dublin, 29th September 1858, aged 35,and was buried at Mount Jerome. On his death, by the unanimous wish of his colleagues, the name of the Peter-street School of Medicine was changed to that which it now bears (Ledwich School of Medicine), in recognition of his important services to the institution.

LeFanu, Philip, D.D., was descended from a noble Huguenot family, a member of which served as an officer under William III. Philip was born in Ireland, graduated at Trinity College in 1755, and took the degree of D.D. in 1776. He was author of a History of the Council of Constance (Dub. 1787), and the translator of Lettres de Certaines Juives a M. Voltaire (Dub. 1790).

LeFanu, Alicia, elder daughter of Thomas Sheridan, and favourite sister of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, married Joseph LeFanu, brother of preceding. She wrote numerous works, among which may be named The Flowers, a Fairy Tale (1810), The Sons of Erin, a Comedy (1812). Alicia LeFanu was buried in St. Peter's graveyard, Dublin, where many members of the LeFanu family had been interred.

LeFanu, Elizabeth, younger sister of preceding, married Captain Henry LeFanu, brother of Joseph LeFanu. She was author of The Indian Voyage, Strathallan (1816), Helen Monteagle (1818), and other novels, besides a volume of poetry (1812).

LeFanu, Joseph Sheridan, poet and novelist, eldest son of Thomas P. LeFanu, Dean of Emly, and grandson of Alicia LeFanu, was born in Dublin, 28th August 1814. He early showed literary abilities, took honours in Trinity College, Dublin, was called to the Bar, and in 1838 bought the Warder, a Dublin newspaper, of which he had previously been editor. He had already contributed some humorous stories to the University Magazine, and had written two admirable pieces of ballad poetry - "Patrick Crohore," and "Shamus O'Brien." The latter was some years later introduced to the notice of the American public, with whom it first became popular, by Samuel Lover. Mr. LeFanu was ever a staunch Conservative. To the Warder he afterwards added by purchase the Evening Packet; and investing in half the proprietorship of the Evening Mail, the three papers became amalgamated in one as a daily paper, with the Warder as a weekly reprint. His literary responsibilities were increased by the purchase of the Dublin University Magazine, about 1869. After the death of his wife in 1858 he retired almost entirely from Dublin society, of which he had been one of the brightest ornaments. Besides numerous poems, stories and sketches, he was the author of several novels, characterized by wonderful power over the mysterious, the grotesque, and the horrible. The Cock and Anchor, a chronicle of old Dublin, appeared about 1850; The House by the Churchyard in 1863; soon followed by Uncle Silas, and five other well-known novels. Shortly after completing his last, Willing to Die, he died at his residence, 18 Merrion-square South, 7th February 1873, aged 58. He was buried at Mount Jerome Cemetery. Most of these particulars are taken from an appreciative article in Temple Bar for August 1877, and a short notice in the Dublin University Magazine shortly after his death. The writer of the latter says: "He was a man who thought deeply, especially on religious subjects. To those who knew him he was very dear. They admired him for his learning, his sparkling wit, and pleasant conversation, and loved him for his manly virtues, for his noble and generous qualities, his gentleness, and his loving, affectionate nature."

Lefroy, Thomas Langlois, Chief-Justice of the Queen's Bench, was born in the County of Limerick, 8th January 1776 - descended from an old Huguenot family. He entered Trinity College, 2nd November 1790, and was a member of the old College Historical Society, broken up in 1794. As auditor of the new society established in 1795, he delivered the opening address, and obtained four gold medals for oratory. He was called to the Bar in 1797. Two years afterwards he married at Abergavenny a Miss Paul, a member of one of the many Wexford families that retired to Wales during the Insurrection. In 1806, having risen high in practice, and having, in conjunction with his friend Mr. Schoales, published a valuable series of Reports, he was appointed King's Counsel; two years later he was made King's Sergeant. He was a prominent member of nearly all Protestant religious associations, including the Kildare-place Education Society. In 1830 his resignation of the sergeantcy created some sensation. He was prompted to this step by the Government declining to send him as usual judge of assize on a vacancy occurring. His known Protestant proclivities and his unpopularity with the Catholic party were the causes of this apparent slight. He sat as member for Dublin University from 1830 to 1841 - taking the Conservative side, and opposing the extension of the Reform Bill to Ireland. In 1841, not without reluctance, seeing that his claims to the Chancellorship had been overlooked, he accepted the post of Baron of the Exchequer. He sat as judge during most of the political trials of 1848, and passed sentence on John Mitchel and other leaders of the Young Ireland movement. In 1852 he became Chief-Justice. "As a judge, he was remarkable for the quickness with which he apprehended the essential features of the cases submitted to him, while his comprehensive grasp of legal principles, and his skill in the application of them, have rarely, if ever, been surpassed." In 1866 unsuccessful efforts were made in Parliament to remove him because of his great age. Later in the same year he resigned, refusing offers of a baronetcy and a seat on the Privy Council for his son. He died at Newcourt, near Bray, 4th May 1869, aged 93 years, retaining his faculties to the end. He was buried at Mount Jerome. Mr. Lefroy was a devoted parent, delighting in home; and was of a deeply religious cast of mind. He left behind a collection of meditations on religious subjects.

Leland, Thomas, D.D., author of an Irish history and other works, was born in Dublin, 1722, "of parents worthy and respectable, but not opulent or exalted." He was educated at Dr. Sheridan's school; in 1737 entered Trinity College as a pensioner, and in 1746 was chosen Fellow. In 1754 he and his friend Dr. John Stokes published an edition of the Philippic Orations of Demosthenes, with a Latin version and notes; and between 1754 and 1761, partly at the solicitation of Lord Charlemont, he brought out an English translation of the same. His History of Philip, King of Macedon, appeared in 2 vols. 4to. in 1758. In 1768 he commenced his History of Ireland, published in London and Dublin, in 3 vols. 4to. in 1773. This last was written principally at his vicarage at Bray. He was the author of sermons, and numerous works not necessary to specify. In 1773 he exchanged to the vicarage of St. Anne's, Dublin. We are told that "from the time he became a parish minister he was unwearied and exemplary in the discharge of every part of his duty, and particularly that of a public instructor." In 1781 he resigned his fellowship for the rectory of Ardstraw, in the County of Londonderry. He died in Dublin, August 1785, aged about 63. Disraeli speaks of him as "the eloquent translator of Demosthenes”; Allibone, as "a profound scholar and most eloquent preacher." In a notice of Dr. Leland in the Anthologia Hibernica, vol. i., in which will be found a portrait and list of his works, the author remarks: "His fame for classical learning is unrivalled... He never evidenced the smallest specimen of fondness for, or researches into, Irish antiquities... In this history, on which his friends, with ill- judged fondness dwell, we find very trifling intimations of the constitution, government, and laws of Ireland; nothing of its learning, commerce, coin, or shipping; nothing of its architecture, poetry, or music, though admirable specimens of these exist; nothing of the language, dress, diversions, diet, and customs of the Irish. What then, it may be asked, does it contain? I answer, a dull, monotonous detail of domestic convulsions, a weak government, and a barbarous people."

Lesley, John, Bishop of Clogher, was born in Scotland towards the close of the 16th century. He is described as a very learned and accomplished man, who resided on the Continent for many years, and was high in favour with Charles I. In 1633 he was translated from the see of Orkney to that of Raphoe. By an expensive law-suit he retrieved some of the alienated emoluments of the diocese; and also built a "stately palace" for himself and his successors, contriving it for strength as well as beauty. On the breaking out of the war in 1641, he took an active part for the King, and at times evidenced in "action as much personal valour as regular conduct." The Bishop raised and manned a foot company at his own charge, and bravely defended his palace at Raphoe against Cromwell's forces. Ware says : "He declared then against the Presbyterian as well as the Popish pretences for religion; aDd would neither join in the treasons nor schism of those times, but held unalterably to the practice as well as the principles of the Church of England." In 1661, after the Restoration, he was translated to Clogher. "He was a person of great temperance, and was so great a stranger to covetousness that he hardly understood money... He wrote on the Art of Memory, and several other curious and learned treatises; which were designed for the publick, but were all destroyed, with his library of many years' collection, and several manuscripts which he had gathered in foreign countries, partly by the rapine of the Irish, and partly by King William's army in 1690, long after his death." He died at Glaslough in the County of Monaghan, in September 1671, "aged 100 years or more," and was there interred in the parish church."

Lesley, Charles, Rev., second son of preceding, was born in Ireland about the middle of the 17th century; educated at Enniskillen, and admitted a fellow-commoner of Trinity College in 1664. There he continued till he commenced M. A. He then entered the Temple and studied law. In 1680 he took orders, and seven years afterwards became Chancellor of the Cathedral of Connor. He engaged in several public disputations, notably with the Catholic Bishop of the diocese, "which he performed to the satisfaction of the Protestants and the indignation and confusion of the Papists," though, as usual, both sides claimed the victory. He opposed the claims of the Catholics during James II.'s sojourn in Ireland, but steadily refused to take the oaths to King William and Queen Mary; for this he was deprived of his preferments, and he became the virtual head of the non-juring party. An able and interesting Answer to Archbishop King's State of the Protestants in Ireland, printed anonymously in London in 1692, is attributed to him. He followed James II. to France, and we are told took much pains to convert him to Protestantism. Returning to Ireland in 1721, he died 13th April 1722,124 at his house at Glaslough in Monaghan. Dr. Johnson said that "Leslie was a reasoner, and a reasoner who was not to be reasoned against." Concerning his legal abilities Hallam writes: "Leslie's case of the Regale and Pontificate.. is full of enormous misrepresentation as to the English law. Leslie, however, like many other controversialists, wrote impetuously and hastily for his immediate purpose." Macaulay says of him: "His abilities and his connexions were such that he might easily have attained high preferment in the Church of England. But he took his place in the front rank of the Jacobite body, and remained there steadfastly through all the dangers and vicissitudes of three-and-thirty troubled years. Though constantly engaged in theological controversy with Deists, Jews, Socinians, Presbyterians, Papists, and Quakers, he found time to be one of the most voluminous political writers of his age. Of all the non-juring clergy he was the best qualified to discuss constitutional questions, for before he had taken orders he had resided long in the Temple, and had been studying English history and law, while most of the other chiefs of the schism had been poring over the Acts of Chalcedon, or seeking for wisdom in the Targum of Onkelos."

Lever, Charles James, novelist, was born 31st August 1809, in Dublin, where his father was a professional man. He took his B.A. degree at the University of Dublin in 1827, and four years afterwards that of Bachelor of Medicine. Of a mercurial temperament, and endowed with a keen relish for social pleasures, medicine was little congenial to him. Nevertheless he pursued it with diligence, completed his studies at Gottingen, and entered upon practice in Ireland. When cholera was raging in 1832 he was settled in one of the northern counties, and acquired considerable reputation for his skill and devotion towards his patients. He was one of the early contributors to the Dublin University Magazine, first published in 1833. Gaining confidence by the reception accorded to some articles, he commenced his first novel, Harry Lorrequer, in the columns of that periodical in February 1837; and with each succeeding number the genius and power of the author appeared to expand, and the popularity of the tale increased. For a time, however, he was unconscious of the resources of his intellect, and little disposed to devote himself to literature as his profession. In 1840 he obtained the position of physician to the British Embassy at Brussels. On the completion of Harry Lorrequer the same year, he found himself taking rank amongst British novelists of reputation. Charles O'Malley followed - its success was also complete - he gave up his position in Brussels, and adopted literature as the business of his life. Returning to Dublin in 1842, he undertook and held for three years the editorship of the University Magazine, and gathered around him the most eminent literary men in Ireland - Carleton, Samuel Ferguson, Wilde, MacCarthy, Butt, Waller - and the Magazine attained the summit of its success. About 1845 he obtained a diplomatic post in Florence, and thenceforward resided permanently abroad, occasionally visiting England and Ireland, and continuing to write for various periodicals with unwearied industry and increasing reputation. In 1858 he was appointed Vice-consul at Spezzia, and in 1867 at Trieste. The University of Dublin conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D. in 1871. He passed away painlessly in his sleep, after an illness which, though sudden in its termination, was of short duration, at Trieste, 1st June 1872, aged 62. For some years before his death he contributed a series of interesting papers on current events to Blackwood's Magazine, under the signature of "Cornelius O'Dowd." Altogether he wrote some twenty novels, which have enjoyed a wide popularity. His merits are thus estimated by the Athenaeum: "A writer of the romantic novel - before the novel had taken to the embodiment of the earnest realities of life of the present day, as it did in the hands of the Brontes, Miss Mulock, Mrs. Lewes, and Thackeray, where there is little exaggeration or over-colouring - in the novels of Lever the grotesque element is always present in a greater or less degree, lapsing occasionally into the caricature; yet his portraits never violate nature to an extent to offend, and generally conduce to heighten the picturesque effect and enhance the sense of enjoyment. As a depicter of Irishmen and Irish manners, he describes a phase which none of his contemporary countrymen, except perhaps Maxwell, successfully touched upon - that of the higher- class society, the impulsive, dashing soldier, the old Milesian squire, the adventures of war, the incidents of the camp, the gaieties of the ball-room, the sports of the hunting field and the race-course. In the portrayal of all these, from an Irish point of view, he is unrivalled. You see transparently throughout his novels the experiences of the man of the world, who scans with a keen eye and a quick intellect all the phases of society, and who reproduces these experiences in vivid, genial, dashing pictures, ever warm with the sunshine of wit and gaiety. In all this we think Lever has no rival. But in another field he is no unworthy competitor of Carleton, the Banims, or Gerald Griffin - we mean in depicting middle-class and peasant life. If he has not all the simple pathos of Carleton, he has at least as much humour; and 'Mickey Free' is as fine a creation of the bold, clever, ready-witted, free-and-easy Irishman, as any novelist has produced. Some of Lever's songs are admirable of their kind... Charles Lever was a mannerist - as, indeed, were Dickens, Thackeray, and most novelists of the day... Lever was one of the best causeurs and raconteurs to be met with, and managed conversation with singular tact, never seeking to monopolize the talk, but, by the felicity of some remark thrown in at the right moment insensibly attracting the attention of all, till he was master of the situation, and then went off in one of his characteristic sallies." It is much to his honour that diplomatic service never dimmed the independence of his political expressions.

Lewis, Andrew, Colonel, an American revolutionary soldier, was born in Ulster about 1730. His father, descended from a Huguenot family of settlers, removed to America, shortly after Andrew's birth, in consequence of having been engaged in an agrarian disturbance, and was the first white settler in Augusta County, Virginia. Andrew was endowed with great bodily vigour and a commanding presence. He was a volunteer in the expedition to take possession of the Ohio region in 1754; served with Washington at the surrender of Fort Necessity; was Major in his brother Samuel's company at Braddock's defeat; commanded the Sandy Creek expedition in 1756; and in the unfortunate expedition of Major Grant in October 1758, was made prisoner and taken to Montreal. In 1768 he was appointed commissioner to treat with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix; and in 1774 he was made Brigadier-General, and commanded the Virginia troops at Point Pleasant, gaining a victory over the most formidable Indian force that ever assembled in the Old Dominion. He was a member of the conventions of March and June 1775; and was made Colonel in the War of the Revolution. He drove Lord Dunmore from Gwynne's Island, and was on duty in the lower part of the State, when he contracted a fever of which he died, in Bedford County, Virginia, in 1780. Drake says: "His military abilities were highly valued by Washington; and his statue fills one of the pedestals around the Washington monument at Richmond. His brothers, all distinguished in the military annals of the State, were Samuel, Thomas, Charles, and William."

Lloyd, Bartholomew, D.D., Provost of Trinity College, was born at New Ross 5th February 1772. He entered College as a pensioner in 1787; his talents and industry soon asserted themselves, and in 1790 he gained a scholarship. For some years he filled the office of college tutor. In 1796 he was elected Junior Fellow, and in 1813 was appointed Professor of Mathematics; in 1822 he took the chair of Natural Philosophy, and in 1831 was elevated to the provostship. Dr. Lloyd vigorously and successfully exerted himself to raise the status of Trinity College, especially in mathematics; he re-arranged the college terms, and initiated several improvements, such as the new squares to the college buildings. The Quarterly Review (No. 78) speaks highly of his well-known Treatise on Mechanical Philosophy; while "Dr. Whewell places Lloyd among that new generation of mathematicians in whose hands it is reasonable to suppose the analytical mechanics of light will be improved as much as the analytical mechanics of the solar system was by the successors of Newton." Dr. Waller writes: "The merits and learning of this distinguished man have been commemorated by many eloquent eulogies, as the most devoted, the most enlightened, and the most energetic governor the University ever possessed. Above all, the University herself has shown her sense of her deep obligations to him by instituting mathematical exhibitions which bear his name." Dr. Lloyd was President of the British Association on its first visit to Ireland in 1835. He died 24th November 1837,146 aged about 65. His masterly treatise on Analytic Geometry held a high place as a text-book for many years.

Lodge, John, the distinguished archivist, was born in England early in the 18th century, and was educated at Cambridge University. In 1744 was published at Dublin a Report of the Trial in Ejectment of Campbell Craig, taken in shorthand by him. In 1751 "Mr. John Lodge, of Abbey- street," was appointed Deputy-Keeper of Bermingham Tower Records. Three years afterwards his Peerage of Ireland was published in 4 vols. 8vo. in Dublin. In 1759 he was appointed Deputy-Clerk and Keeper of the Rolls. In 1770 he published anonymously The Usage of Holding Parliaments in Ireland, and in 1772, also anonymously, a valuable collection of historical tracts entitled Desiderata Curiosa Hibernica, 2 vols. 8vo. Mr. Lodge died at Bath, 22nd February 1774. His wonderful collection of indexes remained in the possession of his family for nine years, until 1783, when they were deposited in the office of the Civil Department of the Chief-Secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant, in return for a life pension of £100 a year to his widow, and £200 a year to his son, the Rev. William Lodge. A transcript of a portion of these manuscripts sold at Sir William Betham's sale for £155. These documents were largely drawn upon by Mr. Lascelles [See LASCELLES, ROWLEY] in his Liber Munerum Hiberniae. Mr. Lodge's first wife is reported to have been a Hamilton of the Abercorn family, his second, Edwarda Galland. He was a great expert in shorthand, and almost all his note-books are full of it. Dr. Reeves writes: "In the department of genealogy he was the most distinguished compiler that Ireland has produced. Archdall is to him what Harris is to Ware. His industry was unbounded, his appetite for compilation insatiable, and his accuracy such as stamps all that he did and all that he has left with unfailing reliability." Mervyn Archdall, in the preface to his edition of Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, published in 7 vols. in 1789, writes: "When I reflect on the performance which, though imperfectly, I have attempted to revise, then do I deplore, and I am sure my readers will accompany me, the death of my much valued friend the author. To the desire of improving his Peerage of Ireland, whilst in the various offices, as Deputy-Keeper of the Records in Bermingham Tower, Keeper of the Rolls in the High Court of Chancery, and Registrar of the Court of Prerogative, and to the necessary attendance on the duties of his employments, the public owe his loss." It is to be regretted that so little is known concerning the life of this unassuming man - one of the ablest and most painstaking that ever devoted himself to the investigation of Irish history. His son, Rev. William Lodge, born in 1742, the only survivor of nine children, was in 1790 Chancellor of Armagh Cathedral and rector of Kilmore, in the same diocese. Through him several of John Lodge's books with marginal notes and corrections, came into the Armagh Library; and a further accession was made about 1867 by the purchase from his grandson, son of Rev. William Lodge, rector of Killybegs, of a large collection of his great-grandfather's papers, with rough draughts of his clerical and other lists. John Lodge must not be confounded with Edmund Lodge (born 1756; died 1839), who edited the Gallery of Portraits.

Loftus, Adam, Archbishop of Dublin, and Lord-Chancellor of Ireland, was born at Swineshead, Yorkshire, in 1534. His graceful deportment at a Cambridge examination attracted Queen Elizabeth's notice, and he was appointed, after his ordination in 1559, chaplain to the Bishop of Kildare. This conscientious bishop, Craike, eventually desired to be relieved of his Irish charge, as "he could not preach to the people, nor could the people understand him." Loftus was advanced rapidly, and when but twenty-seven was consecrated Archbishop of Armagh. Six years afterwards he exchanged the primacy for the archbishopric of Dublin. His anathemas against O'Neill in 1566, for burning the Cathedral of Armagh, passed unheeded, that chief ostentatiously disregarding a Protestant excommunication. A general system of Irish education was a favourite project with the Archbishop, and by his influence, in 1570, an Act was passed directing that free schools should be established in the principal town of each diocese, at the cost of the clergy. Not satisfied with being appointed Lord-Chancellor in 1573, he, either for himself or his family, grasped at every public place that became void. In the Parliament of 1585 he was amongst the prelates that defeated the Bill for the repeal of Poyning's Act. Although he opposed Sir J. Perrot's plan for the application of the revenues of St. Patrick's Cathedral to the establishment of an Irish university, he was foremost in supporting and carrying out Queen Elizabeth's foundation of Trinity College on the site of the suppressed monastery of All-Hallows. At a meeting convened at the Tholsel he addressed the Mayor, citizens, and Council on the subject; and on 29th December 1591 the Queen's licence was obtained for the foundation of the College. Loftus was named the first Provost. The charter was dated the following year, when Fitzwilliam, the Lord-Deputy, made an appeal to the country at large on behalf of the institution, "whereby knowledge, learning, and civilitie may be increased, to the banishing of barbarisme, tumults, and disordered lyving from among them." Some time after this he fell into disgrace, and was reprimanded in a letter from the Queen for committing a servant of hers on a frivolous pretext to the Marshalsea, "a noysome place, repleat with sundry prisoners." The spirit of the time was shown by Archbishop O'Hurley being tortured and executed at his instance, for keeping steadfast to the open profession of Roman Catholicism. His daughters made fortunate marriages; one of them, who married Sir Henry Colley, was ancestress of the Duke of Wellington. He expired at the palace of St. Sepulchre's, Dublin, 5th April 1605, aged about 71, and was buried in St. Patrick's Cathedral.

Loftus, Dudley, writer and publicist, son of Sir Adam Loftus, was born at his father's castle (built by his great-grandfather Archbishop Loftus) at Rathfarnham, near Dublin, about 1618. He took his degree of B.A. at Trinity College, and finished his studies at Oxford, being incorporated Bachelor of Arts in 1639. Returning to Ireland after the breaking out of the War of 1641, he for a time held command at Rathfarnham, and defended Dublin from the incursions of the Irish of the Wick low mountains. He was afterwards made a Master in Chancery, Vicar- General of Ireland, and a Judge of the Prerogative Court. Ware says: "His greatest excellence lay in the knowledge of the tongues, so that by the time he was twenty years of age he was able to translate as many languages into English. Yet, notwithstanding his learning, he was accounted an improvident and unwise person, and his many levities and want of conduct gave the world too much reason to think so. They gave occasion to a very satyrical reflection made by a great but free-spoken prelate, who was well acquainted with him, viz.: 'That he never knew so much learning in the keeping of a fool.' "His mind became much impaired with years; when seventy-six he married a second wife, and died the following year, June 1695. He was buried in St. Patrick's Cathedral. Part of his large collection of books is now in Marsh's Library. Both Harris's Ware and Wood's Athenae Oxonienses give a list of his writings, some thirty in number. The most important were in Latin - many being commentaries on the Scriptures and philosophical works translated from Syriac into Latin.

Logan, James, a statesman, secretary to William Penn, was born at Lurgan, 20th October 1674. His parents were members of the Society of Friends. Although apprenticed to a Dublin linen-draper, he appears to have received a good classical and mathematical education, and to have acquired a knowledge of modern languages not common at the period. The War of 1689-'91 obliged him to follow his parents, first to Edinburgh, and then to London and Bristol. He appears to have been engaged in teaching for some years. In 1698 he was trading between Dublin and Bristol, when his co-religionist William Penn, who had heard of his abilities, induced him to accompany him to Pennsylvania as his secretary. The passage occupied three months, from September to December 1699. In 1701 Penn returned to England, leaving Logan, then but twenty-six years of age, virtually in sole charge of his interests. As Penn wrote: "I have left thee in an uncommon trust, with a singular dependence on thy justice and care, which I expect thou wilt faithfully employ in advancing my honest interest." The judgment of the proprietor of Pennsylvania was not mistaken. Logan displayed the greatest capacity for business, the most statesman­ like qualities, and the sincerest loyalty, not only to William Penn, but after his death to his widow and children. He served many years for a stipend of about £100 per annum; yet he was Chief-Justice of the State, Provincial Secretary, and Commissioner of Property, and for nearly two years governed the province as President of the Council. The difficulties of his position were at times very great - what between the jealousies of parties, the conflicting interests between the Quakers and other bodies, the dissolute character of Penn's eldest son, and the necessity for forwarding sums to England to relieve Penn's monetary difficulties. Logan's treatment of the Indians was singularly wise and considerate, and they ever regarded him as their best friend. He visited England in 1710, where he successfully vindicated himself from charges brought against him by a faction in the assembly. James Logan did not retire from public life until about 1747. Thenceforward, living in dignified leisure at Stenton, near Germantown, he devoted himself to literature, translated Cicero, and penned those scientific papers which will be found appended to his Memoirs. Some of his works were printed by his friend Benjamin Franklin. He died at Stenton, 31st October 1751, aged 77, and was interred in Friends' burial-ground, Arch-street, Philadelphia. He bequeathed his valuable classical library to the city of Philadelphia. Logan is described as "tall and well-proportioned, with a graceful yet grave demeanour. He had a good complexion, and was quite florid, even in old age; nor did his hair, which was brown, turn grey in the decline of life, nor his eyes require spectacles." His son, William, who survived until 1801, was for many years in the Governor's Council; and his grandson, George Logan, M.D., was a United States senator and a distinguished philanthropist.

Lombard, Peter, Archbishop of Armagh, was born in Waterford about 1560. He studied at Westminster and Oxford, took his degree at Louvain, and was made Provost of the Cathedral Church of Cambray. He was consecrated Archbishop of Armagh by Paul V., and died in Rome in 1625. He was the author of De Regno HiberniAe Commentarius, and other Latin works.

Lover, Samuel, "poet, novelist, dramatist, painter, etcher, and composer," was born in Dublin, 24th February 1797. He was the eldest son of a member of the Stock Exchange. He was a delicate and sensitive child, possessing, however, "life's first good - a good mother." Almost before he could reach the keyboard of a piano, he exhibited extraordinary aptitude for music and composition. The scenes of bloodshed and violence, consequent on the military government of Ireland after the Union, left an indelible impression on his mind. At thirteen he entered his father's office, all his leisure being spent in drawing, music, and theatrical entertainments, a course that was strongly objected to by his father, who considered that the lad's whole energies should be devoted to money-making. At eighteen the differences between father and son culminated, and young Lover went out into the world to make his own way. Three years he spent in obscurity, living as best he could, probably on slender donations from his mother. He studied painting and music, largely assisted by the friendship of Comerford, then amongst the first portrait painters of the day. Lover's delicate and finished miniatures soon attracted attention at the annual exhibitions of the Hibernian Academy, and won for him the patronage of the Marquis Wellesley, the Duke of Leinster, Lord Cloncurry, and other leaders in Dublin society. At the same period he commenced contributing to the Dublin magazines some of his inimitable tales and legends. His personal qualities, his talents as a story-teller, and the drollery and pathos he was enabled to throw into a naturally poor and feeble voice, gained for him an entrance into the best drawing-rooms in Dublin, and he soon became one of the recognized lions and diners-out of the metropolis, ranking with Brophy the State dentist, Butler the architect, and Jones the sculptor. His song of "Rory O'More," written at the suggestion of Lady Morgan, and wedded to an old Irish tune, made his name well-known on both sides of the channel. About forty songs of much the same class, such as "Widow Machree," and "Molly Carew," followed, combining a certain arch humour and feeling with a rollicking dash. In 1827 he married a Miss Berrel; "home became the anchorage which enabled him to ride in safety through many a sudden gust of trouble and many a swaying tide of passion, and it is certainly one of the most striking, as it is one of the best traits of his character, that he should have been able to unite qualities which are so rarely found compatible - such a devotion to his home, and such a strong love of society." In 1828 he was appointed Secretary to the Royal Hibernian Academy. His miniature of Paganini, exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1833, brought him prominently as an artist before the English public. For many years he had looked to London as the true arena for the exhibition of his talents; and accordingly removed thither in 1834. It was, however, as a song-writer and novelist, not as a painter, that he became popular. His reception in the leading literary and artistic circles was most flattering. He commenced novel-writing in 1836, his first work being Rory O'More, his second Handy Andy. The latter, though somewhat coarse, is incomparably the best and most brilliant of its class. It contains his most touching song "What will you do, love?" The close of 1835 he commenced writing dramas, with his Olympic Picnic. An adaptation of Rory O'More followed, succeeded by The White Horse of the Peppers, The Happy Man, and others now less known. Artist, author, and composer, Lover next became a public entertainer; and in 1846 he carried his "Irish Evenings" from the United Kingdom to America, where he made money, but damaged his health. On his return he again reverted to art, taking a deeper delight in the delineation of nature than he had ever done before. His wife having died, he married a second time in 185 2. His last painting, "The Kerry Post on Valentine's Day," was exhibited in 1862. In 1858 he edited a well-selected collection of Irish Lyrics. Failing health marked his latter days; and a Civil List pension of £100 was settled upon him. The last four years of his life were spent in retirement in Jersey; and there he died 6th July 1868. He was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, in the grave with his two daughters. "He was lightly and neatly built, had the dark grey, mirthful eyes so characteristic of his countrymen, good teeth, a kindly mouth, and an open, honest, frank expression." The Athenaeum says: "Lover was one of those unfortunately qualified men who do everything well, but fail to be pre-eminent in anything. He was a clever miniature painter, but he could no more have made a fortune by that pursuit than he could as a vocalist. Lover had far more success as a song-writer, but his lyrics, beautiful as some of them are, never made capital for him, as worse lyrics for song-writers not to be compared with him, have done in later days. As an author of stories, Lover was at his very best in Rory O'More. On that subject he founded a triple glory, and Lover's Rory O'More in story, song, and drama was the greatest success of the day. It was altogether only a 'little day,' but a bright little day' all the same; and Lover passed so softly and unassumingly along the various paths of life trodden by him that nobody was offended; and as he trod on nobody's heels, and no one had especially to get out of his way, he created no jealousy. He seemed to communicate his own sweet temperament to all around him, and 'Sam Lover' had no enemy, secretly or publicly."

Lucas, Charles, M.D., a distinguished Irish patriot, was born 16th September 1713, in Dublin, or according to some accounts at Ballymageddy, County of Clare. Having served the usual apprenticeship, he became an apothecary, and for many years kept a shop in Charles-street, Dublin. Afterwards he took out the degree of M.D., became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, and entered upon an extensive and lucrative practice in Dublin. At the outset of his career he was obliged to retire to the Continent, according to one account, for opinions expressed against the despotic principles of his day. After his return, and about the year 1748, he addressed a number of letters to his fellow- citizens, devoid of style and taste, but full of ardour, spirit, and love of freedom: they exposed all the leading Irish grievances, denied the supremacy of the British Parliament, and asserted Ireland's right to self- government. "He denounced Poyning's Act as unconstitutional, and declared that the imposition of laws made in a 'strange, a foreign parliament,' without their con­ sent or knowledge, placed the Protestant Irish under a more severe bondage than the Israelites suffered in Egypt. Lucas averred that he disdained the thought of being the representative of a people who dared not be free, and called on his fellow-citizens to demand a repeal or abolition of the unjust and oppressive statutes: telling them that they could not, consistently with their duty to their God, their king, and country, themselves and their posterity, relinquish the claim to their birth-right-liberty." With his friend James LaTouche, he inveighed against the abuses of the city authorities; and thus had not only the Government, but the Lord-Mayor and the Aldermen of Dublin allied against him. The grand jury presented his addresses "as tending to promote insurrection, and as justifying the bloody rebellion raised in Ireland," and ordered them to be burned by the common hangman. The House of Commons also took umbrage, and the corporation, in violation of their own rules and institutions, disfranchised him. He was called to the bar of the House, a prosecution with certain imprisonment was imminent, and he was obliged to retire to England for some years. There he applied himself with success to the practice of medicine, and wrote a treatise on the Bath waters, (1756) which was highly esteemed. Among other persons, he became acquainted with Johnson, who thus wrote of him: "The Irish ministers drove him from his native country, by a proclamation in which they charged him with crimes which they never intended to be called to the proof; and oppressed him by methods equally irresistible by guilt and innocence. Let the man thus driven into exile for having been the friend of his country, be received in every place as a confessor of liberty." He returned to Dublin in 1760, and next year was chosen by his fellow-citizens to represent them in Parliament, and became the efficient coadjutor of Flood in his efforts for reform. He continued member for Dublin until his death. In 1761 he brought in a Bill to limit the duration of Parliament; and next year one to secure its freedom. His Translation of the Great Charter of Dublin was a forcible document, and tended to draw attention to public rights which had long lain in abeyance. During his latter years he suffered frightfully from rheumatism and gout, yet he contracted a third marriage in old age. He died in Henry-street, Dublin, 4th November 1771, aged 58, and his remains, which rest in St. Michan's graveyard, were honoured with a public funeral. His later appearance in the House of Commons is thus described: "The gravity and uncommon neatness of his dress; his grey, venerable locks, blending with a pale but interesting countenance, in which an air of beauty was still visible, altogether excited attention, and I never saw a stranger come into the House without asking who he was." The fine statue of him in the Dublin City Hall is by Mr. Smith. Mr. Lecky says: "His pamphlets and addresses have been collected; they form one thick and tedious volume." Henry Grattan, Junior, thus writes of him: "He rendered to his country very great and distinguished services, and in fact laid the groundwork of Irish liberty. Lucas was the first who, after Swift, dared to write `freedom.' He established the Freeman's Journal, a paper that upheld liberal principles, that raised a public spirit where there had been none, and kept up a public feeling when it was sinking, and to which, in a great degree, Ireland was indebted for her liberties... He was another Swift, but without the vast talents of that writer... Lucas possessed all the qualities of a tribune... Bold, active, and turbulent; querulous and ambitious; quarrelsome, yet kind; he was always ready to spread out to the people a perpetual catalogue of their calamities and their wrongs... He loved his country, he detested tyranny; no threats could terrify, no bribes could purchase him."

Ludlow, Edmund, a distinguished Parliamentary General who served in Ireland, was born in Wiltshire about 1620. He was employed by Cromwell as Lieutenant-General of the Horse in Ireland in 1650; after Ireton's death in 1651, he succeeded him as Commander-in-chief, and spent altogether several years in the country. The portions of his Memoirs relating to Ireland are extremely interesting. While recounting few striking events, they throw much light on the conduct of the closing scenes of the war between 1651 and 1653, the condition of the people, and the Cromwellian settlement. The most vivid pages relate to Ireton's siege of Limerick, the surrrender of Galway to Sir Charles Coote, 12th April 1652, the reduction of Gorteen Castle, near Portumna (where he speaks of the garrison "sounding their bagpipes in contempt of us", the capture of Ross Castle, Killarney, on 27th June 1652, and the consequent surrender of Lord Muskerry's army of 5,000 horse and foot. On the 11th October 1652 the last vestige of royal authority disappeared from the island, when Clanricard surrendered at Carrick-on-Suir, on terms to transport himself and 3,000 followers to a foreign country within three months. While there is much to show that Ludlow was a high-spirited and compassionate man, in the course of the war he hesitated at no measures, however extreme, which he believed necessary for the conquest of the country - as when he half-smothered and put to the sword a party of Irish in a cave near Dundalk, and when (Memoirs, vol. ii. p. 8) he and other officers caused the mother of Colonel FitzPatrick to be burned to death for complicity in the early transactions of the war. Ludlow was engaged in all parts of the country against large bands of the Irish who held out for months, and carried on a harassing warfare against the Cromwellians. The war was not proclaimed at an end until 26th September 1653, and he returned to England in December. His recitals are singularly deficient in dates. His life outside Ireland - his early career as a Parliamentary general; his participation in the trial of the King; his independent opposition to Cromwell; his flight at the Restoration, and his long exile and death at Vevay in l693 aged 73 - do not come within the limits of this work. He was buried in the church of St. Martin, Vevay, where may be seen a slab erected to his memory by his widow. His Memoirs, written by himself, relating more to the events of his time than to his life, were published at Vevay in 1698 and 1699. He was also the author of some political tracts.

Lundy, Robert, Lieutenant-Colonel, was in December 1688 received into Derry as Governor, being thereto appointed by the citizens and Lord Mount joy, who had decided upon holding out in favour of William III. According to Walker's account of the siege, Lundy from the first endeavoured to damp the enthusiasm of the inhabitants, and of the Protestants who were arming themselves in the surrounding country. On 17th of April 1689, when the news of James's approach at the head of an efficient army reached the town, Lundy called a council, and pointing out the small means available for defence, recommended immediate surrender as the wisest course for the inhabitants and garrison. He also advised some English reinforcements to return. Most of the inhabitants, however, headed by the Rev. George Walker and Major Baker, determined to hold out to the last. "The commission he [Lundy] bore, as well as their respect for his person, made it a duty in them to contribute all they could to his safety; and therefore, finding him desirous to escape the danger of such a tumult, they suffered him to disguise himself, and, in a sally for the relief of Culmore, to pass in a boat with a load of march on his back, from whence he got to the shipping." His conduct is generally supposed to have been due to deliberate treachery and an understanding with James II. In that case it might reasonably have been expected he would have immediately joined the Irish army; instead of which he soon afterwards appeared in London. Macaulay says: "It is probable that his conduct is rather to be attributed to faintheartedness and poverty of spirit than to zeal for any public cause. He seems to have thought resistance hopeless; and in truth, to a military eye the defences of Londonderry appeared contemptible." We have no particulars of Lundy's life. He is still annually burned in effigy at Londonderry.

Luttrell, Simon, Colonel in James II.'s Irish army, was born about 1654, probably at Luttrellstown, a beautifully situated estate near Lucan, which had been granted to Sir Geoffrey Luttrell by King John. Several members of the family held high offices in the state, and Simon's grandfather was exiled to Connaught by Cromwell; but after the Restoration, the family estate was restored to his father, Thomas Luttrell. Simon raised a regiment of dragoons for James II., was appointed Governor of Dublin, and represented the county in James's Parliament. When the Irish party at Limerick, opposed to Tirconnell, despatched their deputation to the King at St. Germain's, Colonel Luttrell was associated therein. After the fall of Limerick in 1691, he retired to the Continent, refusing to avail himself of amnesty proffered upon condition of his taking the oath of allegiance to William III. He became Colonel of the Queen's Regiment of Guards in the Irish Brigade, and died 6th September 1698, as is recorded on his monument in the chapel of the Irish College at Paris. He was described by the Duke of Berwick as "of a mild disposition, and he always appeared to him to be an honest man."

Luttrell, Henry, Colonel, younger brother of preceding, born about 1655, also commanded a regiment of horse in James's army, and also formed one of the deputation to James II. at St. Germain's, to seek Tirconnell's removal. He served with distinction at Sligo, but was afterwards believed to have carried on a treasonable correspondence with De Ginkell, and to have betrayed an important post at Limerick. He brought over his regiment to William III.'s service after the fall of Limerick, had the family estates and a pension of £500 settled on him, and became a major-general in the Dutch army. On the death of William III. he returned to Luttrellstown, where he thenceforward chiefly resided. In 1793 he was employed as agent for the Venetian government to enlist 2,000 Irish Catholics for service against the Turks. He was murdered in his sedan chair in the streets of Dublin, 3rd November 1717, aged 62. We are told that he possessed "a great deal of talent, a great deal of intrigue, a great deal of courage," and was "a good officer, capable of everything in order to bring about his own ends." His memory has always been held in especial hatred by the Irish people, for having "sold the pass" at Limerick. O'Callaghan quotes a pungent epigram on his death, and says: "He was a bad man, the father of a bad man, and the grandfather of a bad man." The last was the Earl of Carhampton, who sold the family estate to Luke White, by whom its name was altered from Luttrellstown to Woodlands.

Lynch, John, D.D., Archdeacon of Tuam, author of Cambrensis Eversus and other works, was born in Galway about 1600, of a family which claimed descent from Hugh de Lacy. [His father, Alexander Lynch, was at the period of his son's birth, one of the few schoolmasters left in Connaught. Hardiman, in his West Connaught, gives the following extract from the report of a regal visitation to his school in 1615: "We found in Galway a publique schoolmaster, named Lynch, placed there by the cittizens, who had great numbers of schollers, not only out of that province but also out of the Pale and other partes, resorting to him. Wee had daily proofe, during our continuance in that citty, how well his schollers profited under him, by the verses and orations which they presented us. Wee sent for that schoolemaster before us, and seriously advised him to conform to the religion established, and, not prevailing with our advices, we enjoyned him to forbear teaching; and I, the Chancellour [Thomas Jones], did take a recognizance of him and some others of his kinsmen in that citty, in the sum of 400li sterl. to his Mate, use, that from thenceforth he should forbeare to teach any more without the speciall license of the Lo. Deputy."] John Lynch was ordained priest in France about 1622. On his return to Ireland he, like his father, taught school in Galway, and acquired a wide reputation for classical learning. Though he expresses in glowing language his emotions on first celebrating mass in the churches during the ten years from 1642 to 1652, he never speaks of the War of 1641-'52 but as "that ill-omened, insensible, fatal war." He was bitterly opposed to the policy of the Nuncio, and was much prejudiced against Owen Roe O'Neill. Essentially belonging to the Anglo-Irish party, he could not endorse any policy irreconcilable with loyalty to the King of England. During the war he took no part in politics, and lived most of the time secluded in an old castle that had once belonged to Roderic O'Conor. On the surrender of Galway in 1652 he fled to France. We have no particulars of his life in exile at St. Malo. Besides minor works, he was the author of Cambrensis Eversus, published in 1662, under the name of "Gratianus Lucius." It was dedicated to Charles II. This great work, written in Latin, like all his other books, was an eloquent defence of Ireland from the strictures of Giraldus Cambrensis. About the same period appeared his Alithonologia. "As a history of the Anglo-Irish race, especially of their anomalous position under Elizabeth, the Alithonologia has no rival. It is in that work that he gives his opinion on the history of the Irish Catholics, and sketches of their leading men from 1641 to 1652." In 1667 he wrote a pathetic poem, in answer to the question: "Cur in patriam non redis?" "He would not return, he says, because, broken down by age and infirmities, he would be a burthen to himself and others; he could not bear to see reduced to beggary those whose opulence and public spirit had adorned his native town; he could not exchange the free altars and noble churches of France for the garret chapels and dingy hiding places in Ireland; nor behold the churches, where he had officiated for ten years, transferred to another worship." In 1669 he published a life of his uncle, Francis Kirwan, Bishop of Killala - edited with a translation and notes by Rev. C. P. Meehan in 1848. It is probable that he died where his works were published, at St. Malo, between 1667 and 1673. Cambrensis Eversus was republished in 1848 by the Celtic Society of Dublin, in three 8vo. volumes, with a translation and copious notes by the Rev. Matthew Kelly.

Lyon, Mathew, an American politician, was born in the County of Wicklow in 1746. At the age of thirteen he emigrated to New York, assigning himself for a term of years to a farmer, in payment of his passage. During a portion of the War of Independence he served as Colonel of militia, and held some civil appointments. In 1783 he founded the town of Fairhaven in Vermont, and embarked in numerous speculations and manufactures. He was ten years a member of the Vermont Legislature, and while a member of Congress (1797-1801), he gave the vote that made Jefferson President. On one occasion he was imprisoned for four months for libels on President Adams. He became bankrupt in 1812 by engaging in the building of gun-boats for the Government. In 1820 he was made a factor among the Cherokee Indians. Mr. Lyon died at Spadra Bluff, Arkansas, 1st August 1822, aged about 76. He was an able debater, though somewhat rough and impetuous in manner. His son, Chittenden Lyon, took a foremost place for many years as a Kentucky politician.

Lysaght, Edward, a poetical writer, was born in the County of Clare, 21st December 1763. He was educated at Cashel and at Trinity College, where he became a B.A. in 1782. In 1784 he took his degree of M.A. at Oxford; and four years afterwards was called both to the English and Irish Bar. Sir Jonah Barrington tells us that he attempted to practice at the English Bar, but after a short experience declared that he had not law enough for the King's Bench; that he was not dull enough for the Court of Chancery; and that before he could succeed at the Old Bailey, he should shoot Garrow, the then leading practitioner. His valuable services were often eagerly sought at elections, and as a diner-out he was unapproachable. In the end he came to live for little beyond "poetry and pistols, wine and women;" and some of the closing years of his life were spent within "the sanctuary" of Trinity College, to avoid arrest for debt. He is best known for his songs, such as "The Sprig of Shillelagh," and "The Man who led the Van of the Irish Volunteers." But if Barrington can be believed, his patriotism was only assumed, as he received £400 from Castlereagh to write up the Union. He must have died shortly before 1811, at which date a small collection of his Remains was published in Dublin. He was once an associate and intimate acquaintance of Dr. Lanigan, the ecclesiastical historian.

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