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Haliday, William, a promising Irish scholar, who died at an early age, the son of a Dublin tradesman, was born about 1788. He studied Irish as a dead language, and produced a grammar in his nineteenth year. He was one of the founders of the Gaelic Society, and projected a translation of Keating's History of Ireland with the Irish text and a memoir of the author, only one volume of which (8vo. Dublin 1811) had appeared at the time of his death, aged 23, on 26th October 1812. Edward O'Reilly, in the preface of his Irish Dictionary (1821), acknowledges in warm terms his obligations to him. The inscription on his tomb in Dundrum churchyard, County of Dublin, was written by his friend Dr. Lanigan. He is thus spoken of in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. xv.: "A Grammar of the Irish Language, Dublin, 1808, published in 8vo. under the fictitious signature 'E. O. C; but the author was William Haliday, a native of Dublin, and a singularly gifted youth, who not only compiled this grammar, but published the first volume of a most excellent translation of Keating's History of Ireland, with the original on collateral pages. He also proceeded on a lexicon of the language, which he would have published, but was prevented by a premature death at the early age of twenty-three. Had this young gentleman lived he would most probably have achieved more for the ancient literature of Ireland than any other individual of his time. His early display of talents, and deep knowledge of the Greek, Latin, and some of the Oriental languages, joined with unwearied antiquarian research and an enthusiastic zeal for devoting his talents to the service of his country, would have rendered him one of its brightest literary ornaments.”

Haliday, Charles, a distinguished Irish antiquary, a Dublin merchant, brother of preceding, was born in 1789. He was elected one of the Royal Irish Academy in January 1847, and thenceforward was among its most active and useful members. For many years he was on the council. His paper on the ancient name of Dublin is printed in the 22nd vol. of the Transactions; that on the Danes and Danish antiquities of Ireland, read but not printed, he afterwards set himself to extend and develop. He made some important discoveries relative to the history of Dublin and the extended rule of the Danish colony of that city. He did not live to complete the work, but his manuscript was consigned to Mr. John P. Prendergast, who is now (1877) engaged in preparing it for publication. He died 14th September 1866, aged 77, and was buried in Monkstown cemetery, County of Dublin. His splendid collection of pamphlets on Irish affairs was presented by his widow to the Royal Irish Academy; and his portrait, painted by order of the Academy, adorns its walls.

Halpine, Charles G., Major, an author, better known by the pseudonym of "Miles O'Reilly," was born at Oldcastle, in the County of Meath, November 1829. His father, a clergyman, a scholar, and an author, was at the time of his birth editor of the Dublin Evening Mail, Having passed through Trinity College, when but eighteen he emigrated to America, and was engaged on the press in New York and Boston until April 1861, when he volunteered in the Union army and rose to the grade of major in the regular service. He resigned in 1864, and became editor of the Citizen, supported Mr. Lincoln's second candidature, and was appointed Register of the County of New York. He died from an overdose of chloroform, 3rd August 1868, aged 38. While serving in the south he wrote Poems by the Letter H, two volumes of humorous writings under the name of "Private Miles O'Reilly," and a volume of war songs and verses, which became favourites in the army. The New York Times says: "Personally, General Halpine was extremely popular. Fond of society, and overflowing with wit and humour, his presence was ever welcome in the social circle. As a writer he was sprightly, terse, and vigorous. His last poetical production was written on the occasion of the gathering at Jones's Wood, to raise funds for the erection of a monument to the Irish soldiers who fell during the war. It is entitled `Lines for the Day,' and was recited by the author during the gathering.

Hamilton, Count Anthony, was born in Ireland about 1646. In childhood his family passed over to France as followers of the fortunes of Charles II. He died at St. Germain's, in 1720, aged 74. Rose says: "He was an elegant and accomplished character, and was for many years the delight and ornament of the most splendid circles of society, by his wit, his taste, and above all by his writings." "The Memoirs of Grammont, by Count Hamilton," says Hallam, " scarcely challenge a place as historical; but we are now looking more at the style than the intrinsic importance of books. Every one is aware of the peculiar felicity and fascinating gaiety which they display." The Athenaeum says of his fairy tales: "These tales appear to us cumbrous and entangled, their satire insipid, and their meaning rather unmeaning. Measured against Voltaire's philosophical stories, or Dean Swift's bitter caricatures, they are pigmies indeed; and their popularity with him who loved to quote them [Horace Walpole] is but another proof of the factitious value with which genius can invest that which is essentially mediocre, at once giving to trifles the importance, and turning them to the use, of treasures."

Hamilton, Charles, a captain in the East India Company's service, distinguished for his acquaintance with the laws and literature of the Hindoos, was born at Belfast in 1753. He was one of the first members of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, and in 1786 wrote an account of the Rohilla Afghans. Subsequently, in 1796, he was employed by the Directors of the East India Company to edit a commentary on the Mussulman law, which Allibone styles "a valuable work." He died 14th March 1792, aged about 39, and was buried in Bunhill Fields, London.

Hamilton, Elizabeth, an authoress, sister of preceding, was born at Belfast in 1758. Her attention was turned to literature in 1786, by the return of her brother from India. Her Hindoo Rajah and Modern Philosophers were intended as counterfoils to free-thinking. Her writings on education were much in advance of the time, and attracted considerable attention. In 1804 a Civil List pension was settled on her. She lived much in Edinburgh, where she took an active part in ameliorating the social condition of the poor. Her Cottagers of Glenburnie, published about 1808, a simple and graphic sketch of Scotch peasant life, is perhaps the most enduring of her works. "Her warm and sincere piety was untinctured by severity, and her natural cheerfulness and lively talents rendered her delightful in society, and, in old age, a universal favourite with the young." She died at Harrogate, 13th July 1816, aged about 58. Her writings are warmly praised by Jeffrey in the Edinburgh Review.

Hamilton, Gustavus, Viscount Boyne, was born in 1639, and obtained a commission in the army towards the end of Charles II.'s reign. At the commencement of the War of 1689-91, the Protestants of Coleraine entrusted him with the defence of their town. He was ultimately forced to evacuate it and fall back on Enniskillen, followed by crowds of Protestant refugees from the surrounding country. He was appointed Governor of Enniskillen, and organized those regiments of horse and foot afterwards known as the Enniskilleners - the forerunners of the present Inniskilling regiments. "These Enniskilleners were furious fighters. They were attended by their favourite preachers,.. who encouraged them in their efforts to 'purge the land of idolatry.' They attacked with the utmost impetuosity, and were rarely deterred by inequality of numbers. They had no system of attack, but fell on pell­ mell. They rode together in a confused body, each man attended by a mounted servant, bearing his baggage; and they only assumed a hasty and confused line when about to rush into action." He defeated Lord Galmoy in his attack on Crom Castle, and in the spring of 1689 was successful in several engagements with the Catholic forces. In July his army is said to have numbered seventeen troops of light horse, thirty companies of foot, and a few very ill-armed troops of heavy dragoons. Later on, at the head of his Enniskilleners, he defeated General MacCarthy at Newtownbutler. He commanded a regiment at the battle of the Boyne, and took a prominent part in the after operations of the war, heading the troops in the successful attack on Athlone in 1691, and being afterwards made governor of the town. When peace was concluded he received an ample share of the forfeited estates, and was made Privy-Councillor and Brigadier-General. For his bravery afterwards at the siege of Vigo, he was presented with a service of plate by Queen Anne, and George I. raised him to the peerage as Viscount Boyne. He died 16th September 1723, aged 84.

Hamilton, Hugh, an artist, was born in Dublin the first half of the 18th century. He studied at the Dublin Society House, then in Grafton-street, and commenced his career as an artist in crayons. He settled for a time in London, where he was overwhelmed with orders, and then for twelve years resided in Italy, where, by the advice of Flaxman, he turned his attention to oils. He painted the likenesses of many distinguished Irishmen. His picture in the Royal Dublin Society of Dean Kirwan preaching is one of the best known of his works. Hamilton died about 1809.

Hamilton, Hugh, Bishop of Ossory, an eminent mathematician, was born in the County of Dublin, 26th March 1729, and was educated at Trinity College, of which he afterwards became Fellow. In 1758 he published a Treatise on Conic Sections. Wills says: "Dr. Hamilton was the first to deduce the properties of the conic section from the properties of the cone, by demonstrations which were general, unencumbered by lemmas, and proceeding in a more natural and perspicuous order." In 1759 he was appointed Erasmus Smith's Professor of Natural Philosophy. From the Vicarage of St. Anne's, Dublin, he was promoted to the Deanery of Armagh. In 1796 he was consecrated Bishop of Clonfert, whence he was translated to Ossory in 1799. He died at Kilkenny, 1st December 1805, aged 76. His works were collected and published by his son. His brother was a judge, Baron Hamilton of Hampton, Balbriggan.

Hamilton, Sir James, Viscount Claneboy, a Scotch gentleman, was, in 1587, with his friend James Fullerton, sent to Ireland by James VI. of Scotland (afterwards James I.), "in order to hold a correspondence with the English of that kingdom," writes Lodge, "and inform his Majesty, from time to time, of the state, condition, inclinations, and designs of the Irish in case of Queen Elizabeth's death; they disguised the cause of their errand (that they might execute it the better) by taking upon them to teach school." Their place of instruction was the Corporation City Free School, possibly for the children of freemen only; it was situated in Schoolhouse-lane, near Christ Church. James Ussher, afterwards the celebrated Archbishop, was one of their pupils. [In 1603, Fullerton was appointed Clerk of the Cheque and Muster-Master General; within a couple of years he was made Commissioner of Wards and Liveries, was knighted, made Ambassador to France, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, in 1630.] Hamilton was made a Senior Fellow of Trinity College, and received still higher honours and rewards than his companion, being made a Sergeant-at-Law, Privy- Councillor, and named Commissioner of Wards and Liveries and Commissioner for the plantation of Longford. "In 1622, he was raised to the peerage with the titles of Claneboy and Hamilton. He lived to be 84 years old, having had (three ladies, the two first of whom proved but little comfort to him.' He had large estates at Bangor, County Down, where he built a church inside the ruins of the old abbey, in which he was buried in 1643. He had on his (estates six parishes, which he planted with pious Scotch ministers;' and while he sheltered his own chaplains from the Episcopal constables, it is remarkable that he continued the persecution of the other Irish northern Puritans." His son James was created Earl of Clanbrassil.

Hamilton, William, D.D., an eminent divine and naturalist, was born in the County of Antrim, 16th December 1755 or '57. He took his degree at Trinity College, and was elected to a fellowship in 1779. His geological Letters on the Coast of the County of Antrim attracted considerable attention, and he occasionally contributed to the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. As rector of Clondavaddog, or Fanet, in Donegal, his best exertions were devoted to the welfare, good order, and improvement of that remote and little- frequented district. He was appointed a magistrate; and it is believed it was because of his exertions in that capacity to suppress revolutionary movements that he was brutally murdered at the residence of a friend on the shores of Lough Swilly, 2nd March 1797 - the house being surrounded by armed men and he being pusillanimously given up to them by the servants. His family was provided for by a vote of the House of Commons.

Hamilton, Sir William Rowan, mathematician and astronomer, was born in Dublin, 9th August 1805, His father was an attorney; his mother was related to Hutton, the mathematician. Intended for an Indian appointment, he was, when a mere child, sent to study with an uncle at Trim. At four he had made some progress in Hebrew, and in the two succeeding years he acquired the elements of Greek and Latin. At the age of fourteen he was familiar with the rudiments of Hebrew, Latin, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Syriac, Arabic, Sanscrit, Hindustani, and Malay, and had written a letter in Persian to the Persian ambassador on his visiting Dublin. In mathematics he was almost self-taught. Entering Trinity College in 1822, he carried everything before him, and had mastered Newton's Principia, the Differential Calculus, and La Place's Mecanique Celeste before he was nineteen. A paper containing original researches on curves of double curvature, and a memoir on caustic curves, read before the Royal Irish Academy in 1824, placed him in the front rank of scientific Irishmen. The astronomers of Europe were somewhat astonished when, in 1827, a young man who had not attained the age of twenty-two stepped at once from the position of an undergraduate to that of Andrews Professor of Astronomy and superintendent of the Observatory at Dunsink, near Dublin, especially as he was not known to have displayed any talent for practical astronomy or observing. Until his marriage in 1833, his sisters, women of uncommon abilities, resided with him at the Observatory, Dunsink. He early produced his great work on The Theory of Systems of Rays, "which with its supplements is regarded as of the highest importance in relation to the geometry of optics. Chasles spoke of it as (dominant toute cette vaste theorie.' Starting from the fundamental idea that light, whatever be its cause or constitution, must be amenable to the principle of least action (nature's economy in using up force), he arrived at most important deductions relating to reflection and refraction. One of his discoveries, literally made upon paper, was that of conical refraction, a thing neither known nor surmised by practical experimenters in optics." This discovery was first verified experimentally by Rev. Humphrey Lloyd. Mr. Hamilton was knighted by Lord Mulgravein 1835, on the occasion of the first meeting in Dublin of the British Association. In 1837 he was elected President of the Royal Irish Academy; of which, from 1832, he was one of the most active members. His works on General System of Dynamics, Calculus of Quaternions, and his various contributions to philosophical transactions, besides stores of mathematical research left behind in MS., and to which it has been said the scientific world has not yet come up, are all monuments of his amazing genius and abilities. His Calculus is considered by mathematicians to be of great scope and power; it has been illustrated and developed since his death by Professor Tait of Edinburgh. He declined becoming a member of the Royal Society on account of some conditions incident to membership. Poetry had a great charm for him - he numbered amongst his friends Coleridge, Southey, Wordsworth, and Mrs. Hemans, while his own poetical productions are of some value, "more, perhaps, as beautiful emanations of his character, evidencing the strength and generousness of his affections, and the loftiness of the aspirations and communings of his spirit, than as works of poetic art." A beautiful ode commencing "O brooding spirit of wisdom and of love" is given in his memoir in the Dublin University Magazine. He had little love of money, and was content to spend his days in the Observatory at Dunsink, on a small salary. He appeared last in public at the Dublin Exhibition of 1865, and died the 2nd of September in the same year, aged 60. His sister Elizabeth Mary in 1838 published a volume of poems dedicated to him.

Hand, Edward, Brigadier-General, United States Army, was born at Clyduff, in the King's County, 31st December 1744. In October 1774 he accompanied the 18th Royal Irish to America, as surgeon's mate; he resigned his post on arrival, and settled in Philadelphia for the practice of his profession. He espoused the cause of the Revolution, joined a rifle regiment as Lieutenant-Colonel, and served at the siege of Boston. In March 1776 he was promoted to be Colonel, and led his regiment at the battles of Long Island and Trenton. As Brigadier-General he was in command at Albany in October 1778, and soon afterwards was engaged in Sullivan's expedition against the Indians of central New York. He held other important commands during the war, and after its termination was a member of the old Congress, 1784-'5; and his name is affixed to the Pennsylvania constitution of 1790. In 1798, when Washington accepted the command of the army raised in anticipation of a war with France, he recommended the appointment of Hand as Adjutant-General. He died at Rockford, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 3rd September 1802, aged 57.

Hanger, George, Lord Coleraine, better known as Colonel Hanger, born in Ireland about 1750, was distinguished alike by his talents and his eccentricities. He entered the army at an early age, and served in America during the whole of the war of independence. The highest rank he reached was that of Major of the British Legion of Cavalry. In 1789 he published An Address to the Army relative to the Campaigns of 1780 and '81. He mixed much in fashionable society, where he was always welcome on account of his social qualities, and was at times the boon companion of George IV. In 1801 he published his Life, Adventures, and Opinions, embellished with a representation of his own figure suspended from a gallows. In 1814 he succeeded to the family title of Lord Coleraine, which he resolutely refused to assume. He died at his house near Regent's Park, 31st March 1824, aged 73.

Hanmer, Meredith, D.D., a native of Wales, an ecclesiastic who about 1582 was appointed Treasurer of Christ Church, Dublin. He died of the plague in 1604, and was buried in St. Michan's, Dublin. Besides an Ecclesiastical Chronography, and other works, he was the author of a Chronicle of Ireland, collected in the Yeare 1571, extending from the earliest times to 1284. This valuable addition to the collected annals of Ireland has gone through several editions. It will be found in most available form as contained in Ancient Irish Histories, 2 vols. 4to., published in Dublin in 1809. It occupies almost the whole of the second volume. Probably all that is known concerning him is contained in Wood's Athenae Oxonienses.

Hardiman, James, a distinguished Irish writer, a lawyer, probably a native of Galway, was born about the end of the 18th century. His important work, The History of Galway, 4to., with plates, appeared in Dublin in 1820; his Irish Minstrelsy, 2 vols. 8vo., in London in 1831; Statute of Kilkenny, 4to. 1843; and in 1846 he edited O'Flaherty's West or H-Iar Connaught for the Irish Archaeological Society. He was a prominent member of the Royal Irish Academy, and was for some time sub­ commissioner on the public records: he spent the latter part of his life in Galway as librarian to the Queen's College, and died in 1855, probably in November.

Harris, Walter, LL.D., one of the most distinguished of Irish antiquarian writers, the editor of Sir James Ware's works, was born at Mountmellick late in the 17th century. Although expelled from Trinity College in early life for participation in a riot, the degree of LL.D. was afterwards conferred upon him for his services to Irish historical research and archaeology. He married a great-granddaughter of Sir James Ware, and thereby inherited his MSS., and possessed of competence, he devoted his life to literary pursuits. His principal works were: History of the Life and Reign of King William III, Dublin, 1745; Hibernica, a collection of eleven interesting and important tracts relating to Ireland, Dublin 1747. The great work by which he has earned the grateful remembrance of all students of Irish history, is his translation and expansion of the principal works of Sir James Ware, published in two volumes folio in Dublin, between 1739 and 1746. Abbe MacGeoghegan truly says of him: "The nation is under great obligations to that learned writer for the trouble he has taken and the curious researches he has made in order to complete Sir James Ware's work; a work which he has so considerably enlarged, and enriched with such a number of articles that have escaped his prototype's notice, that he should be rather esteemed its author than the editor, which is the title he has so modestly as­ sumed." Ware's Lives of the Bishops, which in the English translation of 1705 occupies about 200 pages, Harris has expanded to 660; the Antiquities of Ireland he has expanded from 154 to 286 pages; and the meagre notices of Irish Writers, from 42 to 363 pages. Of Ware's Annals of Ireland he doubtless intended to make a third volume - all the early editions of Harris's Ware are noted on title pages as three volumes. Harris died 4th July 1761. His History and Antiquities of the City of Dublin, which he left in manuscript, appeared in 1766. Some of his MSS. are preserved in Armagh Library, whilst the majority were purchased from his widow by the Irish Parliament for £500. They may now be consulted in the Library of the Royal Dublin Society. They occupy twenty volumes closely written, almost entirely in Harris's hand - in themselves a monument of his indefatigable industry and research. He was a most laborious copyist, and much of these materials are copied even from printed books. Particulars of the contents of these MSS. will be found in Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, while of his printed works ample notices are given under the title "Ware" by Allibone and Lowndes.

Harvey, Bagenal Beauchamp, an estated gentleman of about £3,000 a year, in the County of Wexford, and a barrister, commander of the Wexford insurgents in 1798. He was born about 1762, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, studied at the Middle Temple, and was called to the Bar in 1782. Madden says that before the Insurrection of 1798 he "was in tolerable practice as a barrister, and was extremely popular with all parties. He was high-spirited, kind-hearted, and good-tempered, fond of society, given to hospitality, and especially esteemed for his humane and charitable disposition towards the poor." He resided at Bargy Castle, and when the insurgents took the field in May 1798, in the north of the county, Harvey, with his friends Colclough and FitzGerald, was immediately imprisoned in Wexford on suspicion. After the defeat of the royalists at the Three Rocks, Wexford was evacuated by the small garrison that remained, and the prisoners were on 30th May released by the inhabitants, who implored Harvey to intercede with the insurgents for the safety of the town. This he did; and upon its being occupied by the insurgents he was appointed Commander-in-chief. A provisional government was established, and with the exception of the barbarous massacre of ninety-seven Protestants on the bridge, and the inevitable requisitions for provisions incidental to all military occupations, their lives and property were secured to the inhabitants. Nearly the whole of Wexford County was soon in the possession of the insurgents, frightful atrocities being committed on both sides, and it was necessary that New Ross should be taken, so as to open communication with those ready to rise in other counties. Accordingly, on 4th June, the Wexford force under Harvey marched out, and having been joined by a contingent from the camp at Carrickbyrne, they concentrated at Corbet Hill for the attack on New Ross. It is said that the evening before the battle was spent by Harvey and the insurgent officers in a carouse, from which they had scarcely recovered when the engagement began. At first the insurgents carried all before them, drove the troops from their intrenchments, through the town, and across the bridge into the County of Kilkenny. Instead of following up their success, as regular troops would have done, they commenced drinking and pillaging; and when the royalists returned to the support of a brave party that still held the market-house, they were able to retrieve their losses, and the insurgents were slaughtered almost like sheep to the number perhaps of 2,500. After the engagement a straggling band of insurgents set fire to a barn at Scullaboge, containing 120 fugitives, in retaliation, it is said, for the previous burning of an insurgent hospital containing nearly 100 patients, by the troops at Enniscorthy. During the battle of Ross, Harvey and his aide-de-camp, Mr. Gray, a Protestant attorney, spent most of the day on a neighbouring hill, almost inactive spectators of the fight. In the retreat, on seeing the blackened walls of Scullaboge barn, he remarked to a friend: "I see now the folly of embarking in this business with these people: if I succeed, I shall be murdered by them; if they are defeated I shall be hanged." After these events Mr. Harvey was deposed from the supreme command, and appointed president of the council of government. The battle of Vinegar Hill was lost by the insurgents on 21st June, and next day Wexford was re-occupied by the King's troops. Harvey and Colclough, with the wife of the latter, took refuge on one of the Saltee Islands. They were pursued, and after a long search were found concealed in a cave, disguised as peasants. Harvey was tried by court-martial and executed on Wexford bridge on the 28th June, with Mr. Grogan, Captain Keugh, Governor of the city, and numbers of others. He met his fate reverently and bravely. His body was cast into the river, and his head spiked on the Court-house. The body was ultimately recognized by some friends and buried at May glass, a few miles south of Wexford. A Bill of attainder was passed against him, but his property was, in 1829, restored to his brother James.

Harvey, William Henry, M.D., a distinguished botanist, was born at Limerick, 5th February 1811. His attention was turned to flowers by his nurse when quite a child, and he early developed a passionate love for the study of nature. He was educated at Ballitore school, and his youth was passed in business pursuits in Limerick. From 1835 to 1841 he held the position of Colonial Treasurer at the Cape, where he had ample opportunities of studying the flora of South Africa, and he soon acquired a European reputation as a careful and laborious student. Shortly after his return he was appointed Professor of Botany in the University of Dublin. He devoted himself specially to algae, and in pursuit of this department of botany visited the United States, and in 1853 undertook a voyage round the world for the purpose of collecting specimens. His Seaside Book, his Thesaurus Capensis, Mora Capensis, and Phycologia Britannica, embellished with illustrations from his pencil, are amongst the best known of his numerous works. The Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge contain some elaborate treatises by him on American algse. He belonged to many of the learned societies of Europe. Originally a member of the Society of Friends, he joined the Established Church. He was the intimate friend of Dr. Hooker. Dr. Harvey died of consumption, 15th May 1866, aged 55, at Torquay, where he was buried by his special desire. He was eminently remarkable for the spirituality, playful sweetness, and amiability of his disposition. Besides his botanical works he was the author of some poems published in his youth, and of Charles and Josiah, or Friendly Conversations between a Churchman and a Quaker, published in Dublin in 1862.

Haughton, James, philanthropist, was born at Carlow, 5th May 1795. His parents were members of the Society of Friends. He was educated at Ballitore school, and after residing five years in Cork to learn business, in 1817 settled in Dublin as a corn merchant, in partnership with his brother, until the year 1850. Occupied with the cares of his family for many years, and with what he regarded as one of the duties of civilized man-adding moderately to the capital of the country-he did not appear much in public before the year 1830. After the early death of a beloved wife his attention became devoted to questions of reform. In 1838 he went to London as a delegate to an Anti-Slavery Convention, and thenceforward was known as an energetic philanthropic reformer. He took a warm interest in the anti­ slavery cause in America and elsewhere, and enjoyed the friendship of many of its principal advocates. Although he could express himself with clearness, he was not a fluent speaker, and always preferred to write and read his addresses. For thirty- five years he sent out a stream of letters on anti-slavery, temperance, crime, capital punishment, land reform, and other questions, which were published by the press of all parties with unusual liberality. As a politician he was not very active, but his opinions were decidedly national, liberal, and in favour of all popular reforms. During O'Connell's Repeal agitation Mr. Haughton occasionally attended the Conciliation Hall meetings, and spoke in favour of the Repeal of the Union, and he had a high opinion of O'Connell's character as a true friend of liberty. He became a member of the Unitarian body about the year 1834. Amongst many local public benefits which he especially laboured to carry out, were the establishment of the Dublin Mechanics' Institute, the opening of the Zoological Gardens on Sunday afternoons at a penny charge, the free opening of the Glasnevin Botanic Gardens on Sunday afternoons, and the formation of the People's Garden in the Phoenix Park. He was a thorough free-trader, in the broad and unrestricted sense of the word, and he believed war to be totally opposed to the teaching of Christ. He took more or less part in nearly all the reform questions of his day; but the chief mission of his life was to promote the disuse of alcoholic liquors, and for many years before his death he gave up most of his time and energies to the cause of total abstinence, and the endeavour to secure legislative restrictions on the sale of intoxicating drinks. He died in Dublin, 20th February 1873, aged 77, and his remains were followed to Mount Jerome Cemetery by a concourse of people unusually large even for Ireland.

Havard, William, born in Dublin in July 1710, was an actor of some repute, and was the author of Charles I., Regulus, and other plays, which had a passing celebrity. He died in London 20th February 1778, aged about 67, and was buried in Covent Garden, his epitaph being written by his friend Garrick.

Haviland, William, General, was born in Ireland in 1718. He served at Carthagena and Portobello; in the Rebellion of 1745; under Abercrombie at Ticonderoga in 17 58; under Amherst in 1759-60; and as Brigadier-General commanding the expedition which reduced Isle-aux-Noix, St. John's, and Chambly. His mechanical genius enabled him to concert measures for passing the rapids with success, and in other ways he largely contributed to the triumph of the British arms in America. He was second in command at the reduction of Martinique in February 1762; commanded the fourth brigade at the siege of Havannah; was made Lieutenant-General 25th May 1772,and General 19th February 1783. He died 16th September 1784, aged about 66.

Hay, Edward, was born about 1761 in Ballinkeel, County of Wexford, descended from an old Anglo-Norman family deprived of most of their property for espousing the cause of James II. He was active in the cause of his co-religionists, the Catholics, both before and after the Union. Although he took no overt part in the Insurrection in 1798, he narrowly escaped hanging - his successful efforts to mitigate the sufferings of the royalists during the occupation of Wexford, causing suspicion to centre on him as a person of influence among the insurgents. He was for many years secretary to the Catholics of Ireland in their efforts for emancipation. We are told that he died in absolute want in Dublin in October 1826, and was buried in St. James's churchyard, where his grave "is unmarked by any memorial of his faithful services to the Catholic cause, or any record of the base ingratitude with which they were repaid by his Roman Catholic fellow-countrymen and the Catholic Association." He was the author of a book relating to the Insurrection of 1798 - the History of the Rebellion in Ireland. John Hay, his brother, once a Lieutenant in the Irish brigade in France, was executed on Wexford bridge in 1798 for complicity in the Insurrection; whilst another brother, Philip, rose to be a Lieutenant-General in the British service, dying at Lambeth, 8th August 1856, aged 82. In June i860 two daughters of Edward Hay were still living in indigence in Dublin.

Hayes, Catherine, a celebrated singer, was born about 1820 in Limerick, where her family were in humble circumstances. Her vocal talents attracted the notice of Dr. Knox, Bishop of Limerick, and through his exertions funds were procured to enable her to study in Dublin with Signor Sapio in 1839. Her success was so marked at concerts given in different parts of Ireland, that she was enabled to continue her studies at Paris, and afterwards at Milan, where she created a great sensation at La Scala in Linda di Chamounix. Thenceforth her success was assured, and she became for a time almost the leading cantatrice of the day - at least in the United Kingdom. On account of her nationality she was especially popular in Ireland. "Her voice is a clear and beautiful soprano of the sweetest quality in all its ranges; ascending with perfect ease to D in alt., and in its freshness, mellowness, and purity, giving no token of having at all suffered by the excessive severity of her Italian discipline." She made a successful operatic tour round the world, being warmly received in Australia, California, and the Atlantic States of the American Union. In 1857 she married a Mr. Bushnell. Her life thenceforward is believed not to have been a happy one; ill-health supervened, and she died at Sydenham, near London, 11th August 1861, aged 41. She was described by those who knew her as a woman of great sweetness and purity of character.

Head, Richard, author of the English Rogue, the Art of Wheedling, the Humours of Dublin, comedies, and other pieces, was an Irishman, who after studying at Oxford, became a bookseller in London, and was drowned in 1678, crossing to the Isle of Wight.

Helsham, Richard, M.D., an eminent Dublin physician, Professor of Physic and of Natural Philosophy in the University of Dublin in the first half of the 18th century. He became a Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1704, a Senior Fellow in 1714; he resigned in 1730, and was appointed Regius Professor of Physic in 1733. His course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy were much esteemed, and have been more than once reprinted. He was Swift's intimate friend and medical adviser. In a letter of 12th July 1735 Swift writes of him as "the most eminent physician of this city and kingdom." He died 1st August 1738.

Hely-Hutchinson, John, an eminent lawyer, and Provost of Trinity College (son of Francis Hely of Gertrough), was born about 1715. On his marriage to an heiress in 1751 he assumed the name of Hutchinson. A man of commanding abilities, he was called to the Bar in 1748; returned to Parliament for Lanesborough in 1759, and for Cork in 1761; appointed Prime-Sergeant in 1762; Provost of Trinity College in 1774; Secretary of State for Ireland, and Keeper of the Privy Seal in 1777. In 1783 he obtained a peerage for his wife, as Baroness of Donoughmore. He was a noted pluralist, being at one and the same time Secretary of State, Major of Horse, Provost of Trinity College, and Searcher, Packer, and Gauger of the Port of Strangford. Lord Guildford once remarked, "if England and Ireland were given to this man, he would solicit the Isle of Man for a potato garden." His appointment as Provost created some turmoil; as a layman he was considered unsuitable for the post, and he became involved in constant disputes with the Fellows and students. Dr. Duigenan wrote a book in opposition to his appointment; a series of satirical publications appeared against him under the title of Pranceriana; and he was also involved in several duels. Full particulars of these proceedings will be found in the Gentleman's Magazine noticing his death, which took place at Buxton, 4th September 1794; he was aged 79. He wrote an excellent treatise on the Commercial Restraints of Ireland, In Grattan's Life it is stated that he supported nearly every good measure - the Claim of Right, Free Trade, the Catholics, Reform. "As a speaker he was good; he possessed, perhaps, greater powers of satire than any other man; it was incomparable; nothing could be better; it was the finest and severest style, adapted to the highest order of matter, and in its effects it was fatal." He was considered to have sensibly elevated the style of speaking in the House of Com­ mons. Mr. Taylor, in his History of the University of Dublin, whilst admitting that his appointment to the provostship was ill-advised, considers that his government conferred great benefits on the University, and that "he was a man of an enlightened mind and extended views." One of his sons became an earl, another a baron; and others of his numerous descendants were distinguished in the senate, the Church, and the army. [His eldest son, Richard, created Earl of Donoughmore, was the untiring advocate of Catholic Emancipation. At his death in 1825, the title devolved upon his brother John, a distinguished general, who succeeded Abercrombie in the command of the British army in Egypt; he sat in the Irish Parliament in 1800, and voted for the Union, and was created Baron Hutchinson, with a pension of £2,000 per annum. He died in 1832.] The present Earl of Donoughmore (1877) is fourth in line of descent from the founder of the family.

Henry II., King of England, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, was born at Mantes in 1133, and succeeded King Stephen in 1154. He early harboured designs for the conquest of Ireland. In 1156 he obtained a grant of the island from Pope Adrian IV., confirmed by Adrian's successor, Alexander III. Unable immediately to undertake the enterprise, he laid by the bulls until opportunity should arise. In 1168 DermotMacMurrough came before him in Aquitaine, "represented the malice of his neighbours, and the treachery of his pretended friends, and the rebellion of his subjects, in proper and lively expressions; he suggested that kings were then most like gods when they exercised themselves in succouring the distressed, and that the fame of King Henry's magnificence and generosity had induced him to that address for his Majesty's protection and assistance." The King, unable to respond to this appeal immediately, gave Dermot a patent, declaring he had taken him into his protection, grace, and favour, and assuring all who were willing to aid him of "our favour and licence in that behalf." Dermot's return to Ireland, and its invasion by FitzStephen, Strongbow, and other lords, will be found related under their several names. The success of the Anglo- Norman arms in all parts of the island rendered Henry desirous to assert his supremacy as soon as possible, and in the autumn of 1171 he collected a fleet of some 400 vessels at Milford Haven. He himself, having gathered an army of horse and foot, numbering about 500 knights and 4,000 soldiers, came to the same place to meet his ships, and with his army embarked on 18th October or 16th November 1171, and on the next day landed at Crook, near Waterford. To meet the expenses of the expedition, a special feudal exaction known as scutage was levied out of knights' fees in the counties of England. The returns of the stores got together for the expedition, as given in Mr. Sweetman's Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland, 1171-1251, are very interesting. They comprise hogs, wheat, oats, beans, cheese, and other provisions; the hire of ships; pay of masters, seamen, and artificers; payments for horses and their passage; supplies of axes, hand-mills, wooden towers, bridges, spades, pick-axes, nails. There are some curious payments on his own account - garments for 163 cottagers in his service in Ireland, robes for Murtough MacMurrough and burgesses of Wexford, £10 14s. 11d.; expenses of eight ships to carry over twenty knights and five attendants "who went with Adam the Archbishop into Ireland." We are also given abstracts of letters from Pope Alexander III., admonishing the Archbishops of Ireland to aid the King in governing it, and exhorting the kings and princes to persevere in their fealty to Henry. The King was attended in the expedition by Strongbow, William FitzAdelm (De Burgh), Humphrey de Bohun, Hugh de Lacy, Robert FitzBarnard, and many other lords. To impede the entrance of the fleet, the Irish had stretched three massive iron chains across Waterford harbour. A landing having been effected, however, Reginald MacGillemory and his adherents were seized and hanged, and all the Norse and native inhabitants of Waterford were expelled, except Gerald MacGillemory and his people, who allied themselves to the Anglo-Normans. From Waterford Henry proceeded to Lismore, where he ordered the erection of a castle. He then returned to Waterford, and marched through Leinster to Dublin - many of the chieftains giving in their adhesion on the way, while Roderic O'Conor and the more distant ones boldly held out against them. Henry's gorgeous pavilions, hung with tapestry, were pitched on Hoggin (now College) green, and there he held court during the ensuing Christmas. His courtesy and tact conciliated all comers. The Irish chiefs were astonished at the magnificent entertainments given by him, and the splendour of the dress and armour of his barons and troops. There were jousts and tournaments in the Norman fashion, mimes and music, and their fame spread far and wide. Mr. Supple writes: "King Henry presided at his feast in great majesty, and in his royal robes. This monarch, gifted with great natural abilities, and with an amount of learning wonderful in a layman of his time, is described, now in his thirty-eighth year, by a contemporary, as a man courteous, cheerful, and eloquent; of the middle size, with a high complexion, his head large and round, his eyes fiery and stern, his voice tremulous, his neck short; broad-breasted, strong-armed, but big-bellied - though to keep down this deformity he was very abstemious and exercised over much - often from daybreak until night, hunting or hawking; in disposition he was parsimonious at home, but most liberal abroad." A synod of the Irish clergy assembled at Cashel early in the spring, and a number of canons were passed tend­ ing to break down the independence of the old Irish church, and assimilate it to the English. A parliament was also convened at Lismore, which a number of the Irish chiefs were induced to attend. The most important statute passed was that entitled the "Statute of Henry FitzEmpress," which empowered the Irish barons to elect a temporary Viceroy in the event of the vacation of the office by death or otherwise. Henry does not appear to have penetrated farther than Dublin, nor does he seem to have taken the style either of King or Lord of Ireland. He divided almost the whole country amongst the most powerful barons, expecting that they would make as quick and complete a conquest of the island as their ancestors had of England. Strongbow received large possessions in Leinster; De Lacy in Meath; FitzGeralds, FitzStephen, and DeCogan in Munster; and De Courcy in Ulster. The seaport towns he kept principally under his immediate control, while Dublin he conferred on the citizens of Bristol. Hugh de Lacy, appointed Constable and to the command of Dublin Castle, is generally regarded as the first regularly constituted Viceroy. Richard FitzGislebert he appointed Lord-Marshal; Bertram de Verdun, Seneschal; Theobald Walter, Chief-Butler; and De Wellesley, Royal Standard Bearer. These arrangements were carefully made with the view of counteracting the hitherto overwhelming influence of Strongbow in the affairs of the island. The easterly winds in spring brought Henry bad news from England, he went to Wexford to await the first favourable opportunity for crossing, and on Easter Monday, 17th of April 1172, the wind being fair, he embarked at sunrise and landed at Port Finnen in Wales about noon same day. Henry did not again visit Ireland. He died at Chinon, near Tours, 6th July 1189, and was buried at Fontevraud, in Anjou.

Henry, James, M.D., scholar and author, was born in Dublin in 1799. Educated at a Unitarian school and at Trinity College, he adopted the medical profession, in which he soon attained great eminence and large practice, though his sceptical and independent ways of thinking, and his adoption of a five-shilling fee estranged from him most of his professional brethren. His sarcastic and trenchant tracts on questions of the day set him openly at war with the profession, yet his practice continued to increase, and he had realized some fortune, when a large legacy made him completely independent of his ordinary work, and in­ duced him to lay aside professional controversies for literary pursuits. About the year 1848 he began to travel through Europe with his wife and only child, and to make researches on his favourite author, Virgil. Dr. Mahaffy says: "This occupation became an absorbing passion with him, and filled up the remainder of his life. After the death of his wife in the Tyrol (where he succeeded in cremating her and carrying off her ashes, which he preserved ever after), he continued to travel with his daughter, whom he brought up after his own heart, who emulated him in all his tastes and opinions, and who learned to assist him thoroughly and ably in his Virgilian studies. It was the habit of this curious pair to wander on foot, without luggage, through all parts of Europe, generally hunting for some ill-collated MS. of Virgil's AEneid, or for some rare edition or commentator... Seventeen times they crossed the Alps on foot, sometimes in deep snow, and more than once they were obliged to show the money they carried in abundance, before they were received into the inns where they sought shelter from night and rain... In his Twelve Years' Journey through the AEneid of Virgil Dr. Henry first disclosed to the world that a great new commentator on Virgil had arisen, and those who will look through Conington's work will see how many of the best and most original notes are ascribed to Henry. He also printed privately (he never would publish anything except a few papers in periodicals) versified accounts of his travels, something like the Roman saturae or medleys, and other poems more curious than beautiful - some of them, however, striking enough from their bold out-spokenness in religious matters." Having examined every MS. of the AEneid of any value, he returned to Dublin, when declining years disposed him to rest, and where the Library of Trinity College afforded him a rich supply of early printed books on his subject. The AEneidea: or Critical, Exegetical, and AEsthetical Remarks on the AEneid, appeared in 1873, with the following dedication: "To my beloved daughter, Katherine Olivia Henry, etc., I give, dedicate, and consecrate all that part of this work which is not her own." His daughter's death, shortly after the appearance of this book, was a terrible blow to him. He himself passed away, 14th July 1876, aged 77. A full list of his publications will be found in the Academy, 12th August 1876, in the ample notice by his friend Mr. Mahaffy, from which this sketch is taken. His most permanent printed works are probably his poems; but his commentary on Virgil left behind in MS., will doubtless, if given to the world, establish his reputation as a scholar. Unable to satisfy himself as to the completeness of any part of it, he had long before his death abandoned the prospect of publication during his lifetime.

Hervey, Frederick Augustus, Earl of Bristol, and Bishop of Derry, was born in 1730, educated at Westminster and Cambridge; consecrated Bishop of Cloyne in 1767, and translated to Derry in 1768. He was noted for the prominent part he took in the Volunteer movement. Barrington tells us he "acquired a vast popularity among the Irish, by the phenomenon of an English nobleman identifying himself with the Irish nation, and appearing inferior to none in a zealous assertion of their rights against his own countrymen. It was a circumstance too novel and too important to escape their marked observation, and a conduct too generous and magnanimous not to excite the love and call forth the admiration of a grateful people." He was a more advanced, though less discreet Irish politician than Lord Charlemont, and contested unsuccessfully with him the presidency of the Rotunda Convention of Volunteers. At times he assumed almost regal state, and paraded Dublin in a coach drawn by six horses, attended by a body-guard of light dragoons which had been raised and was commanded by his nephew, the notorious George Robert FitzGerald. Among other munificent benefactions, he erected the spire of Derry Cathedral. His last years were spent on the Continent; and he died at Albano, in Italy, 18th July 1803, aged about 73. His remains were interred at Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, where maybe seen an obelisk erected to his memory by the inhabitants of Derry. Mr. Lecky says: "The character of the Bishop has been very differently painted; but its chief ingredients are sufficiently evident, whatever controversy there may be about the proportions in which they were mixed. He appears to have been a man of respectable learning and of real talent, sincerely attached to his adopted country, and on questions of religious disqualification greatly in advance of most of his contemporaries; but he was at the same time utterly destitute of the distinctive virtues of a clergyman, and he was one of the most dangerous politicians of his time. Vain, impetuous, and delighting in display, with an insatiable appetite for popularity, and utterly reckless about the consequences of his acts, he exhibited, though an English peer and an Irish bishop, all the characteristics of the most irresponsible adventurer. Under other circumstances he might have been capable of the policy of an Alberoni. In Ireland for a short time, he rode upon the crest of the wave; and if he had obtained the control he aspired to over the Volunteer movement, he would probably have headed a civil war. But though a man of clear, prompt judgment, of indisputable courage, and of considerable popular talents, he had neither the caution of a great rebel nor the settled principles of a great statesman. His habits were extremely convivial; he talked with reckless folly to his friends, and even to British officers, of the appeal to arms which he meditated; and he exhibited a passion for ostentation which led men seriously to question his sanity."

Hibernicus, Thomas, a theologian, who flourished about 1270, was born at Palmerstown, in the County of Kildare. He left his own country and became a Fellow of the College of Sorbonne, in Paris. He afterwards removed to Italy, and died in the "Convent of Aquila, in the Province of Penin." On his death-bed he bequeathed his books and papers to the Sorbonne, "together with six pounds for the purpose of purchasing a rent to celebrate his anniversary." He wrote De Christiana Religione, De Illusionibus Daemonum, and other works.

Hiffernan, Paul, M.B., a minor poet of slender abilities, who occasionally associated with Foote, Garrick, and Goldsmith, was born in Dublin in 1719. Intended for the Catholic priesthood, he was sent to study in France, and lived there seventeen years. On his return to Dublin he took the degree of Bachelor of Medicine, and conducted in 1750 the Tickler, a periodical paper in opposition to Lucas and his friends. About 1753 he removed to London, and was employed by the booksellers in the compilation and translation of various works. He wrote several short plays, trained candidates for the stage, lived the life of a literary vagabond, and died in an obscure lodging in June 1777. References will be found to him in Notes and Queries, 2nd and 3rd Series; and a full memoir, with list of his works, is given in Walker's Magazine for 1794.

Higgins, Bryan, a distinguished physician and chemist, was born in the County of Sligo about 1737. After obtaining his medical degree he went to London, where he practised with considerable success. He early devoted his attention to chemistry, and opened a school for its practical study in Greek-street, Soho, London, in July 1774. In 1786 he published his best known work - Experiments and Observations on Chemical Philosophy, Between 1780 and 1790 he appears to have visited Russia, and enjoyed the favour of the Empress Catherine. In 1789 he obtained a patent for a cheap and durable cement. On his return from Russia he resumed his chemical lectures. Mr. Higgins died on his estate of Walford, in Staffordshire, in 1820, aged 83. His biographer, W. K. Sullivan, who gives a full analysis of his works, says: "He was rather a speculator than an experimentalist, and many of his views are, for their time, remarkable for their acuteness and generalizing character."

Higgins, William, a distinguished chemist, nephew of preceding, was born in the County of Sligo. He graduated at Oxford, and doubtless received his instructions from his uncle in the science in which he afterwards became eminent. In 1791 he was appointed chemist to the Apothecaries' Company of Ireland, at what was then considered a high salary - £200. In 1795 he was made Chemist and Librarian to the Royal Dublin Society. He was a man of peculiar habits and devoid of energy. His style of lecturing was very quaint, and a number of laughable anecdotes were long remembered of circumstances the result of this quaintness. His life was singularly uneventful: he died in 1825. W. K. Sullivan gives a full account of his discoveries in chemistry, more especially the law of multiple proportion, in which he is said to have anticipated by many years some of Dalton's greatest achievements. Indeed he may be said to have led the way in the discovery of the atomic theory.

Higgins, Francis, Archdeacon of Cashel, a High Church clergyman, and Tory politician, styled by Sir Walter Scott the " Sacheverell of Ireland," was born in Limerick about 1670. He was elected a scholar of Trinity College in 1688, became reader of Christ Church Cathedral in 1691, rector of Gowran in 1694, and in 1705 was elected to the prebend of St. Michael's in Christ Church Cathedral. After appearing prominently before the public upon more than one occasion, he, in February 1707, preached at Whitehall Chapel in London, a sermon from Revelations iii. 2-3, which created a great sensation, and caused him to be for a time imprisoned under a warrant of the Secretary of State. Before his arrest he had preached this sermon no less than six times in different parts of London. An anonymous pamphlet (supposed to be by himself) in support of it was burnt by the common hangman at the Tholsel in Dublin, in July 1707. On his return to Ireland he became involved in squabbles with his fellow magistrates at Kilmainham, was by the grand jury presented as a "common disturber of her Majesty's peace;" and on the other hand was upheld by Convocation as one that "hath both in his life and doctrines upon all occasions shown himself to be an orthodox divine, a good Christian, and a loyal subject." After the accession, of the house of Hanover we hear no more of his political doings. In 1725 he was collated to the Archdeaconry of Cashel. He died in August 1728, and was buried in St. Michael's Church, Dublin. Dr. Reeves concludes a manuscript notice of him with the words: "Three sermons, and his Cases were his only productions from the press, and even these were rather the developments of political excitement than the expressions of calm consideration or benevolent feelings."

Higgins, Francis, the "Sham Squire" (born 1750, died 19th January 1802), a Dublin celebrity, who by flagitious means raised himself in society, became proprietor of the Freeman's Journal, was admitted an attorney, and acquired a large fortune. Concerning his unsavoury life an interesting work has been written. He acquired the sobriquet by which he is generally known, by personating in his early life a gentleman of landed property, and gaining the hand of a lady, who died of grief subsequently. Mr. FitzPatrick has established beyond doubt the fact that Higgins was the betrayer of Lord Edward FitzGerald, for the sum of £1,000. He left most of his property for charitable purposes. He was buried at Kilbarrack, near Howth, but his gravestone, bearing a fulsome epitaph, has long since been destroyed.

Higgins, Mathew James, better known as "Jacob Omnium," was an Irishman, born about 1810. He was educated at Eton and Oxford, and served for some time in the army. "He was for upwards of twenty years a constant contributor to the Times, and is the author of innumerable articles chiefly bearing on colonial, military, educational, and social reforms, in the Quarterly and Edinburgh Reviews, the Cornhill Magazine, and other leading periodicals." In 1863 Mr. Higgins joined the staff of the Pall Mall Gazette. He died 14th August 1868.

Hincks, Edward, D.D., a distinguished philologist, was born in Cork, in August 1792. [His father, Rev. T. Dix Hincks (born 1767; died 24th February 1857), a Presbyterian minister, was a well- known orientalist.] After a careful training under his father, he entered Trinity College, became scholar in 1810, and obtained a fellowship in 1813, having as an opponent the Rev. Thomas Romney Robinson. He retired on the College living of Ardtrea in 1819, and in 1826 exchanged it for that of Killileagh, which he held until his death. "The fact of his not having received any other promotion, notwithstanding his European reputation and high personal character, has been ascribed to the earnestness with which he advocated a reform in the Irish Established Church, and a larger and more liberal system of education.” He was an excellent Oriental scholar, and published a Hebrew Grammar. But it was in the field of Egyptian and Assyrian translation that his laurels were chiefly won. Mr. Layard remarks: "It is to Dr. Hincks we owe the determination of the numerals, the name of Senna­ cherib on the monuments of Kouyunjik and of Nebuchadnezzar on the bricks of Babylon - three very important and valuable discoveries." He threw a flood of light on the grammar of the language, on cuneiform writings generally, and in various ways did much to smooth the path for subsequent investigators. His views have not all met with acceptance; but concerning the value of his researches and the soundness of his judgment, there is no difference of opinion. Most of his investigations were published in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, In 1854 he published a Report to the Trustees of the British Museum respecting certain Cylinders and Terra-cotta Tablets, with Cuneiform Inscriptions; and in 1863 a Letter on the Polyphony of the Assyrio-Babylonian Cuneiform Writing. Mr. Hincks died 3rd December 1866, aged 74. His brother, Francis Hincks, C.B., still living, may be said to have secured to Canada the independence she enjoys.

Hogan, John, sculptor, was born at Tallow, in the County of Waterford, in 1800. Shortly after his birth his father, a builder, removed to Cork. His mother, Frances Cox, was great-granddaughter of Sir Richard Cox, the Chancellor. Though the family were in humble circumstances, the tone of their circle was elevated and refined. John was educated for a time at a school in Tallow, and when fourteen was placed in an attorney's office. This position was not congenial; a strong taste for art asserted itself, and much of his time was spent in cutting figures in wood, drawing fancy sketches, and copying architectural designs. Eventually he was engaged by a local firm as draughtsman and carver of models; and with extraordinary industry he employed himself during the next few years in mastering the principles of his art, and attending anatomical lectures. Some friends were attracted by the young artist's works, and raised sufficient funds to enable him to sojourn at Rome for a few years. The Royal Dublin Society and the Royal Irish Institution contributed towards this expense. Hogan reached Rome on Palm Sunday, 1824, and forthwith set to work in good earnest, attending the schools of St. Luke, studying in the Vatican and Capitol, and modelling in the life academies. His best friend was Signor Gentili, then a lawyer, afterwards a popular Catholic priest and preacher in Dublin. His first piece of merit was "A Shepherd Boy;" his next a "pieta;" followed by "Eve startled at the sight of death," which he finished in marble; a "Drunken Fawn " was next executed, and drew from Thorwaldsen the exclamation: " Ah! you are are a real sculptor - Avete fatto un miracolo." He returned home in 1829, and received a gratifying reception in Dublin, where the Royal Irish Institution placed its board-room at his disposal for the exhibition of his works, and the Royal Dublin Society awarded him a gold medal. The Carmelites purchased for £400 his "pieta," which now adorns the panel of the high altar of the church in Clarendon- street. Mr. Hogan returned to Italy in high spirits. He completed a "pieta" for Francis-street church; and in 1837 the statue of Bishop Doyle for Carlow Cathedral. The execution of this last work procured for him election as a member of the Society of the Virtuosi of the Pantheon, an honour to which no Irishman had been before raised. Through Lord Morpeth's (the Earl of Carlisle) influence he received the order for the execution of Drummond's statue for £1,200-which, with his colossal figure of O'Connell, adorns the City Hall in Dublin. His twenty-four years' residence in Rome, from 1824 to 1848, maybe said to have been the happiest period of his life. In 1838, Mr. Hogan married an Italian lady, and became almost naturalized in the country. The Roman revolution of 1848, to which he was bitterly opposed, impelled him to return home, and he took up his residence in Dublin. The last ten years of his life were saddened by many trials and disappointments; and the change from the glories of Rome to a narrow and uncongenial life in Dublin nearly broke his heart. The rejection of his beautiful model for the Moore statue was in itself a severe blow to a man of his temperament. He was taken ill early in 1858, and died on 27th March, aged 57. He was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, in the old O'Connell circle, near his friend Gentili. In private life he was a man singularly beloved and esteemed. His biographer says: "His tall, lithe, powerful frame, and his noble head and eagle look were eminently characteristic. He was full of gesture and vivacity, yet withal was simple in manner and direct in speech."

Holinshed, Raphael, a distinguished chronicler, or rather collector of chronicles, was an Englishman, who seems to have been educated at one of the English universities, and to have taken orders in the church; but the only fact in his history known with tolerable certainty is that he died in 1580. In the six-volume 4to. edition of his Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, published in London in 1807-8, the portion relating to Ireland occupies the sixth volume. It consists chiefly of excerpts from Stanihurst, Cambrensis, Flatsburie, and Marlborough, continued to the end of the Desmond war, by John Hooker, alias Vowell, a native of Devonshire, who came to Ireland as agent for Sir Peter Carew, represented Athenry in the Parliament of 1568, and died about 1605. The real value of Holinshed's work "depends on its learning and research, which have made it an invaluable aid to all who have since undertaken to illustrate the early annals of England [the United Kingdom].”

Holmes, Robert, a distinguished Irish lawyer, for many years father of the north­ east Bar, was born in Dublin in 1765. He entered Trinity College in 1782, and was called to the Bar. In 1798 he entered the lawyers' corps of yeomanry. During a parade in the hall of the Four Courts, he threw down his arms on the announcement being made that the corps was to be placed under the command of the military authorities, dreading least he might be called upon to assist in the atrocities then perpetrated upon the country people. This led to a challenge, for giving which he was sentenced to six months' imprisonment. In 1799 he published a passionate appeal against the Union. In 1803, although cleared of participation in the plans of his brother-in-law, Robert Emmet, he was imprisoned for many months on suspicion. This of course retarded his advancement, but his great legal abilities eventually asserted themselves, and he rose to the highest eminence at the Bar. Never being able to forget the means by which the Union had been carried, and the sad fate of many of his relatives in 1798, he resolutely refused the offers of advancement, and even of a silk gown, made him by successive governments. The University Magazine says: "Few who had an opportunity of hearing will ever forget that splendid burst of impassioned eloquence by which the peroration of his speech, in the case of the Queen v. the Nation newspaper was distinguished. There is thought in every sentence; everlasting truths are enunciated in language of the rarest beauty; and when the old man, eloquent as he warmed with his subject, touched upon the sufferings of his country, her beauty, and her griefs, the musical intonation of his voice, his venerable and imposing aspect, the tear which stood trembling in his eye, the natural and simple grace of his gesture, all produced upon us an impression that can never be effaced. It was truly a fine sight to see him in his eightieth summer, advocating at the close of his life, with all the fire and all the vigour of his early years, those principles which persecution had failed to make him abandon, or temptation induce him to change." His Case of Ireland Stated, published in 1847, was an able advocacy of the Repeal of the Union. He died at the house of his daughter in London, 7th October 1859, aged 94.

Holt, Joseph, a leader in the Insurrection of 1798, was born at Ballydaniel, County of Wicklow, in 1756, of Protestant parents, descended from English planters in the reign of James I. At the breaking out of the insurrection he lived near Roundwood, in the County of Wicklow - a substantial farmer, a wool-buyer, and barony constable. From his own account, he does not seem to have been an United Irishman, or to have been engaged in any of the political plots of the time, but upon his house being burnt down by the yeomanry, he took to the mountains and gathered round him a formidable band of insurgents. It was "the possession of these superior qualities - for Holt's acts were his own, he had no instructor - added to his strict enforcement of discipline, and attention to the comforts and wants of his men, that enabled him, as the leader of a war of mountain skirmishes, to defy for six months the united efforts of the royal army, and the numerous corps of yeomanry [sometimes chasing parties into the very suburbs of Dublin] in an area of little more than twenty miles square, within thirty miles of Dublin at its further or ten at its nearest point of approach. Nor was it by skulking in the wild and secluded districts of bog and mountain which the County of Wicklow presents - a county the appearance whereof was most happily compared by Dean Swift to a frieze mantle fringed with gold lace. Holt frequently came in contact with detachments of the army sent against him, and seldom shunned an engagement. In one instance, by the melancholy slaughter of a large body of the 'Ancient Britons,' he executed what in military parlance would be termed a brilliant affair; and when Holt was beaten or outnumbered, he generally contrived to effect his retreat without any serious loss; on one occasion in particular, when he was supposed to be surrounded by the King's troops, Holt retired with his corps unbroken." There is scarcely a glen in Wicklow that has not been rendered notable by his exploits. Through the negotiation of Mrs. Latouche with Lord Powerscourt, Holt surrendered on 10th November 1798, on condition that his life was to be spared and that he was to be transported to New South Wales with his family. Though he strenuously denies the imputation in his memoirs, passages in the Castlereagh Correspondence state that he "gave much information." He sailed along with other convicts from Cork on the 24th August 1799, and reached Port Jackson after a five months' voyage. He received a free pardon for good conduct in 1809, and in 1812, having amassed a little property, returned home. On the home passage of sixteen months, he was shipwrecked on the Falkland Islands, and encountered other adventures. In the year 1814 he settled at Dunleary (now Kingstown), as a publican, and invested his savings in house property. He died on 16th May 1826, aged about 70: his family returned to New South Wales. Holt is described as five feet ten inches in height, well made, of compact muscle, and remarkably athletic and vigorous; his hair was black, his eye-brows heavy and bushy; his eyes small, dark, and penetrating. He had the power of readily assuming a commanding or determined look, but there was nothing ferocious in his appearance, and his smile was beaming with benevolence. His manners were simple and unaffected. His voluminous memoirs, copied from his dictation by an illiterate amanuensis, were carefully edited by Crofton Croker, in 2 vols. in 1838, and are a valuable contribution to the history of Ireland and New South Wales. The first volume recounts his adventures in Ireland, the second deals principally with his life in Australia.

Holwell, John Zephaniah, a writer on Indian affairs, was born in Dublin in September 1711. He went to India in 1732 as a surgeon, and in 1736 became a member of the Court of Calcutta. In 1756 he defended Fort William, Calcutta, against Surajah Dowla, Nabob of Bengal; but was obliged to surrender on 20th June, after a gallant defence. He and 146 companions were, the evening of the surrender, shut up in the memorable "Black-hole" of Calcutta, a room some twenty feet square, where the wretched prisoners soon became frantic with suffocating heat and insufferable thirst. But twenty-three survived a night's confinement. They were liberated from captivity by Clive a few months afterwards. It is from Mr. Holwell's narrative we learn the particulars of this outrage. In after years he raised a monument at his own expense to his fellow- prisoners who died in the Black-hole. After a short visit to England, he succeeded Clive in 1758 as Governor of Bengal, in which office he was superseded about the end of 1760. He died in England in 1798. In his various works he treated especially of some of the native systems of religion - believing them to be of divine origin. His principal books were: Indian Tracts (1764), Historical Events relative to Bengal and Indostan, and Mythology of the Gentoos.

Homes, William, a divine well known in America, was born in the north of Ireland in 1663. He received a liberal education, when a young man removed to New England, and there taught school for three years. He returned to Ireland, and was ordained at Strabane in 1692. Again removing to New England in 1714, he settled as a minister in Chilmark, where he died 20th June 1746, aged about S3, He was the author of sermons on the Sabbath, Secret Prayer, Church Government, as well as other theological works. His son, Captain Robert Homes, married a sister of Benjamin Franklin.

Hone, Horace, an eminent miniature painter, was born in Dublin about 1753. It was at his house that Captain Grose died. The decay of Irish prosperity after the Union obliged him to remove to London, where he died in 1827. Many well- known prints of the time were engraved from his originals.

Hone, Nathaniel, R.A., a painter, who lived in the 18th century, was a native of Dublin. In early life he went to England, and followed the profession of an artist in several parts of the country, particularly York, where he married a lady of some means. Eventually he settled in London, where he ranked amongst the first painters of miniature portraits. He was chosen a member of the Royal Academy at its first institution, but took offence at one of his pictures, intended as a satire on Sir Joshua Reynolds, being rejected for the exhibition. He died 14th August 1784. "As a painter in oil he was by no means an inferior artist, yet the colouring of his pictures was too red for the carnations, and the shadows were not sufficiently clear."

Hood, John, the inventor of a surveying instrument known as Hood's compass theodolite, was born at Moyle, in the County of Donegal, in 1720. He was the author of a Treatise on Land Surveying (Dublin, 1772). Mr. Hood is said to have anticipated the invention of Hadley's quadrant. He died about 1783. His grandson, Samuel Hood, who emigrated to Philadelphia in 1826, was the author of a Practical Treatise on the Law of Decedents (Philadelphia, 1847), and other works.

Hope, James, a United Irishman, who supplied Dr. Madden with materials and information for a portion of his work upon the actors in the Insurrection of 1798, was born near Templepatrick, County of Antrim, 25th August 1764. A Presbyterian, he threw himself into the movements of 1798 and 1803, and was the beloved and trusted friend of Neilson, Russell, McCracken, and Emmet. Most of his life was spent over the loom, and he was living in Belfast in 1846, then aged 82, still true to the principles which had actuated him in youth. Madden describes him as "a modest, observant, though retiring man, discreet and thoughtful,.. strictly moral, utterly fearless, inflexible and incorruptible... He is a man of very profound reflexion... For a term of upwards of sixty years he has earned his bread by his own industry."

Hopkins, John Henry, Bishop of Vermont, was born in Dublin, 30th January 1792. He went to America with his parents in 1800. After receiving a classical education, he spent a year in a counting­ house at Philadelphia, assisted Mr. Wilson the great ornithologist to prepare plates for one of his works, and about 1810 embarked in the manufacture of iron in Pennsylvania. He became bankrupt in 1817, turned his attention to the law, for which he had been originally intended, was admitted to the Bar at Pittsburg, and practised for a time. In November 1823 he entered the Protestant Episcopal ministry and became rector of Trinity Church, Pittsburg. He then studied architecture and built a new church. In 1831 he removed to Boston, and next year was consecrated Bishop of Vermont. He was afterwards involved in severe monetary difficulties by the failure of a boys' school opened under his responsibility. He took a prominent part in the Pan-Anglican Synod at Lambeth, and was made a D.C.L. of Oxford. He was a decided champion of the High Church party. Besides innumerable pamphlets, he published many books, amongst which may be mentioned: Christianity Vindicated (1833), Essay on Gothic Architecture (1836), Twelve Canzonets, words and music (1839), Refutation of Milner's End of Controversy (1854), Vindication of Slavery (1863). He died at Rock Point, Vermont, 9th January 1868, aged 75.

Houston, John, M.D., a Dublin physician, was born in 1802. For many years he was curator of the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, to the high standing of which collection he largely contributed. He was the author of valuable descriptive catalogues, and of numerous papers read before the Royal Irish Academy, or contributed to the medical press of the United Kingdom, full particulars of which will be found in the memoir from which this notice is taken. He died of an overworked brain, 30th July 1845.

Howard, Gorges Edmund, a poet and architect, dramatic, legal, and political writer, a native of Ireland, was born early in the 18th century. Educated by Dr. Sheridan, he entered the army, and afterwards became an attorney. He was the intimate friend of Henry Brooke. His most useful publications were those on the Exchequer, Chancery, revenue, and trade of Ireland, 1759-81. His miscellaneous works were published in 3 vols. in Dublin, in 1782. Mr. Howard died in Dublin in June 1786.

Howard, Hugh, an artist, was born in Dublin, 7th February 1675. The War of 1689-'91 drove his father to England, and Hugh appears to have spent from 1697 to 1700 in France and Italy, where he developed his taste for the fine arts. He afterwards returned to Dublin; but the latter part of his life was spent in England practising painting - "at least with applause," according to Walpole. He enjoyed the position of Keeper of the State Papers and Paymaster of his Majesty's Palaces. He died on 17th March 1737 (aged about 62), bequeathing to his brother, the Bishop of Elphin, a large collection of books and medals. He was buried at Richmond.

Hughes, John, Archbishop of New York, was born in the parish of Errigal Trough, County of Monaghan, in 1798. He has written of his boyhood: "My schoolboy days were spent among my neighbours who were not Catholics; but I think if I had been reared in the most Catholic portion of the island, I could not have been surrounded with kinder or more gallant friends than the scholars, of whom there were not a dozen Catholics." His father, a respectable farmer, emigrated to the United States in 1817, and John was placed with a florist. He devoted his spare time to study, entered a Catholic seminary in Maryland, and in 1825 was ordained a priest. As a preacher he soon distinguished himself, and was elected a member of various literary societies. In 1838 he was consecrated Coadjutor Bishop of New York, and in 1842, upon the death of Bishop Dubois, was confirmed in the see. Already he had made a tour through France, Austria, and Italy, to collect funds for the spread of his faith in the United States. In 1850 New York was made an archbishopric, and he was created the first Archbishop, as his countryman Archbishop Kenrick had been created first Primate of the United States. He was a bitter op­ ponent of the abolitionists, and a strenuous apologist for slavery. Drake says: "He was prominent in the effort made by the Catholics to modify the existing school- system in their favour, and was successful." In 1847 he delivered, by request, before Congress an address - "Christianity the only source of moral, social, and political regeneration." The organization and extension of Catholicism through the United States was largely due to his statesmanlike abilities. He was ever devoted to the cause of Irish nationality, and when the report reached New York in 1848 that Ireland was in insurrection, a public meeting was held to subscribe funds. "I attended," says Bishop Hughes, "to show, that in my conscience I have no scruple in aiding this cause in every way worthy a patriot and a Christian." "My contribution shall be for a shield, not for a sword," he added, "but you can contribute for what you choose." After the breaking out of the Civil War in 1861, he was by the United States government sent on a mission to Europe to counteract the intrigues of the Confederates. He does not appear to have been the author of any works beyond lectures and pamphlets. Archbishop Hughes died in New York, 3rd January 1864, aged 66. His sister Ellen (Mother Angela), who died two years after him, was for many years superioress of a New York hospital, and during the war was active in aiding the Sanitary Commission.

Humbert, Jean Joseph Amable, a French general, was born at Rouvray, Lorraine, 25th November 1755, and was in 1798 appointed to command an expedition for the invasion of Ireland. With his flotilla of three frigates and a brig, he arrived off Killala, on the coast of Mayo, on the 22nd August 1798, and next day landed his troops and occupied the town. His force consisted of 1,060 men, with three pieces of cannon and large supplies of arms. He was accompanied by Matthew Tone and Bartholomew Teeling, two United Irishmen. Proclamations, were issued, and large numbers of the peasantry flocked to his standard to be drilled and armed. About 1,000 Irish were completely equipped; and in all 5,500 muskets were distributed. The people themselves manufactured large numbers of pikes. "The uncombed, ragged peasant, who had never before known the luxury of shoes and stockings, now washed, powdered, and full dressed, was metamorphosed into another being, the rather because the far greater part of these mountaineers were by no means deficient either in size or person. 'Look at these poor fellows,' said Humbert with an air of triumph,'they are made, you find, of the same stuff as ourselves.'" The officers occupied the Bishop's palace at Killala as their headquarters - scrupulously respecting private property, and intruding as little as possible on the privacy of the family. Temporary magistrates were appointed in the occupied districts; but in a state of war many outrages on private property were inevitable. The exercise of Protestant worship was not interfered with, except that one Presbyterian meeting-house was wrecked. Bishop Stock, who was in Killala during the entire occupation, thus speaks of the conduct of the people: "During the whole time of this civil commotion, not a drop of blood was shed by the Connaught rebels, except in the field of war. It is true the example and influence of the French went a great way to prevent sanguinary excesses; but it will not be deemed fair to ascribe to this cause alone the forbearance of which we are witnesses, when it is considered what a range of country lay at the mercy of the rebels for several days after the French power was known to be at an end... Intelligence, activity, temperance, patience, to a surprising degree, appeared to be combined in the soldiery that came over with Humbert, together with the exactest obedience to discipline." The French troops were amused at the deep religious feelings of their new allies, and at their being spoken of by the Irish as "the Virgin Mary's soldiers." The French frigates sailed on the 24th August, and on the 27th, Humbert's army, with about 1,500 Irish auxiliaries, marched against Castlebar, and drove General Lake's forces out of the town, not without a stout resistance and much bloodshed. A considerable number of militia deserted to Humbert's standard. Lord Cornwallis, however, immediately reinforced General Lake with about 13,000 men, and the country people failing to respond to the extent Humbert had expected, he retraced his steps from Castlebar to Foxford, and then proceeded northward to Collooney. Cornwallis had entered Connaught at Athlone, and marched to Hollymount, and then north-east to Frenchpark, detaching General Lake to follow the enemy, while he proceeded east to intercept him about Carrick-on-Shannon, or follow him up to Sligo if necessary. On the 5th September, Colonel Vereker marched from Sligo and engaged the French at Collooney. After an hour's fighting, in which the Limerick militia suffered considerably, the French and Irish were again victorious, but Colonel Vereker materially retarded Humbert's advance. Near Manorhamilton Humbert turned south, closely pursued by General Lake, and crossing the Shannon at Ballintra, was marching into Leinster, when on the morning of 8th September, he was forced to make a stand at Ballinamuck. After an engagement lasting half an hour, General Humbert and the whole of the French troops, then consisting of 96 officers and 746 men, surrendered at discretion. The King's forces lost in the engagement but three killed, and thirteen wounded; the French casualties are not given; while the Irish levies were followed up and butchered without mercy. A reign of terror ensued throughout Connaught, and the people were for weeks hunted down like wild beasts. Bishop Stock says: "The rapacity [of the soldiers] differed in no respect from that of the re­ bels, except that they seized upon things with somewhat less ceremony and excuse, and that his Majesty's soldiers were incomparably superior to the Irish traitors in dexterity at stealing." The small French force left at Killala, supported by the Irish, made a short stand against overwhelming numbers. As the royal troops advanced, Bishop Stock says: "The loyalists were desired by the rebels to come up with them to the hill on which the Needle Tower is built, in order to be eye-witnesses of the havock a party of the King's army was making, as it advanced towards us from Sligo. A train of fire too clearly distinguished their line of march, flaming up from the houses of the unfortunate peasants. They are only a few cabins,' remarked the Bishop; and he had scarcely uttered the words when he felt the imprudence of them. `A poor man's cabin,' answered one of the rebels,' is to him as valuable as a palace.'" On the 27th October a second French expedition, upon which Napper Tandy had embarked, anchored at Killala; but sailed away hurriedly without landing troops, on the approach of a superior British naval force. General Humbert and his officers were received with great courtesy in Dublin as prisoners of war. He was shortly after exchanged; and from Dover, on the 26th October, he wrote a letter to Bishop Stock thanking him for his courtesy, and regretting any inconvenience he and his troops had put him to. General Humbert subsequently took an active part in the Mexican war of independence, and died at New Orleans in February 1823, aged 67. Bishop Stock's account of the French invasion is graphic and impartially written. A monument has been erected near Castlebar to the memory of the French expeditionary troops who fell during Humbert's invasion.

Hussey, Thomas, Bishop of Waterford 1797-1803, one of the founders of Maynooth College, was born about 1745. He studied at Salamanca, and then buried himself for some years in a Trappist convent, where he hoped to pass his life. His abilities being recognized, however, a Papal mandate obliged him to lay aside the cowl; he was ordained, and for many years was chaplain of the Spanish Embassy in London. He was a powerful preacher, "a man," says Mr. Butler, the historian of English Catholics, "of great genius, of enlightened piety, with manners at once imposing and elegant, and of enchanting conversation; he did not come in contact with many whom he did not subdue; the highest rank often sunk before him." He enjoyed the friendship of King and Ministers - of Johnson and of Burke - was admitted a member of the Royal Society. During the American war he was sent on a mission to Madrid for George III. It was mainly through his exertions that Maynooth College, of which he was first President, was founded in 1795. In 1797 he was consecrated Bishop of Waterford and Lismore - the whole influence of the Government being exerted to secure the post for him; yet his first pastoral - conscientiously expounding and enforcing the doctrines of his religion - is said to have given great offence to his Protestant friends. He was one of those who in 1802 drew up the Concordat between Napoleon and the Pope. He died at Tramore in July 1803, of apoplexy, after bathing. The Gentleman's Magazine remarks: "In 1797 he wrote his famous pastoral letter, which set the country in a ferment. The enemies of administration said he was employed by Government to sow the seeds of dissension with a view to bring about an union; others considered him an agent of France." Mr. Froude, in his English in Ireland, places his character in a very unfavourable light, and denounces the Government for availing itself of his services during the Insurrection of 1798.

Hutcheson, Francis, LL.D., the reviver of speculative philosophy in Scotland, was born, 8th August 1694, at Downpatrick, where his father, John Hutcheson, was a minister. He studied theology and followed his father's profession of Presbyterian divine. His Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas on Beauty and Virtue, a work which made his name widely known, introduced him to the notice of such men as Archbishop King, Dr. Synge (Bishop of Elphin), and Viscount Molesworth. In 1728 he published his essay on The Passions and Affections, in virtue of which he was the following year promoted to the Chair of Moral Philosophy in Glasgow. His next works were text-books for the use of his classes. He died at Glasgow in 1747, aged 52. His System of Moral Philosophy, the work on which his fame as an ethical writer depends, did not appear until 1755. It was edited by his son. An admirable memoir by Dr. Leechman is prefixed thereto. Dugald Stewart writes: "The metaphysical philosophy of Scotland, and indeed the literary taste in general which so remarkably distinguished this country during the last century, may be dated from the lectures of Dr. Francis Hutcheson... Butler and Hutcheson coincided in the two important positions, that disinterested affection and a distinct moral faculty are essential parts of human nature. Hutcheson is a chaste and simple writer, who imbibed the opinions without the literary faults of his master, Shaftesbury... He was the father of speculative philosophy in Scotland, at least in modern times. We are told by the writer of his life that he had a remarkable rational enthusiasm for learning, liberty, religion, virtue, and human happiness; that he taught in public with persuasive eloquence; that his instructive conversation was at once lively and modest; that he united pure manners with a kind disposition. What wonder that such a man should have spread the love of knowledge and. virtue around him, and should have rekindled in his adopted country a relish for the sciences which he cultivated. To him may also be ascribed that proneness to multiply ultimate and original principles in human nature, which characterized the Scottish school till the second extinction of a passion for metaphysical speculation in Scotland. A careful perusal of the writings of this now little-studied philosopher will satisfy the well-qualified reader that Dr. Adam Smith's ethical speculations are not so unsuggested as they are beautiful." His person is thus described: "A stature above middle size, a gesture and manner negligent and easy, but decent and manly, gave a dignity to his appearance. His complexion was fair and sanguine, and his features regular. His countenance and look bespoke sense, spirit, kindness, and joy of heart. His whole person and manner raised a strong prejudice in his favour at first sight."

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