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Jackman, Isaac, was born about the middle of the 18th century, in Dublin, where he afterwards practised as an attorney. He ultimately removed to England, and for many years edited the Morning Post. He wrote some dramatic pieces. One, All the World's a Stage, is still occasionally acted. His other works have fallen into oblivion.

Jackson, William, Rev., born of an Irish family, possibly in England, in the middle of the 18th century. His father held a post in the Prerogative Court, Dublin. Early in life he maintained himself as a tutor in London, and afterwards, entering the Church, he became a popular preacher in Tavistock Chapel, Drury-lane. He was next chaplain to the Duchess of Kingston, on whose behalf he engaged in a controversy with Foote, the comedian. He went over to Paris on the business of the Duchess about 1790, and continued to reside there. Early in 1794 he came to Ireland on a secret mission to the leaders of the revolutionary party. Passing through London, he divulged his plans to an old friend John Cockayne, an attorney, who immediately entered into private communication with Pitt. In Dublin, Jackson and Cockayne had interviews with Tone, Rowan, and Lewins, relative to French assistance. Cockayne revealed everything that had passed to the Government, and on the 28th April 1794 Jackson was arrested on a charge of high treason, at Hyde's Coffee­ house, in Palace-street, Dublin. He was tried a year afterwards, and upon Cockayne's evidence convicted. Brought up to receive sentence, 30th April 1795, he managed before entering the court to swallow a quantity of arsenic-in the hope, we are told, that in dying before conviction his little property might be preserved to his family. As he entered the dock he whispered to one of his counsel: "We have deceived the senate." The scene that ensued was one of the most dramatic enacted in those exciting times. His fortitude did not forsake him to the last; for it was scarcely perceived by the spectators that he was ill, when he fell down in the agonies of death, and after a few minutes' struggle died in the dock. In his pocket was found a paper with a few verses from the 25th Psalm, commencing: "Turn thee unto me and have mercy upon me; for I am desolate and afflicted." His remains were followed to St. Michan's (where his tombstone may now be seen) by an immense number of mourners. In Newgate before his trial he wrote a reply to Thomas Paine. A volume of his sermons was printed after his death. Cockayne was requited for the sacrifice of his old friend and client by a pension of £250.

Jacob, Arthur, Dr., an oculist, was born at Knockfin, Maryborough, 30th of June 1790. He studied medicine at Steevens' Hospital, Dublin, and subsequently at Edinburgh, Paris, and London. He settled in Dublin, where his high scientific attainments were soon acknowledged. In 1819 he discovered the membrane in the eye, afterwards called "membrana Jacobi." He was one of the founders of the Park-street School of Medicine, and of the City of Dublin Hospital. In 1838 he started the Dublin Medical Press. He died in September 1874, aged 84, having many years previously retired from practice.

Jacob, Joshua, the leader of an eccentric sect, generally known as "White Quakers," was born in Clonmel about 1805. After a business career of great success as a grocer in Nicholas-street, Dublin, about 1838 he was "disowned" by the Society of Friends, of which he was a member, on account of the extravagance of his preaching and behaviour. He thereupon gathered a few disciples, for the most part members of the Society of Friends, with whom he entered upon a career of the wildest eccentricity. They dressed in white, destroyed everything ornamental in their houses, and cherished innumerable scruples - professing all through to keep to the spiritual sense of the Bible. The society had its principal stations in Dublin, Mountmellick, Clonmel, and Waterford. They issued a series of tracts entitled the Progress of Truth. Joshua Jacob was imprisoned for two years for contempt of court connected with trust property, and while a prisoner fulminated anathemas against Lord-Chancellor Sugden and Master Litton, as "Edward Sugden and thy man Edward Litton." About 1849 he gathered his followers into a communistic society at Newlands, near Dublin, once the residence of Lord Kilwarden. They eschewed the use of meat, used bruised corn alone as food, and accepted the fellowship of all comers. Joshua Jacob had early put away his first wife without cause. After her death he married a Catholic, a woman of humble origin. The community at Newlands soon fell tox pieces, and he returned to "the world," and entered into business at Celbridge. There he reared a large family, all Catholics. The latter part of his life was spent in Wales; and, at least to within a few years of his death, he showed symptoms of delusion upon many questions. He died 15th February 1877, aged about 72, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, where many years before he and his female coadjutor, Abigail Beale, had purchased a plot of ground and erected a bas-relief emblematic of the purity of their faith.

James II., King of England, Ireland, and Scotland, was born at St. James's, London, 15th October 1633, and succeeded his brother, Charles II., 6th February 1685. James retired to France 23rd December 1688, and on 2nd February 1689, was declared to have abdicated the government. Eleven days afterwards his daughter Mary and her husband, William Prince of Orange, were proclaimed Queen and King. James was befriended by Louis XIV., and furnished with a fleet of fifteen sail, carrying a French contingent that numbered about 2,500 men, well supplied with military stores, also several experienced French officers and some English and Irish refugees, all under command of De Rosen. He landed at Kinsale on 12th March 1689. At Cork next day he was met by Tirconnell, whom he created a duke. We are told that his progress towards the capital was like a triumphal procession, he left Cork on the 20th. and reached Lismore that evening; on the 21st he stopped at Clonmel; on the 22nd at Kilkenny; on the 23rd at Kilcullen; and on the 24th he entered Dublin about noon. The houses were decorated, the streets new laid down with gravel, harpers played "God save the King," and "The King shall have his own again," and girls strewed flowers before him on his way from James's-gate to the Castle. James rode on a "pad nag. in a plain cinnamon-coloured cloth suit, a black slouching hat, and a George hung over his shoulder with a blew ribbon." Loyal addresses poured in on all sides. That of the Protestant clergy of Dublin, with the Bishop of Meath at their head, declared that they came "to congratulate your Majesty's arrival, and to assure your Majesty of their resolution to continue firm to that loyalty which the principles of our church oblige us to, which in pursuance to those principles we have hitherto practised. We come, may it please your Majesty, to implore the honour of kissing your Majesty's hand, and your gracious protection for our persons, churches, and religion, and a liberty to represent our just grievances as occasion shall offer: and we shall ever pray." James's Roman Catholicism, which was the original cause of the breach with his English subjects, made him specially acceptable to the majority of the inhabitants of Ireland; while, as might be supposed, the Irish Protestants bitterly resented the changed circumstances in which they found themselves under his rule. They alone had been allowed to carry arms; in many cases they were now, as possible enemies of the King, deprived of the privilege. The free exercise of the Catholic religion was permitted; yet, with the exception of Christ Church Cathedral, retained by James as a Royal Chapel for his own use, and a few churches in remote parts of the country forcibly occupied by the people in contempt of James's orders, the Protestants were left in peaceable possession of the ecclesiastical buildings. Most of the hardships of which the Protestants complained were the inevitable consequences of the great change from a policy based on Protestant ascendancy to one of professedly general toleration, and of the abrogation of the Cromwellian settlement made thirty-six years previously, and the restoration of their lands to the original Catholic proprietors. A tolerably clear conception of the state of affairs in Ireland under James II. can best be arrived at by a perusal of Archbishop King's State of the Protestants of Ireland under the late King James's Government, London, 1691, Leslie's Answer thereto, published anonymously next year, and the numerous contemporary tracts. In the appendices of the first-named work are to be found a number of valuable illustrative lists and documents. Having given directions for the summoning of a parliament, James proceeded to Londonderry, but was unable to make any impression on the inhabitants of that city, who bravely held out for King William. Parliament assembled in Dublin on 7th May, at the King's Inns, on the site of the present Four Courts. The House of Lords consisted of: Sir Alexander Fitton, Lord-Chancellor; Boyle, Protestant Archbishop of Armagh; the Duke of Tirconnell; 9 Earls; 17 Viscounts; 4 Protestant Bishops; 20 Barons; altogether 53 members - about half Catholic and half Protestant. The House of Commons numbered 233, almost exclusively Catholic, no representatives appearing from the following constituencies, situated in districts not acknowledging James's authority: Antrim, Arklow, Augher, Ballyshannon, Baltinglass, Bangor, Birr, St. Canice, Carrickdrumrusk, Carrickfergus, Clogher, Coleraine, County of Donegal, Donegal, Down, Duleek, Dunleer, Enniskillen, County of Fermanagh, Hillsborough, Kells, Killybegs, lifford, Limavady, Lismore, County of Londonderry, Londonderry, Longford, Monaghan, Newtown, Tallow, Thurles, Tipperary, and Tulsk. James, dressed in the royal robes and bearing the crown on his head, opened the proceedings in person, and his speech was responded to by a unanimous vote of confidence. Large subsidies were voted, and the utmost alacrity was shown in the effort to establish his authority firmly in Ireland, and help him to re­ gain the English crown. Thirty-five Acts were passed; the principal were the following: Enacting that the Parliament of England could not bind Ireland; repealing the Acts of Settlement and Explanation; declaring liberty of conscience and the equality of all religions; encouraging the settlement of strangers and others in Ireland; prohibiting the importation of English, Scotch, or Welsh coals; for the advance and improvement of trade, and the encouragement and increase of shipping and navigation; for vesting in the King the goods of absentees; discontinuing the celebration of 23rd October as a thanksgiving day. By far the most important was An Act for the Attainder of Divers Rebels, and for Preserving the Interest of Loyal Subjects, under which about 2,515 landed proprietors, mostly Protestants, were, from one cause or another, attainted or declared guilty of treason, and deprived of their estates. The Bishop of Meath (Dr. Anthony Dopping) and other members made courageous and eloquent appeals against the passage of this Act. A measure which gave great umbrage was the establishment of a mint, and the coinage of a quantity of brass into shillings and half- crowns of a nominal value of £965,375 - perhaps one hundred times its intrinsic worth. Archbishop King, in his State of the Protestants of Ireland, gives a recital of the consequences of the enforced circulation of this money. [These pieces were occasionally current in Ireland until 1861 - the half-crowns "passing" as bad pence, and the shillings as bad half-pence.] Parliament was prorogued the 20th July. The computed force of his army at this period, in garrison and the field, was 42,432 men. The siege of Londonderry was raised the end of July, and the same day James's troops suffered a signal defeat at the hands of the Enniskilleners at Newtownbutler. On 13th August the Duke of Schomberg landed at Bangor with 10,000 men in the service of William III., but was not able to penetrate farther south than Dundalk, where he established his winter quarters. He wisely declined giving battle to James, who moved north at the head of about 20,000 men. Some brilliant exploits of Sarsfield in Connaught - sweeping the English out of Sligo and securing Galway - ended the campaign. The winter of 1689-90 was spent in Dublin by James to no good purpose. Macaulay says: "Strict discipline and regular drilling might, in the interval between November and May, have turned the athletic and enthusiastic peasants who were assembled under his standard into good soldiers. But the opportunity was lost. The court of Dublin was, during that season of inaction, busied with dice and claret, love letters and challenges." We are told that Avaux, the French minister, adjured James to pay more strict attention to affairs; but his appeals were neglected. On the 27th March a French army of 6,000, under Count Lauzun, was landed at Cork and Kinsale from a squadron of thirty-six ships of the line, besides transports; and early in April a large supply of stores was landed. Lauzun found no preparation made for his troops in the south, and marched north to Dublin. James sent to Louis XIV. five Irish infantry regiments, under Lord Mountcashel and Colonels O'Brien, Dillon, Butler, and Fielding. They were landed in France early in May, and formed the nucleus of the Irish Brigades. Lauzun was now appointed Commander-in-chief of the Irish army, with apartments in the Castle. Finding the funds in the Treasury at a very low ebb, he waived drawing his pay, which had been fixed at £10,000 a year. The campaign was inauspiciously opened for James on 12th May, by Schomberg's capture of Charlemont fort, after a brave defence by Teigue O'Regan. On the 14th June William III. landed at Carrickfergus, with a large force, chiefly foreign Protestants, and joined Schomberg. On the 16th James marched north to meet him, at the head of about 25,000 men. He was at Dundalk on the 22nd, but fell back as William marched south, at length taking up a position on the Boyne, where a decisive battle was fought on Tuesday, 1st July. James, with some 30,000 men, held the south side of the river near Donore, two miles above Drogheda, which was garrisoned by his troops. William, with 36,000 men, proposed to force the shallow passage. He was superior to James, not only in number of men, but in discipline of his troops, in material, and in artillery. At the last moment James appeared anxious to avert an engagement, which was, however, pressed upon him by his Irish officers. In the dispositions for the fight he made a fatal mistake in not securing the bridge of Slane, a few miles up the river, and it was crossed early on the morning of the 1st by 10,000 of William's troops, under General Douglas. To keep them in check, and to prevent his flank from being turned, James was obliged to weaken his centre by the detachment of a large body of his best troops. About ten o'clock, under cover of a heavy fire from his batteries, the main body of William's army commenced the passage of the river. They met with a stout resistance from the Irish, who fought well. The contest continued all day with varying fortune, and it was not until night began to fall that James's troops gave way, and poured through the Pass of Duleek in broken masses, the retreat being effectually covered by some reserve regiments of cavalry. The Irish loss at the battle of the Boyne is generally set down at 1,500, including Lord Dungan, Lord Carlingford, and Sir Neal O'Neill; William's at 500, including Duke Schomberg, who was the first that fell as the army crossed the ford. [For further par­ ticulars of the battle, see WILLIAM III.] James was almost the first to convey the news of his own defeat to Dublin. Lady Tirconnell met him on the Castle steps. "Madame," he is reported to have said, "your countrymen can run well." "If so," replied the lady, "I see your Majesty has won the race." At six o'clock next morning, 2nd July, James summoned the Lord Mayor and some of the principal inhabitants to the Castle, advised them to submit to William's army, and not to let the French troops injure the city, and made the remark, so ungracious to the representatives of a people who had staked life and property in his cause, "I never more determine to head an Irish army, and do now resolve to shift for myself, and so, gentlemen, must you." He then took his departure with a small retinue, and according to one account, rode through the County of Wicklow, never drawing rein until he reached the Castle of the Deeps on the Slaney, where he spent the night at the house of a Quaker. He pressed on next day (the 3rd) to Duncannon Fort, near Waterford, where he went on board a French vessel Lauzun had in waiting for him. It is said to have sailed without even waiting to weigh anchor. [A large anchor, supposed to have been that cut away on this occasion, was dredged up in 1866, and presented to the Marquis of Abercorn, a descendant of one of James's adherents who fled with him.] According to other accounts James rode through from Dublin to Duncannon with but two hours' rest at the house of a Mr. Hacket, near Arklow. In either case, from Duncannon he sailed to Kinsale, where was a small fleet of store ships and transports, in one of which he reached Brest on the 20th July. The war in Ireland was continued another year by Sarsfield and the French general St. Ruth. When, after the surrender of Limerick next year, nearly 30,000 Irish troops passed over to France, James reviewed them as they arrived at Vannes, and elsewhere in Brittany, thanking them for their zeal and sufferings in his service. Although they formed part of the French army and were in French pay, the greater portion of the Irish Brigade continued nominally in James's service, and the officers held commissions directly from him. He spent the remainder of his life at St. Germain's, a pensioner of Louis XIV., and died 16th September 1701, aged 67.

Jameson, Anna, an authoress, was born in Dublin in 1797. Her father, Mr. Murphy, a miniature painter of repute, gave her an excellent education, and imbued her with an intelligent love of art. In 1824 she married Mr. R. S. Jameson, a barrister. He was subsequently appointed Vice-Chancellor of Canada; and they went to reside there. This union proved unhappy, a virtual though not legal separation took place, and Mrs. Jameson returned to Europe to a life of literary effort. Her works enjoyed an extensive popularity, and we are told that "few writers of the age have done so much to refine the public taste, and diffuse a knowledge of the great masters of art." Her chief works were: Diary of an Ennuyee (1826), Loves of the Poets (1829), Characteristics of Women (1832), Beauties of the Court of Charles II. (l833), Visits and Sketches at Home and Abroad (1834), Memoirs of Early Italian Painters (1845), Memoirs and Essays on Art, Literature, and Social Morals (1846), Legends of the Monastic Orders as represented in 'the Fine Arts (1850). Rev. W. E. Channing wrote of her: "I do not know a writer whose works breathe more of the spontaneous, the free. Beauty and truth seem to come to her unsought." Christopher North calls her "one of the most eloquent of our female writers; full of feeling and fancy; a true enthusiast with a glowing soul." During the latter part of her life she was untiring in her efforts to improve the position of women, and to this cause on several occasions devoted her pen. For some years before her death she was in receipt of a Civil List pension. She died 17th March i860, aged about 63.

Jarvis, John, an artist, distinguished for his paintings on glass, was born in Dublin about 1749. His chemical studies in early life enabled him to attain great eminence in his artistic line. Among his best works are the west window of New College chapel, Oxford, from the design of Sir Joshua Reynolds: and the "Resurrection," designed by West, in the east window of St. George's Chapel, Windsor. He died in London in 1804.

Jebb, John, Bishop of Limerick, was born at Drogheda, 27th September 1775. He received his early education at Celbridge and Londonderry, and entered Trinity College, where he distinguished himself. In 1799 he ordained, and entered upon a curacy at Swanlinbar. He gradually gained preferment, and was consecrated Bishop of Limerick in 1823. He was the author of several theological works. He died 7th December 1833, aged 58, having been incapacitated from any public duties for six years by paralysis. The London Christian Observer said of him,: "Perhaps he approaches more closely the standard of the amiable and pious Fenelon, whose deeply spiritual sentiments we could sometimes fancy him to have enunciated with the superior energy of a Massillon or a Bourdaloue." He is spoken of by another writer as an "amiable, accomplished, and pious man,.. one of the most engaging and soundly constituted characters that have ever been delineated for the lasting benefit of mankind." The name of this divine will perhaps survive longest in his correspondence with Alexander Knox. [See KNOX, ALEXANDER.]

Jephson, Robert, dramatist and poet, was born in Ireland in 1736. Entering the army, he attained the rank of captain; and when his regiment, the 73rd, was reduced in 1763, he was put on the half-pay list. He was intimate with Burke, Johnson, and Goldsmith. In 1767 he married the daughter of Sir E. Barry, the physician, and procuring a government appointment in Dublin, resided there for the remainder of his life. He sat in the House of Commons in the government interest, but did not in any way distinguish himself. Jephson was an intimate friend of Edmund Malone, in whose Memoirs he is constantly mentioned. "In the society of the Castle and its chief - amid the wit, talents, and hospitality which then shone pre-eminent in Dublin, he found the position fitted above all others for that species of enjoyment, where the flow of soul was aided by liberal streams of claret and whisky punch." He wrote numerous works, of which the tragedies of Braganza (1775) and the Count of Narbonne (1781) were the most popular. He died at Blackrock, County of Dublin, 31st May 1803, aged about 67.

Jervas, Charles, a portrait painter, was born in Ireland about 1675. He studied under Sir Godfrey Kneller, visited Paris and Rome, settled in London in 1708, and died there about 1740. A second-rate artist, he was distinguished by his vanity and his good fortune. "He married a widow with £20,000; and his natural self-conceit was greatly encouraged by his intimate friend Pope, who has written an epistle to Jervas full of silly flattery." We are told that "on one occasion, having copied a picture of Titian, he looked alternately at the two, and at last exclaimed: 'Poor little Tit, how he would stare!' When Kneller was told that Jervas had set up a carriage with four horses, he exclaimed: 'Ah, mine cot, if his horses do not draw better than he does, he will never get to his journey's end.'

Joannes Scotus Erigena, a celebrated scholar and metaphysician, a native of Ireland, flourished in the 9th century, He is said to have studied in Greece, and to have appeared in France before the year 847, and at the court of Charles the Bald before 853. He was on terms of intimacy with this monarch, by whom he was greatly esteemed. Some of his theological writings are considered heterodox. His Dialogus de Divisione Naturae displays wonderful erudition and an intimate acquaintance with the Greek language. He died in France about 874. Numerous works are attributed to him, of which the principal, besides that just mentioned, were De Praedestinatione Dei, De Visione Dei, and De Corpore et Sanguine Domini. Interesting references to his writings will be found in an article in the Biographie Generale, which combats the supposition of his nationality being other than Irish. Allibone quotes an author who says: "He was a skilful logician and controversialist, and had imbibed, by the perusal of some of the Greek Fathers, a considerable taint of the Platonism of the school of Alexandria. He thus became one of the founders of the philosophic school of the Realists, who attracted so much attention in the 11th and 12th centuries. Anastasius had so high an opinion of Erigena that he ascribed his translation of the works of Dionysius to the special influence of the spirit of God." Considering the important place he holds amongst ecclesiastical writers, provokingly little is known concerning his personal history. George H. Lewis writes: "Scotus Erigena, with whom in the middle of the 9th century scholasticism may be said to begin, if any definite beginning can properly be assigned to it,.. was thus denounced by the Bishop of Lyons: 'By his vain and pernicious eloquence [he] so subjugates his auditors, that they no longer humbly submit themselves to the divine Scriptures, nor to the authority of the Fathers, but prefer to follow his fantastic reveries.' Erigena made himself the mouthpiece of those who sought a rational basis, however narrow, for their convictions. This idea once suggested could not be disregarded. The Church thundered against it, but the very echoes of that thunder only aroused a more wide-spread and prolonged attention to the idea." The Encylopaedia Britannica says: "This eminent thinker stands alone as an original advocate of pantheism during this entire epoch... He begins with Absolute Unity as the origin and essence of all things, and endeavours, in his De Divisione Naturae, to explain how this radical unity, or Deity, has produced the universe of multiplicities with which he is emphatically identical. From the plenitude of the Divine Intelligence first causes (primordiales causae) are derived, which gave birth in turn to the world of nature, destined ultimately to return to the bosom of the absolute... He winds up his theory of human knowledge in these words: (Everything is God; God is everything; God is the only real substantial existence.'" A complete edition of the works of this great man, by H. J. Floss, was published in the Patrologia of Abbe Migne at Paris in 1863.

Jocelyn, Robert, Earl of Roden, a distinguished Orangeman, was born 27th October 1788. His great-grandfather, Robert Jocelyn, Lord-Chancellor of Ireland, was elevated to the peerage as Viscount Jocelyn, in 1755, while his grandfather was created Earl of Roden in 1771. He succeeded to the title and estates in Herts and Louth, in 1820. Lord Roden was created a peer of the United Kingdom as Baron Clanbrassil, in 1821. As member of Parliament for Dundalk, and afterwards in the House of Lords, he was the unswerving advocate of Conservative principles -trusted and honoured by his party, and beloved by the members of the Orange Association, which he joined at an early age, and of which he was Grand Master. He was deprived of the commission of the peace and other county honours on account of his strong party bias. He took a prominent part at most of the great Protestant and Conservative gatherings in the north of Ireland in his lifetime, and was strong in his opposition to O'Connell and his policy during one of the stormiest political periods of Irish history. His addresses are said to have been characterized by "prudent wisdom and Christian kindness.. he was a model Orangeman." Lord Roden died at Edinburgh (whither he had gone some months previously for the benefit his health) on the 20th March 1870, aged 81.

John, styled "King of England, Lord of Ireland," and so forth, was born at Oxford, 24th December 1166, and came to Ireland as Viceroy in 1185. It is said to have been King Henry's intention to have him crowned King of Ireland. Pope Urban III. had ratified his title to the crown, and even transmitted a diadem of gold interwoven with peacock's feathers; but dread of the jealousy of his other sons prevented Henry carrying this plan into execution. The prince was accompanied by Giraldus Cambrensis as tutor and secretary, and was attended by a numerous retinue, comprising many ecclesiastics, 300 knights, and a large body of cavalry, archers, and men- at-arms, all in sixty ships. Sailing from Milford, the fleet reached Waterford about noon on Easter Thursday, 1185. We are told that several of the chiefs who came to pay their respects to him on his arrival were insulted by the youths of his suite, who mocked their long beards, which appeared ridiculous to the closely-shaven Anglo-Normans. The native princes were further incensed by lands which they believed Henry II. had secured to them, being seized and given to John's followers. Yielding to the allurements of vice, and repelling the counsels of his advisers, John devoted himself to luxurious enjoyment, and squandered among his associates the revenues of the towns which should have been applied to the defence of the colony and the payment of the soldiery. In a series of unsuccessful engagements with the Irish he lost almost his entire army, including some of his most valiant knights, and several of the newly erected castles were sacked by the native princes. Part of these troubles were due to intrigues fomented by Hugh de Lacy, who was incensed at having been superseded in the viceroyalty. After a sojourn of about eight months in Ireland, John was recalled and the government was committed to De Courcy. His character is thus sketched by Cambrensis at the time: "He is more given to pleasure than to arms, to dalliance than endurance; to juvenile levity, more as yet, than to manly maturity, which he has not attained. He employs most of his time in those evil courses which gallants pursue, by which even youths who are naturally good are often roused to feats of arms." John was crowned King on 27th May 1199, and again visited Ireland in 1210. The Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, 1171-1251, is full of interesting particulars of his preparations for the expedition, and of the stores and warlike material got together, much the same as those enumerated in his father's preparations for the invasion of the island twenty-eight years before. [See HENRY II.] This second expedition was principally for the purpose of chastising De Braosa, De Lacy, and other lords then in rebellion against his authority. His fleet consisted of 700 vessels. He landed at Waterford on 20th June. Thence he marched to Thomastown, Kilkenny, and Naas, and on the 28th June arrived at Dublin. There he tarried but two days; and then proceeded north to Trim and Kells. Reinforced by O'Brien of Thomond, and Cathal O'Conor, King of Connaught, he marched against Hugh de Lacy. Passing through Dundalk, Carlingford, and Downpatrick, he arrived at Carrickfergus. This stronghold he besieged and captured, making prisoners of De Lacy's bravest soldiers. De Braosa's wife and his relatives were captured in Galloway. The King liberated them on guarantee of a payment of 50,000 marks ransom. On the 29th July King John turned southwards, marched through Drogheda and Kells, and reached Dublin again on 18th August. There he delayed about a week, occupied with public affairs. The Anglo-Norman lords were compelled to swear obedience to the laws of England; he divided the territories under his sway into twelve counties - Dublin, Kildare, Meath, Uriel (or Louth), Catherlagh (or Carlow), Kilkenny, Wexford, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, Kerry, and Tipperary, and arrangements were made for the government of the country. He granted a charter to the King of Connaught, who surrendered to John the castle of Athlone, and consented to hold his territories from the King for a subsidy of 5,000 marks, and an annual payment in Dublin of 300 marks. John ordered the erection of numerous castles, and confirmed charters he had granted to the Leper Hospital at Waterford and other institutions. After a sojourn of sixty-six days in Ireland, John landed at Fishguard, in Wales, on the 26th of August. The first sterling money was coined in Ireland under his directions. His vigorous efforts for the government of Ireland on the occasion of his second visit scarcely accord with the disposition usually attributed to him. In 1213 John surrendered his kingdom of England and lordship of Ireland to Pope Innocent III., and received them back, swearing fealty and promising to pay yearly 700 marks to the English church, and 300 marks to the Irish; and on 28th October next year the Pope issued a bull commanding the archbishops, bishops, abbots, prelates, princes, earls, barons, knights, and people of Ireland, to preserve fealty to King John. John died at Newark Castle, Notts, 19th October 1216, aged 49, and was buried in Worcester Cathedral.

Johnson, Guy, Colonel, a prominent loyalist in the American Revolution, was born in Ireland about 1740. He served against the French in North America in 1757, and commanded a company of rangers under Amherst in 1759. In 1744 we find him superintendent of the Indian department. His zeal as a loyalist on the breaking out of the Revolution obliged him to fly to Montreal. Afterwards he participated in the exploits of Brant and the Mohawks, and was in the battles of Chemung and Newtown in western New York between them and General Sullivan. His estates were confiscated, and he died in poverty in London, 5th March 1788, aged about 48. At one period of his life he managed a theatre at New York.

Johnson, Sir Henry, Bart., G.C.B., General, was born in Dublin in 1748, entered the army in 1761, and rose through the several grades - Captain, 1763; Lieutenant-Colonel, 1778; Colonel, 1782; Major-General, 1793; General, 1808. He commanded a battalion of Irish light infantry in the American Revolutionary War, and was severely wounded; and while in command at Stony Point was surprised by General Wayne on the night of the 15th July 1779, and made prisoner with his whole force. In 1782 he married an American lady, and returned to England after the capture of Yorktown. During the Insurrection of 1798 he commanded a division of the army in the County of Wexford, and on 5th June defended New Ross. It was attacked early in the morning of that day by an overwhelming body of insurgents under Bagenal Harvey, who were at first successful, driving most of General Johnson's troops out of the town, but not following up their success, and abandoning themselves to pillage and inebriety, were in the afternoon obliged to retreat to Slievecoiltia. Musgrave places the insurgent loss at 2,500, while Johnson's casualties numbered altogether but 227. In the engagement General Johnson displayed signal bravery, and had two horses shot under him. Lord Cornwallis thus writes of him: "Johnson, although a wrong-headed blockhead, is adored for his defence at New Ross, and considered as the saviour of the south." General Johnson received a baronetcy in 1818, and died 18th March 1835, aged about 87, being succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, a distinguished Peninsular officer, who survived until 27th June 1860.

Johnson, James, M.D., a distinguished physician, was born at Ballinderry, County of Cork, in 1777. Having taken out his degree, he entered the navy, served on the Walcheren expedition, in 1812 was appointed surgeon to the North Sea fleet, in 1814 surgeon to the Duke of Clarence, and, upon the Duke's accession to the throne, Surgeon-extraordinary to his Majesty. He enjoyed a large practice in London, being especially consulted by persons whose health had suffered from residence in hot climates. Besides editing the Medico- Chirurgical Review., his treatises on Influence of Tropical Climates, Economy of Health, and Indigestion have enjoyed considerable reputation. He died at Brighton 9th October 1845. The Annual Register, in recording his death, remarks: "The doctor was a lively as well as philosophical writer, and his books of travels are an amusing melange of gossiping anecdote, shrewd observation, and professional dissertation."

Johnson, Sir William, Bart., General, one of the early settlers of New York State, was born in the County of Down in 1715, the younger son of a gentleman of good family. In 1738 he went to America to manage the property of his uncle, Admiral Sir Peter Warren, established himself in the Mohawk Valley, about twenty-four miles from Schenectady, New York, and embarked in trade with the Indians, whom he always treated with perfect honesty and justice. Drake says that, "by acquainting himself with their language, and accommodating himself to their manners and dress, by his easy, dignified, and affable manner, he won their confidence, acquired over them an influence greater than was ever possessed by any other white man, and was adopted by the Mohawks as one of their tribe, and chosen sachem." During the French war of 1743-'48 he acted as sole superintendent of the Indians. In 1750 he was returned a member of the Provincial Council. We are told that three years afterwards he severed his connexion with Indian affairs; yet in 1754 we find him attending a grand council with them, and in 1755 Braddock made him sole superintendent of the Six Nations. The same year he acted as Commander-in-chief of the expedition against Crown Point. On 8th September 1755 Johnson defeated Baron Dieskau at Lake George, was wouuded in the hip, and received the thanks of Parliament, £5,000, and a baronetcy. In 1756 George II. confided to him a permanent care over the Indians, with a salary of £600. He was engaged with his Indians in the abortive attempts to relieve Oswego and Fort William Henry, and was present at the repulse of Abercrombie at Ticonderoga in 1758. Second in Prideaux's expedition against Fort Niagara in 1759, he took the supreme command upon that leader's death. He continued the siege with vigour, cut to pieces the French army sent to its relief, and compelled the garrison to surrender at discretion. With his Indian allies, he took part in Amherst's expedition of 1760, which ended in the surrender of Canada to the British. For his services he received a tract of 100,000 acres north of the Mohawk - long known as Kingsland, or the "Royal Grant." There he fostered agriculture, lived in baronial style, and exercised the most unbounded hospitality. By his wife, who died young, he had a son, John, knighted in 1765, and two daughters, who married military officers; and by a sister of the great Mohawk sachem Brant, with whom he lived happily the rest of his life, he had eight children. Sir William was the author of a paper on The Customs, Manners, and Language of the Indians, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1772. He died near Johnstown, Fulton County, New York, 11th July 1774, aged about 59.

Johnstone, Charles, author of Chrysal or the Adventures of a Guinea, was born at Carrigogunnel, County of Limerick, about 1719. He was called to the Bar, but deafness prevented him from practising otherwise than as a chamber counsel. His Chrysal attracted much attention at the time, revealing as it did the secret springs of some current politics, and exposing the profligacy of several men of rank. Amongst other works he wrote the Reverie. In 1782 he sailed for India, where he became the proprietor of a newspaper, and having acquired considerable property, died in Calcutta about 1800.

Johnstone, John Henry, actor and vocalist, was born in 1750, in Tipperary, where his father was a farmer. When eighteen years of age he enlisted in a dragoon regiment, where his abilities attracted the attention of the colonel, who bought him out and placed him in a position suitable for the display of his dramatic powers. His success in Dublin, and in London, whither he removed in 1783, was marked; in the delineation of Irish characters he is stated to have shone pre-eminent. In 1803 he quitted Covent- garden for Drury-lane, and the same summer visited Dublin, where his company was obliged to play in the day-time, in consequence of martial law being then in force. He amassed a large fortune, which was inherited by his daughter, Mrs. Wallack, and her children. He died in London, 26th December 1828, aged about 78, and was interred in a vault under the church of St. Paul, Covent-garden. "In the records of the stage no actor ever approached Johnstone in Irish characters. Sir Lucius O'Trigger, Callaghan O'Brallaghan, Major O'Flaherty, Teague, Tully, and Dennis Brulgruddery were portrayed by him in exquisite colours. In fact they stood alone for felicity of nature and original merit." "His rich and delicious singing, and his agreeable and social manners gained the hearts of gentle and simple in his native city. There have been many excellent actors of the low Irishman, but there has been only one comedian that could delineate the refined Irish gentleman, and enter into the genuine unsophisticated humour of a son of the Emerald Isle, with equal talent."

Jones, Frederick E., a well-known theatrical manager, was born at Vesingstown, in the County of Meath, about 1759. Several of his early years were spent on the Continent; in 1794 he was permitted by patent to conduct subscription theatricals in Dublin; and in 1795 the Earl of Westmoreland nominated him to raise a fencible regiment. In 1796 he purchased Mr. Daly's interest in Crow-street Theatre, which he beautified and conducted with considerable success for many years, notwithstanding the political disturbances of the time, and the occasional outrageous conduct of Dublin audiences. Full particulars of his management will be found in Gilbert's History of Dublin. He was considered one of the handsomest men of his time, and was popularly known as "Buck Jones." His name is preserved in Jones's- road, Dublin, which led to his mansion of Clonliffe House. He died in 1834.

Jones, Henry, Bishop of Meath, was born in Wales about the year 1605. [His father, Lewis Jones, Bishop of Killaloe, died in Dublin in 1646, aged about 103, and was buried in St. Werburgh's. He had four sons - Sir Theophilus Jones, a captain in the army; Colonel Michael Jones, an able Parliamentary officer, appointed Governor of Dublin, who defeated Ormond at the battle of Rathmines; Henry Jones, the subject of this notice; and Ambrose Jones, Bishop of Kildare.] In October 1641 Henry Jones unsuccessfully defended the castle of Belanenagh against the O'Reillys, was for a time held prisoner by the Irish, and after his release was instrumental in the preservation of Drogheda, by giving the Lords-Justices timely notice of a plan for its seizure. He did much to mitigate the sufferings of the Protestants during the war, and went to London to collect money for their relief. Upon his return in 1645 he wa consecrated Bishop of Clogher; yet we afterwards find him Scout-Master-General to Cromwell's army, a post which Ware declares "not so decent for one of his function." Appearing early in favour of the Restoration, his countenance of Cromwell was forgotten, and in 1661 he was advanced to the see of Meath. Fifteen years Vice-Chancellor of Trinity College, he made considerable improvements in the Library. He died in Dublin, 5th January 1681, and was buried in St. Andrew's Church. Harris styles him "a prelate of considerable fame for his learning and profound judgment in politicks, hospitality, and a constant exercise of preaching." Besides numerous sermons, he wrote historical relations of the War of 1641-'52, an account of St. Patrick's Purgatory, and several works enumerated in Harris's Ware. Harris says in his notice of Lewis Jones and his sons: "From the first of these gentlemen [Sir Theophilus Jones, above mentioned] are descended three orphan females, who are the printers of these sheets. 'God is the judge, he maketh low, and he maketh high.'" The printer of Ware's first volume in 1739 is E. Jones - probably the "Miss Elizabeth Jones, 3 Books," in the list of subscribers. Both she and Harris lived in Clarendon- street.

Jones, Henry, a poet and dramatist of the 18th century, was born at Drogheda. While still a journeyman bricklayer in 1745, some poetry which he wrote secured him an introduction to the Earl of Chesterfield, then Lord-Lieutenant. This nobleman took him under his protection, brought him to London, introduced him to society, and prevailed on the managers of Covent Garden Theatre to bring out one of his plays, The Earl of Essex, With fair abilities and good friends, success was assured, were it not for his capricious temper and irregular life. He died in poverty, in a London garret, April 1770.

Jones, Thomas, Archbishop of Dublin and Lord-Chancellor, was born in Lancashire about 1550, and was educated at Cambridge. Entering the Church, he married Archbishop Loftus's sister-in-law, and was shortly afterwards (1581) appointed Dean of St. Patrick's. In combination with his Chapter, he made some disgraceful demises of the property of the Church - one afterwards endorsed by Dean Swift as "A lease of Coolmine, made by that rascal, Dean Jones, and the knaves or fools of his Chapter, to one John Allen.. for £2 per annum, now worth £150." In 1584 he was appointed to the see of Meath, and on Archbishop Loftus's death in 1605 was promoted Archbishop of Dublin and made Lord-Chancellor. The consecutive parliamentary history of Ireland may be said to date from his time - the Journal of the House of Commons commencing 18th May 1613. His legal functions were not onerous; but the obstinancy of the Catholics in adhering to their religion aroused his ire; and he treated "recusants" with unrelenting severity. He caused extensive repairs to be made in his Cathedral of Christ Church. The Archbishop died 10th April 1619, and was buried in St. Patrick's, where his monument may be seen. This prelate is thought to have been the author of An Answer to Tyrone's Seditious Declaration sent to the Catholics of the Pale in 1596, which remains in manuscript in Marsh's Library, and in that of Trinity College, Dublin. Both he and his son Roger, created Viscount Ranelagh, were engaged in bitter disputes with Lord Howth. Letters from both parties occupy considerable space in the Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, 16O8-'1O (London 1874).

Jordan, Dorothea, a distinguished actress, was born near Waterford in 1762. Her maiden name was Bland. When but sixteen she went on the stage, appearing in Dublin in Mr. Daly's company under the assumed name of Miss Francis, so as not to hurt the susceptibilities of her father's relatives. The charms of her manner, her graceful figure, her talents, and her voice, captivated the public, and it was not long before she came to be acknowledged one of the foremost British actresses. She appeared in London in October 1785, as Mrs. Johnson. Hazlitt, in his criticisms of the stage, writes of her: "Her face, her tones, her manner, were irresistible; her smile had the effect of sunshine, and her laugh did one good to hear it; her voice was eloquence itself - it seemed as if her heart was always at her mouth. She was all gaiety, openness, and good nature; she rioted in her fine animal spirits, and gave more pleasure than any other actress, because she had the greatest spirit of enjoyment in herself." In 1790 she became the acknowledged mistress of the Duke of Clarence (afterwards William IV.), and for twenty years they lived happily together. About 1811, partly in consequence, it is said, of her extravagance, a separation took place, and an annuity of £4,400 was secured to her upon certain conditions. In August 1815 she was obliged to fly to France from her creditors, and at Versailles, under the name of Johnson, in the greatest privacy, she awaited in vain some settlement of her affairs. She died at St. Cloud the 3rd July 1816, aged about 54. Sir Jonah Barrington bears the highest testimony to Mrs. Jordan's disposition and accomplishments. Mrs. Jordan had nine children by the Duke of Clarence, who were granted the titles and precedency of the younger issue of a marquis. The sons were well provided for in the army, the navy, or the Church; the eldest was created Viscount FitzClarence, and eventually Earl of Munster, whilst the daughters made brilliant marriages.

Jumper, Sir William, a distinguished naval officer, was born at Bandon about the middle of the 17th century - his commission as Second Lieutenant being dated 29th November 1688. Six years afterwards his high reputation gained him the command of the Weymouth. Besides other important services, he captured off the coast of Ireland several French privateers, and in 1695 some French vessels in the Channel. He served under Sir George Rooke in the expedition against Cadiz, was instrumental in the reduction of Gibraltar, and signalized himself in a naval engagement off Malaga. Returning from the Straits with Sir Cloudesley Shovel in 1707, he arrived at Falmouth in safety on the 22nd October, the same day that Sir Cloudesley and part of his fleet were lost on the Scilly Isles. He was knighted, and in 1714 was appointed resident Navy Commissioner at Plymouth, and died 12th March 1715.

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