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Gage, Thomas, Rev., or Friar Thomas of St. Mary, a missionary and author, was an Irishman, born in 1597. Travelling in Spain, he joined the Dominican order, and was sent as a missionary to the Philippines in 1625. He afterwards laboured amongst the Indians in Guatemala and elsewhere. After his return he abjured Catholicism, settled in England, and obtained the living of Deal in Kent. He published in 1648, a Survey of the West Indies. Southey says the portion relating to Mexico was copied verbatim from Nicholas's Conquest of West India. He was also the author of a History of Mexico. He died about 1655.

Gall, Saint, the Apostle of Switzerland, was born in Ireland in 551. He was educated at Bangor, and in 585, following St. Columbanus into France, accompanied him to Luxeuil and in his various wanderings in exile. When Columbanus was departing for Italy, St. Gall was detained by illness at Bregentz, on Lake Constance, where, as a convenient centre for the conversion of an idolatrous people, he ultimately fixed his residence. In a desert place he erected the Monastery of Arbon, which eventually became so celebrated that the name of its founder was given to the surrounding country - now the Canton of St. Gall. He was later on unavailingly solicited to accept the bishopric of Constance and the abbacy of Luxeuil. Many of his disciples became noted in the ecclesiastical world - as St. John, Bishop of Constance, and St. Magne and St. Theodore, founders of well known abbeys. His sermon preached at the ordination of his disciple John, comprising a history of religion from the earliest times, still extant, is said to display, "a simple style, full of force, brilliancy, and piety, and a depth of erudition uncommon in those times." 34 He died about 640, and his festival is celebrated on the 16th October. The Abbey of St. Gall eventually became one of the most famed monastic establishments in Europe-alike for the learning of its monks, the splendour of its architecture, and its library. It was suppressed for a time during the Reformation, but re-established in 1532. In 1798 it was secularized, and its revenues were sequestered in 1805. It is now occupied chiefly by government offices; but many valuable manuscripts remain in the library.

Gandon, James, a distinguished architect, was born in London, 29th February 1742, at the house of his grandfather, a Huguenot refugee. He early developed a taste for mathematics and drawing, and studied architecture. In 1769 he sent in a design for the Royal Exchange (now the City Hall), Dublin, which was, however, rejected. He made many friends in Ireland - Lord Charlemont amongst the number - and was induced in 1781 to come over and take up his abode in Dublin, to superintend the construction of the Custom House, his design for which had been accepted. His Life by Mulvany gives a deplorable account of the state of art in the Irish metropolis at the time. There was but one print shop. "The few houses to which I had access, scarcely possessed a picture or print, and those which they had were but indifferent, mostly suspended from the wall, without either frame or glass." The first stone of the Custom House was laid on 8th August 1781. The works were carried on with great difficulty, at first in the face of the armed opposition of the residents near the old Custom House, on what is now Wellington-quay, and then from the nature of the ground. The foundation of the dome had ultimately to be laid on a huge timber gridiron. The land to the north and east of the site was then an uninhabited waste. During the progress of the work his wife died, and he removed his family from London to Dublin. At first Gandon had the sculpture for the building executed by English artists, but he was soon able to confide most of it to Mr. E. Smith, a Dublin sculptor of much ability. During the progress of the Custom House, additions to the Houses of Parliament were entrusted to him. The main portion of the building, facing College-green, had been erected from the designs of Captain Edward L. Pearce in 1728. Gandon added the screen wall, and the Corinthian portico facing College-street, the works being commenced in 1785. Shortly afterwards the western screen, and the Foster-place portico were added from his designs, but under the superintendence of a Mr. Parke. The three-quarter columns in the screen walls, and the gateway next Westmoreland-street, were added after the building became a bank. On the 3rd March 1786 were laid the foundations of the Four Courts, also from his designs. He was much hampered in the work by the factious opposition of some persons of influence, and was mortified at having to set back the front several feet, thereby spoiling his plan, by which it was intended that the portico should cover the footway, as did that of the Houses of Parliament. He also undertook the erection of the King's Inns - the first stone being laid 1st August 1795. During 1798 he retired to London with his family, glad of the opportunity to renew acquaintance with his old circle of friends. About 1808, being much afflicted with gout, and having amassed a fortune of about £20,000, he retired to Lucan. The following were his chief Irish works: the Custom House, with stores and docks; the Four Courts; Carlisle- bridge; Military Hospital, Phoenix Park; additions to the Houses of Parliament; King's Inns - all in Dublin; and the Court-house at Waterford. Much of Gandon's retirement was devoted to improving his estate at Lucan, and the preparation of plans for private residences and further improvements in Dublin architecture. None of the latter were carried out. Nelson's Pillar was substituted for his plan of triumphal arches over Carlisle-bridge, and the Wellington Monument for a proposed arch over the entrance to the Phoenix Park. The tedium of illness was much lightened by his cheerful and amiable disposition, by correspondence with a circle of friends of congenial tastes, and by intercourse with others who thronged the then fashionable watering-place of Lucan. He died at his residence, Canonbrook, Lucan, and was buried at Drumcondra, with his friend Francis Grose, 27th December 1823, aged 81.

Gardiner, Luke, Viscount Mountjoy, an Irish statesman, was born 7th February 1745. He for some time represented the County of Dublin in Parliament, was a Privy-Councillor, and Colonel of the Dublin Militia. Both in 1778 and 1781 he introduced measures of Catholic relief, which were partially carried; while his proposals for complete equality (on the subscription of a simple oath of allegiance, and declaration against foreign jurisdiction) were successfully opposed by FitzGibbon and others. In 1789 he was created Baron Mountjoy, and six years afterwards a viscount. Upon the Insurrection breaking out in Wexford in 1798, he hastened thither at the head of his regiment of militia, and formed a portion of General Johnson's army that took part in the battle of New Ross on the 5th June. According to Musgrave, Lord Mount joy fell early in the engagement, while Froude quotes authorities going far to prove that he was taken prisoner, and fell a victim to the fury of the insurgents in the course of the day. Musgrave says: "His public and private virtues made him an object of general esteem. He was possessed of high mental endowments, being an elegant scholar and a good public speaker. He had the gentlest manners and the mildest affections, warm and sincere friendship, and was so benevolent and humane that he never harboured revenge." His son, the 2nd Viscount, created Earl of Blessington, took as his second wife the well-known authoress of that name. [See BLESSINGTON, MARGUERITE.]

Gardiner, William, an engraver of some note, born in Dublin, 11th June 1766. He was a man of unsettled habits, and died in London, 8th May 1814, aged 47. A pupil of Bartolozzi, his engravings are said to be admirably executed. Among them are a set on the " Economy of Human Life," illustrations to Shakspere, the Memoirs of Grammont, and Dryden's Fables.

Gast, John, D.D., an author, born in Dublin, 29th July 1715, was the son of a Huguenot refugee. He was educated at Trinity College, and after serving as chaplain to the French congregation at Portarlington, he became Archdeacon of Glendalough, and held several preferments. He died in 1788, aged about 73. Mr. Gast was the author of a History of Greece and other works. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Dublin, in appreciation of his services to literature and his high character as a divine.

Gentleman, Francis, a dramatist and poet, was born in Ireland, 23rd October 1728, and received his education in Dublin. He served in the army, but was dismissed on the reduction of the forces in 1748. He then went on the stage, and succeeded beyond his most sanguine expectations - appearing in Dublin, London, Edinburgh, and the provinces. He wrote several plays, and works bearing on the drama, and has the unhappy notoriety of being the editor of perhaps the most faulty edition of Shakspere that was ever published. Biographia Dramatica goes even so far as to call it "the worst edition that ever appeared of any English author." He returned to Ireland in 1777, and died in want, 21st December 1784, aged 56.

Gilbert, Eliza (Lola Montez, Countess of Landsfeldt), was born at Limerick in 1824. Her parents were not Irish. At an early age she developed extreme beauty; at fifteen she was married to an old man, Captain James, in Dublin, but quitted him on account of cruelty, and appeared as a ballet dancer in Paris in 1840, and afterwards at Munich. The Annual Register says: "The natural powers of her mind were very considerable; she had a strong will and a certain grasp of circumstances; her disposition was generous, and her sympathies large. These qualities raised the courtezan to a singular position. She became a political power. She exercised a fascination over sovereigns and ministers more widely extended than perhaps had before been possessed by any woman of the demi monde. She was invited from the stage to the palace at Dresden; she was nattered by royalty at Berlin; the good King of Prussia himself offered her refreshment; she was for a short time affianced to a prince... She became the mistress of the old King of Bavaria. Over this weak but amiable monarch she exercised an unbounded influence. He created her Countess of Landsfeldt, endowed her with an estate of £5,000 a year, with feudal rights over a population of 2,000 persons. She ruled the kingdom, and, singular to say, ruled it with wisdom and ability; had not the revolution driven her from power, she would probably have established a free parliament and liberal institutions at Munich. Her audacity confounded the policy alike of the Jesuits and of Mettemich." Her extravagance had dissipated all the treasure lavished on her by the King, her estate was confiscated, she fled the country in disguise, and in London, Paris, and the United States, sank deeper and deeper into degradation. She wrote some trashy books, and she lectured. Finally, a prey to illness, and full of remorse for her mis-spent life, she died in New York, 17th January 1861, aged 37.

Giolla Caoimhghin, who died in 1072, was the most celebrated Celtic poet and historian of his time. Copies of some of his pieces are preserved in the Book of Ballymole and Book of Leacan and form the basis for the Irish chronology of many after writers. His Irish version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius was edited by Dr. Todd, with an English translation and notes, for the Irish Archaeological Society, in 1848.

Glover, Julia (Miss Betterton), a distinguished actress, was born at Newry, 8th January 1781. She commenced her theatrical career as an infant prodigy at the age of six years, playing at York, Bath, and elsewhere. In 1800 she became the wife of Mr. Glover, and subsequently appeared at Covent Garden and at Drury Lane, where she played with Edmund Kean. She was thus written of in 1813: "This lady has not a tragic voice, and very far from a tragic face. She was dressed well, however, and is a commanding figure, though monstrously fat." Twenty years afterwards Boaden speaks of her as the "ablest actress in existence." Her Shaksperean readings ranked very high. Mrs. Glover died 16th July 1850, aged 69.

Gobban Saer, "Gobban the Builder," or St. Gobban, a distinguished builder of ecclesiastical edifices, was probably born at Turvey, on the coast north of Dublin, early in the 7th century. Tradition ascribes to him the erection of the round towers of Kilmacduagh, Antrim, and many others. Dr. Petrie writes: "Nor can I think the popular tradition of the country is of little value, which ascribes the erection of several of the existing towers to the celebrated architect Gobban,.. for it is remarkable that such a tradition never exists in connexion with any towers but those in which the architecture is in perfect harmony with the churches of that period, as in the towers of Kilmacduagh, Killala, and Antrim... It is equally remarkable that though the reputation of this architect is preserved in all parts of the island in which the Irish language is spoken, yet the erection of the oldest buildings in certain districts in the south and west of Ireland is never ascribed to him, the tradition of these districts being that he never visited, or was employed on buildings south-west of Galway, or south-west of Tipperary." Some of the annalists inform us that blindness was inflicted on him in old age as a just punishment for the exorbitant charges he had made ecclesiastics for his services. Dr. Eeeves has shown "Gobbin's Heir Castle," near Ballycastle, to be a corruption of "Gobban Saer's Church;" and Kilgobbin, in the County of Dublin, may have received its name from him. No fewer than eight St. Gobbans appear in the Martyrology of Donegal; under 17th March, 26th March, 30th March, 1st April, 30th May, 16th July, 5th November, 6th December.

Goldsmith, Oliver, was born at Pallasmore, in the County of Longford, 10th November 1728. He was the son of the Rev. Charles Goldsmith, a clergyman with a large family and a poor living. Shortly after Oliver's birth, his father was appointed to another parish, Kilkenny West, with an income of about £200 a year, and the family moved to a good house and farm at Lissoy, midway between Ballymahon and Athlone. A dependent, Elizabeth Delap, taught Oliver his letters. "Never was so dull a boy; he seemed impenetrably stupid" - was her account of his early abilities. At the age of six an attack of confluent smallpox left indelible traces, and extinguished any pretensions to good looks. At the diocesan school of Elphin he was confessed by all to be kind and affectionate, cheerful, and agreeable, nevertheless "a stupid, heavy blockhead, little better than a fool, whom every one made fun of." He was singularly sensitive, and suffered acutely from the roughness of his fellows. His school-days were spent at several successive places of instruction-the expense being defrayed by his kind uncle Contarine, a clergyman at Kilmore, near Carrick-on-Shannon, who in youth had been the college companion of the future Bishop Berkeley. A trade was then thought of for the boy; but some early flashes of wit and his evident love for Livy and Tacitus led to his being sent to College. On nt h June 1745, his name appears on the books of Trinity College as a sizar. Burke and Flood were his contemporaries; but he knew nothing of them. His four years' course was a period of never-to-be- forgotten misery. His tutor was unsympathetic; and like many men distinguished in after life, the strict course of college study did not suit his genius; it was with difficulty that he could find the means of support. His father died eighteen months after his entrance, and he thenceforward depended solely on occasional allowances from his uncle. He lounged about the College gates, wrote ballads for five shillings each, and crept out at night to hear them sung. On one occasion, elated by having obtained a small exhibition of thirty shillings, he gave a supper in his rooms; but the party was roughly broken up by his tutor, and Goldsmith ran away to Cork with the intention of going to America; but being unable for want of means to procure a passage, he was induced to return. Something of a reconciliation was effected; and he managed to finish a course to which he uniformly looked back with horror in after life. On 27th February 1749-50, he took his degree of B.A., and returned home. The family desired he should qualify for orders, although he was only twenty-one, and would have to wait two years. He assented, and the time was passed at Ballymahon, near Edgeworthstown. Mr. Forster says: "It is the sunny time between two dismal periods of his life... He assists his brother Henry in the school; runs household errands for his mother; writes scraps of verses to please his uncle Contarine; and, to please himself, gets cousin Bryanton, and the Tony Lumpkins of the district, with wandering bear-leaders of genteeler sort, to meet at an old inn by his mother's house, and be a club for story-telling, for an occasional game of whist, and for the singing of songs... In the evenings of summer strolling up the Inny's banks to fish or play the flute, otter-hunting by the course of the Shannon, learning French from the Irish priests, or winning a prize for throwing the sledge-hammer at the fair of Ballymahon." At length he presented himself to the Bishop of Elphin for ordination, but was rejected as unqualified. An engagement as a tutor followed. In the course of a year he managed to save £30, buy a horse, and start a second time for Cork, to take shipping for America. He appears on this occasion to have paid for his passage, but to have lost it by not being at hand when the vessel sailed. At the end of six weeks he returned penniless. "And now, my dear mother," he said, "after having struggled so hard to come home to you, I wonder you are not more rejoiced to see me." His uncle came forward with £50, and Oliver was in 1752 sent to London to study law. While in Dublin on his way to England, he was seduced into play, and lost everything; and in bitter shame, and after much physical suffering, returned home, and was forgiven. He now for a time lived alternately with his brother and his good- natured uncle, telling stories, writing verses, and accompanying his cousin's harpsichord- playing with the flute. Again Mr. Contarine advanced something to start him in life, and in the autumn of 1752, Oliver, in his twenty-fourth year, left Ireland for ever, and proceeded to Edinburgh to study medicine. There he had but an unhappy time, managing as best he could to eke oat his small allowances by teaching. We hear of a tour in the Highlands; and then he visits the Continent, takes out a degree equivalent to that of Medical Bachelor, at Leyden, and travels through France, supporting himself mainly by playing on his flute, as he afterwards described in his well-known poem, The Traveller. Goldsmith's remarks on the state of things in France at this period show considerable foresight. He had an interview with Voltaire, visited Switzerland, and despatched to his brother Henry eighty lines of poetry afterwards published in The Traveller. It is likely that he visited Milan, Verona, Mantua, and Florence, and that he received another medical degree at Padua. He did not find travelling in Italy so easy as in France - in his own words: "My skill in music could avail me nothing in Italy, where every peasant was a better musician than I." On 1st February 1756 he landed at Dover on his return, and a few days later found him penniless and friendless in the streets of London. It is on record that, to enable him to reach the metropolis, he had been obliged to give a comic performance in a barn. For a time he procured employment at an apothecary's, living in a wretched lodging. This may have been the period of his life to which he referred a few years later, when he startled a polite circle at Sir Joshua Reynolds's by speaking of something having occurred "when I lived among the beggars at Axe- lane." He was next a reader in the office of Mr. Richardson, the printer, author of Clarissa; and in the beginning of 1757 was installed as usher at a school at Peckham. This he afterwards regarded as about the most miserable of the many miserable experiences of his life. He probably referred to it when he wrote: "The usher is generally the laughing-stock of the school. Every trick is played upon him; the oddity of his manner, his dress, or his language, is a fund of eternal ridicule; the master himself now and then cannot avoid joining in the laugh; and the poor wretch, eternally resenting this ill usage, lives in a state of war with all the family." Yet even here he found solace in the society of children, delighting them with his stories, and amusing them with his flute and conjuring tricks. After a few weeks, Mr. Griffiths, a friend of his employer's, engaged him to assist in editing the Monthly Review, one of the many periodicals that at this period enjoyed an ephemeral existence in London. Goldsmith afterwards averred that all he had written for this review was tampered with by Griffiths or his wife. Hopeless of success as an author, he returned to Peckham school, where he commenced his Inquiry into Polite Learning. His next change was to get an appointment to the Coromandel Coast, which he lost through want of means to procure an outfit; after which he unsuccessfully offered himself for the position of naval hospital mate. The opening of 1759 found him engaged on a life of Voltaire. Amid all his troubles and changes he must have been gradually making a name for himself, for we read of Percy, author of the Reliques, seeking an introduction, and stumbling up the dark stairs of his poor lodging. In October 1759 he commenced the Bee, a threepenny weekly after the manner of the Rambler, which saw but eight numbers. He continued to contribute to various magazines-the first of his delightful series of "Chinese Letters" appearing in the Public Ledger, 24th January 1760. These essays led to an acquaintance with Dr. Johnson, who ever afterwards continued his truest friend and best adviser. To present a respectable figure in the higher circles to which he was now introduced, and to gratify his natural vanity, he indulged in lavish expenditure for clothes and other things, and involved himself in heavy debts, that increased and hung over him all his life, and remained unliquidated to the extent of £2,000 at his death. In 1763 he was one of those who inaugurated the famous literary club, with which the names of Johnson, Burke, Garrick, Reynolds, Charlemont, Beauclerc, Langton, Boswell, and other eminent literary men are associated. A characteristic anecdote regarding the sale of The Vicar of Wakefield must not be omitted. One morning in the autumn of 1764, Johnson received a message from him that he was in great distress-being in the custody of bailiffs for his rent. Johnson sent him a guinea for immediate necessaries, and following as soon as he was dressed, found Goldsmith in a towering passion. Johnson continues: "I perceived that he had already changed my guinea, and had got a bottle of Madeira and a glass before him. I put the cork into the bottle, desired he would be calm, and began to talk to him of the means by which he might be extricated. He then told me that he had a novel ready for the press, which he produced to me. I looked into it, and saw its merit; told the landlady I would soon return; and having gone to a bookseller, sold it for £60. I brought Goldsmith the money, and he discharged his rent, not without rating his landlady in a high tone for having used him so ill." This work was The Vicar of Wakefield, which, published fifteen months later, established Goldsmith's reputation as a prose writer. In December of the same year appeared The Traveller, a poem based upon his own experiences abroad, which, like The Deserted Village, afterwards published, was marked by exquisite diction, serene graces of style, and rich, mellow flow of verse. His comedy of the Good- natured Man was acted in January 1768, after which he entered upon his Roman, Grecian, and English Histories, his Animated Nature, and other compilations, charming and attractive in style, but which, after enjoying an extensive popularity for nearly a century are now entirely superseded as text books. His comedy, She Stoops to Conquer, published in 1773, was a complete success, and the first few nights of its performance brought him in fully £400. But none of these successes availed to free him from his grinding difficulties; and, at length, overworked and harassed by debt, he fell ill of a nervous fever in London, on 25th March 1774, and lingered on until the morning of 4th April, when he died, aged 45. Nothing gives one a higher idea of the estimation in which he was held, than the manner in which the news of his death was received-Burke, we are told, burst into tears; Reynolds laid aside his pencil; the meetings of the Club were adjourned; while the staircase of his lodging was crowded by many who had no friends but himself - "outcasts," says Mr.Forster, "of that great, solitary, wicked city, to whom he had never forgotten to be kind and charitable." His funeral at the Temple Church was attended by every name distinguished in literature and art. The one romance of Goldsmith's life was connected with his regard for a Miss Horneck, the "Jessamy Bride," as he was wont to call her, the younger of two beautiful girls with whom he was acquainted. With Mrs. Horneck and her daughters he had at one period made a short tour in France, and some of his most charming letters were addressed to them; but with his monetary difficulties, and his uncouth person, he felt he could never pass the bounds of an acquaintanceship. Goldsmith was generous, improvident, and careless of money considerations to a culpable extent, yet we must remember that he ever steadily refused to prostitute his pen to party, or seek worldly advantage or the means of paying his debts by the sacrifice of his independence. As we turn over the pages of The Vicar of Wakefield, his poems, and his essays, we are impressed with the conviction that he was far in advance of his age in his views regarding prison discipline and many other social questions. "In person," says Judge Day, quoted by Allibone, "he was short, about five feet five or six inches; strong, but not heavy in make; rather fair in complexion, with brown hair; such, at least, as could be distinguished from his wig. His features were plain, but not repulsive - certainly not so when lighted up by conversation. His manners were simple, natural, and, perhaps, on the whole, we may say, not polished; at least without the refinement and good breeding which the exquisite polish of his compositions would lead us to expect. He was always cheerful and animated - often, indeed, boisterous in his mirth; entered with spirit into convivial society; contributed largely to its enjoyments by solidity of information, and the naivete and originality of his character; talked often without premeditation, and laughed loudly without restraint." Sir Walter Scott says: "We read The Vicar of Wakefield in youth and age: we read it again and again, and bless the memory of an author who contrives so well to reconcile us to human nature." His character is thus summed up in Chambers's Encyclopaedia - "Goldsmith was the most natural genius of his time. He did not possess Johnson's mass of intellect, nor Burke's passion and general force, but he wrote the finest poem, the most exquisite novel, and - with the exception, perhaps, of the School for Scandal - the most delightful comedy of the period. Blundering, impulsive, vain, and extravagant, clumsy in manner, and undignified in presence, he was laughed at and ridiculed by his contemporaries; but with pen in hand, and in the solitude of his chamber, he was a match for any of them, and took the finest and kindliest revenges. Than his style - in which, after all, lay his strength - nothing could be more natural, simple, and graceful. It is full of the most exquisite expressions and the most cunning turns. Whatever he said, he said in the most graceful way. When he wrote nonsense, he wrote it so exquisitely that it is better often than other people's sense. Johnson, who although he laughed at, yet loved and understood him, criticized him admirably in the remark: 'He is now writing a natural history, and will make it as agreeable as a Persian tale.'"Concerning his sisters and brothers, Mr. Forster tells us that his sister Catherine married a wealthy husband, and his sister Jane a poor one, and that both died in Athlone some years after Oliver. His brother Henry entered the church, and died in 1768; Maurice became a cabinet-maker at Charlestown, Roscommon, and we are told "departed from a miserable life" in 1792; Charles went to seek his fortune in Jamaica in early manhood, and died there about 1815; John died in childhood. It would be fortunate if all biographies were as completely and conscientiously worked out as John Forster's Life and Adventures of Oliver Goldsmith.

Gordon, James, Rev., vicar of Barragh and rector of Killegney, the author of several historical works published between 1790 and 1815. Those relating to Ireland were: History of the Rebellion in Ireland in 1798 (Dublin, 1801), and History of Ireland,from the earliest accounts to the Union (Dublin, 1806). Lowndes styles this last "a party work, abounding in misrepresentation." The second edition of his Rebellion contains a reply to some observations by Sir Richard Musgrave.

Gormlaith, Queen, daughter of Flann Sinna, Monarch of Ireland, was born about 880. She was a very beautiful woman, and was first married to Cormac MacCullinan. After his death, she was won by Cearbhall, or Carroll, King of Leinster, who was slain in the year 909. She then espoused Nial Glundubh, with whom she lived till he was slain by Amlaff at Dublin, in 919. Gormlaith was then left destitute, and is said even to have been forced to beg from door to door, and died in 946, say the Four Masters, "after intense penance for her sins and transgressions." Her chequered life has furnished a theme for many poems.

Gotofrid, a Dominican friar, a native of Waterford, was a distinguished classical, French, and Arabic scholar, who flourished in the 13th century. He travelled in the east, and translated several works from Latin, Greek, and Arabic into French.

Gough, Hugh, Viscount, G.C.B., was born at Woodstown, County of Limerick, the seat of his father, 3rd November 1779, and was educated at home. When but thirteen he entered his father's regiment, the Limerick militia; from which he was soon transferred as Lieutenant to the 119th Regiment of the line. His military abilities soon asserted themselves, and he was appointed Adjutant at an unprecedentedly early age. He served in different regiments at the Cape and in the West Indies. Having obtained his majority in the 87th, he was sent to Spain in 1809, and held commands at Talavera, Barossa, Vittoria, Nivelle, Cadiz, and Tarifa - receiving a medal and a heraldic augmentation to his armorial bearings. He had a horse shot under him at Talavera, and was severely wounded at Tarifa and Nivelle. His conduct was highly commended by the Duke of Wellington, and he was the first officer who ever received brevet rank for services performed in the field in command of a regiment. At Barossa his troops captured a French eagle, and at Vittoria they secured the baton of Marshal Jourdan. The years between 1815 and 1837 were spent chiefly at home, fulfilling the duties of a country gentleman on his Tipperary estates, or in command of troops in different parts of the country. He was appointed a magistrate of Cork, Limerick, and Tipperary; and we are told that by his gentle and engaging manners he not only conciliated the good-will of the gentry with whom he had to act, but by a system of mingled firmness and mildness, succeeded, to a great extent, in winning the respect and confidence of the peasantry. In 1830 he became Major-General, and seven years afterwards was sent to India and China to take com­ mand of a division of the army. He served in the Chinese war, and at its conclusion and the signature of a treaty at Nankin, in August 1842, he was for his services created a G.C.B., a baronetcy was conferred upon him, and he received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament. In August 1843 he assumed the post of Commander- in-chief in India, and in December took command in the campaign against the Mahrattas, which terminated in the decisive victory of Maharagpore (29th December). In 1845and the following year he defeated the Sikhs at Moodkee, Ferozesha, and Sabraon, again receiving the thanks of Parliament, and in April 1846 was raised to the peerage as a baron. On the renewal of hostilities, he fought the battle of Chillianwallah, 13th January 1849, where he was virtually defeated by the Sikhs. Mr. Marshman, in his History of India, thus writes of his conduct on this occasion: "The spirit of defiance and antagonism at once overcame his better judgment [of deferring an attack] and, rejecting all advice, and trampling on every remonstrance, he gave orders to prepare for immediate action... Four guns of the Horse Artillery were captured... The colours of three regiments were lost in the battle, and the price paid by us for our doubtful victory, was the loss of 2,357 fighting men, and 89 officers killed and wounded... The character of the Sikhs for prowess was greatly elevated, the reputation of British cavalry was deplorably tarnished... The public did not cease to admire the private virtues, the quick perception, the indomitable energy, and the chivalrous valour of the Commander-in-chief, which rendered him the idol of the soldiery; but there was, nevertheless, a painful conviction that nature had not designed, or education or experience fitted him, for extensive and independent command." When the news reached home, he was railed at for his "Tipperary tactics," an order for his recall was issued, and Sir Charles Napier was appointed to succeed him. However, before this change could take effect, he had re-established his reputation by the victory of Guzerat, 21st February 1849, which put an end to the war, and enabled him on leaving the army to boast that "that which Alexander attempted, the British army have accomplished." Again he was thanked by Parliament, was advanced to a viscountcy, and granted a pension of £4,000 a year. In 1854 he was appointed Colonel of the Royal Horse-Guards, and in 1862 was created a Field-Marshal. The latter part of Viscount Gough's life was spent in retirement, at his residence, St. Helen's, Booterstown, near Dublin. He died 2nd March 1869, aged 89, and was buried at Stillorgan. Viscount Gough was of a singularly noble presence, and retained his brilliant intellect to the last. He is said to have commanded in more general actions than any officer of the age, except the Duke of Wellington.

Gough, John, arithmetician, was born at Kendal, in 1721, became a minister of the Society of Friends, and in 1750 came over to Dublin, and took the management of a Friends' school. In 1774 he removed to a similar appointment at Lisburn. He was the author of a valuable work, the Rise and Progress of the People called Quakers, also an Arithmetic, which has now been superseded by more advanced works, as it displaced the Vosters theretofore in use. Until of late, a Gough was, in Ireland, synonymous with "an arithmetic." John Gough died of apoplexy, 25th October 1791, aged 70.

Gould, Thomas, Abbe, a Catholic controversialist, was born at Cork in 1657. At the age of twenty-one he passed into France, and studied theology at Poitiers. Having taken orders, he was sent to Thouars commissioned for the conversion of Protestants - his spiritual exhortations being supported by the full powers of the state. His successful labours were recompensed with substantial pensions and the abbacy of St. Laon de Thouars. A list of his controversial works, which are stated to display learning and ability, will be found in the Biographie Generale.

Grace, Richard, Colonel, the younger son of Robert Grace, Baron of Courtstown, was born the early part of the 17th century, of a Kilkenny family, descended from Raymond le Gros (corrupted into Grace). He resided at Moyelly Castle, Queen's County, and served Charles I. in England, until the surrender of Oxford in 1646. He then returned to Ireland, and was for some years engaged in the War of 1641-'52. He is referred to in State Papers as being at the head of 3,000 men, harassing the Parliamentary troops - now in Wicklow, and again at Crogan, beyond the Shannon. In 1652 a reward of £300 was by the English government set upon his head, yet at the conclusion of the war he was permitted to enter the Spanish service with 1,200 of his men. After some time he went over to the French side, without betraying any trust imposed upon him, having given due notice to his Spanish friends. After the Restoration he was appointed Chamberlain to the Duke of York, and in consideration of his faithful and indefatigable services, received "pensions of £400, and a portion at least of his estates were restored to him." When James II. came to Ireland, Grace was appointed Governor of Athlone, with a garrison of three regiments of foot, and eleven troops of cavalry. After the battle of the Boyne, the town was invested by General Douglas with ten regiments of foot, and five of horse. Grace having burnt the English town, and broken down the bridge, defended the Connaught works with indomitable spirit. When called upon to surrender, he fired a pistol over the messenger's head, and declared: "These are my terms; these only will I give or receive; and when my provisions are consumed, I will defend till I eat my old boots." At the end of a week, Douglas was obliged to draw off, with the loss of 400 men. The town was again invested by De Ginkell in 1691. St. Ruth had meanwhile obliged Grace to exchange three of his veteran regiments for inferior French troops. Nevertheless he made a heroic defence under St. Ruth, and on 30th June 1691, after De Ginkell's passage of the Shannon and the capture of the citadel on the Connaught side, Colonel Grace's body was found under the ruins. His conduct towards the Protestants within his district is described as having been peculiarly humane and just; and although the severity of his discipline contrasted with the irregularities tolerated in other portions of the Irish army, he was greatly beloved by his men.

Grattan, Henry, was born in St. John's parish, Dublin, 3rd July 1746. His father was for many years Recorder of, and member for Dublin; his ancestors on the paternal side were intimate friends of Swift; and his mother's family, the Marlays, were descended from Captain Anthony Marlay, who received an appointment in the Duke of Ormond's regiment in 1677. Henry Grattan was sent to Ball's School in Ship- street (where John FitzGibbon, afterwards Lord Clare, was his school-mate), thence he was removed to Mr. Young's, in Abbey- street, where were educated others of his parliamentary contemporaries. He was considered a lad of much spirit, and was highly respected by his school-fellows. In 1763 he entered Trinity College, where his greatest intimate was Mr. Broome, a cornet in the army. Grattan's correspondence with him discovers a somewhat gloomy turn of mind at this period. There was considerable incompatibility of temper between Henry Grattan and his father, who at his death in 1766 left the family mansion to another; but through his mother a small independence was secured to him. In 1767 Grattan went to London, and entered in Michaelmas term as student at the Middle Temple. The Houses of Parliament soon became his favourite place of resort, and there he was enthralled by the oratory of Lord Chatham. The loss of his beloved sister, Catherine, during his London residence, was a cause of profound grief to him, and in November 1768, he received the news of his mother's sudden death. In consequence of her intestacy, the bulk of the property intended for him reverted to another branch of the family. In 1768 the marriage of his eldest sister to Mr. Gervase P. Bushe, M.P. for Callan, cemented a close intimacy between Grattan and Henry Flood, who resided near Mr. Bushe, in the County of Kilkenny. They corresponded, argued, and debated, and together performed in private theatricals, then much in vogue in Ireland. In the autumn of 1771 Grattan travelled in France, where he made many friendships; he was called to the Irish Bar next year, and began seriously to apply himself to legal studies, and go circuit. By this time he had also become intimate with Lord Charlemont, Hussey Burgh, Denis Daly, Yelverton, Bushe, Langrishe, Day, and other eminent Irish statesmen. Day continued one of his most intimate and attached friends through life. These kindred spirits formed a club, chiefly for the discussion of politics, entitled the "Society of Granby- row." Grattan gradually became more and more interested in Irish affairs, and on the 11th December 1775 took his seat in Parliament for the borough of Charlemont, having been nominated thereto by his friend, Lord Charlemont. His first speech, made on the 15 th December, was an unavailing protest against the grant of £3,500 a year each to two absentee Vice-Treasurers of Ireland. A Dublin paper of the day wrote: "Mr. Grattan spoke - not a studied speech, but in reply - the spontaneous flow of natural eloquence. Though so young a man, he spoke without hesitation; and if he keeps to this example, will be a valuable weight in the scale of patriotism." In February 1776, with Bushe, Yelverton, and others, he protested against the embargo laid by the British government on Irish provisions, which was defended by Mr. Flood. In November 1777 he again took a prominent part against a similar measure, made a motion for retrenchment, and inveighed against the war being waged with the American colonies. Although his efforts in the cause of his country as yet bore little fruit, he was regarded by many as a leader of the party which declared itself irreconcilably opposed to the policy by which Ireland was governed. At this period, Mr. Fox visited Ireland, and then commenced that acquaintance and warm sympathy between him and Grattan which continued through life. At length the British reverses in America, to which the expatriated Protestant Irish had so materially contributed, aroused Ministers to the necessity of conceding something to Irish demands, and on 4th November 1778 a Bill was passed enabling Catholics to take leases for lives or years concurrent, and to hold land for 999 years, or any number of years determinable on lives not exceeding five. This measure met Grattan's warmest approval. The country was then in the most miserable condition - its trade fettered, and the Government, almost in a state of bankruptcy, obliged to borrow from La Touche's Bank to sustain its credit. Next year matters culminated in the Government declaring its inability to defend Ireland, and the Volunteers sprang into being. Their support of the national party entirely altered the possibilities in Ireland. Grattan, aided by Burgh and Daly, was enabled to press on measures for free trade; and the address on that question, carried in the Commons, was taken to the Castle through streets lined by the Volunteers. The influence of the Ministers was paralyzed by the flood of generous enthusiasm that swept over the country, and Grattan's motion on 24th November 1779, "That at this time it would be inexpedient to grant new taxes," was carried by 170 to 47. In December an Act was passed in the British Parliament permitting Ireland to export glass and woollen goods, and to trade with America, Africa, and the West Indies. There were general illuminations through Ireland, and Government hoped the storm was over, while Grattan and his friends pushed on to further measures. At county meetings, grand juries, and Volunteer associations, resolutions were passed claiming that Ireland should be bound only by her own laws, and demanding a modification of Poyning's Act, and a repeal of 6 Geo. I., which declared the dependence of Ireland upon Great Britain. Early in 1780, Grattan gave notice of his intention to move a Declaration of Rights, embodying these demands; while, on the other hand, in the House of Lords the Duke of Leinster carried an address to the King, expressing satisfaction with the concessions already made. Grattan pressed on almost alone. Many of liis friends were deterred by threats and blandishments; and Edmund Burke, applied to by the opponents of the Bill of Rights, wrote over: "Will no one speak to this madman? Will no one stop this madman, Grattan?" At this period Grattan lived much with his uncle, Colonel Marlay, who resided at Marlay Abbey on the Liffey, at Celbridge. He afterwards wrote: "Along the banks of that river, amid the groves and bowers of Swift and Vanessa, I grew convinced that I was right; arguments unanswerable came to my mind, and what I then prepared con­ firmed me in my determination to persevere; a great spirit arose among the people, and the speech which I delivered afterwards in the House communicated its fire and impelled them on; the country caught the flame, and it rapidly extended. I was supported by eighteen counties, by the grand jury addresses and the resolutions of the Volunteers. I stood upon that ground, and was determined never to yield. I brought on the question the 19th April 1780. That was a great day for Ireland- that day gave her liberty." These resolutions were: "That his most excellent Majesty, by and with the consent of the Lords and Commons of Ireland, are the only power competent to enact laws to bind Ireland: That the crown of Ireland is and ought to be inseparably annexed to the crown of Great Britain: That Great Britain and Ireland are inseparably united under one sovereign, under the common and indissoluble ties of interest, loyalty, and freedom." Although the decision upon them was postponed, the debate diffused a hopeful spirit through the country. During the ensuing summer the Volunteers held imposing reviews in different parts of Ireland, at many of which Grattan and Charlemont were present, and received popular ovations. The review in College-green, Dublin, in front of the Houses of Parliament, on 4th November, assumed a national character. Yet through 1781 the Government man­ aged kept up its opposition to the Irish measures of reform, and the only important result of the session was the passing of a Habeas Corpus Act. On the 15th February 1782, 242 Volunteer delegates met at Dungannon, and passed resolutions drawn up by Grattan, Lord Charlemont, and Flood, embodying a declaration of Ireland's right to self-government, and a resolution in favour of the relaxation of the Penal Laws. Government by force in Ireland was now no longer possible. Lord Carlisle was recalled, and the Duke of Portland sent over as Viceroy, with instructions to concede the popular demands as far as appeared necessary to allay the excitement into which the country was thrown. Grattan and his friends urged on the question of independence. They perceived that delay might be fatal - that the country might be discouraged, and the ardour of the Volunteers possibly cool down. They refused all the offers of place held out by the Government on condition of a temporizing policy. Grattan afterwards said: "I was young and poor; I had scarcely £500 a year. Lord Charlemont was as poor as any peer, and I as any commoner. We were, however, determined to refuse office; and our opinion, and a just one, too, was that office in Ireland was different from office in England; it was not a situation held for Ireland, but held for an English government, often in collision with, and frequently hostile to, Ireland." Parliament met by adjournment on 16th April 1782. The streets were lined with the Volunteers. An address in favour of Grattan's Declaration of Rights was carried enthusiastically. He concluded his speech on the occasion with the memorable words: "I found Ireland on her knees; I watched over her with an eternal solicitude; I have traced her progress from injuries to arms, and from arms to liberty. Spirit of Swift! spirit of Molyneux! your genius has prevailed! Ireland is now a nation! In that new character I hail her! and, bowing in her august presence, I say, Esto perpetua." On the 27th May the Viceroy announced the concurrence of the British legislature in the Irish resolutions, and Bills were immediately passed embodying the Declaration of Rights, a Mutiny Act, and the repeal of of Poyning's Act, securing to the Irish House of Lords final judicature, and establishing freedom of election and the independence of the judges. Grattan thereupon moved a grant of £100,000 and 20,000 men to the British navy, as an earnest of that good will and indissoluble connexion that he desired should subsist between the countries. Congratulations poured in on all sides, and £100,000 was voted by a grateful country to Grattan for his services. With difficulty he was prevailed upon to accept half this amount. In the course of the summer of 1782 Grattan married Henrietta FitzGerald, a descendant of the Desmond family. She was considered a great beauty, and the marriage proved a very happy one. Although her health was often infirm, she worthily sustained him and stood by him in all the difficulties of life. With the parliamentary grant he bought an estate in the Queen's County, at Moyanna, near Stradbally, while he fixed his permanent residence at Tinnehinch, near the Dargle, in the County of Wicklow, a spot to which he had been always passionately attached. Grattan had indeed gained much for Ireland; but the seeds of future disaster lay in a corrupt system and an inadequate representation, by which Ministers still held control over the country. The Catholics, who formed four-fifths of the people of Ireland, were wholly unrepresented - likewise the Nonconformists, half the remainder of the population. Parliament in fact represented only the members of the Established Church, who formed but a small part of the nation. Out of the 300 members, 216 were returned for boroughs or manors. According to Mr. Lecky, 200 were elected by constituencies numbering but 100, and 50 by constituencies of only 10 voters each. Four noblemen virtually returned 46 members. The pension list was actually greater than that of England: in 1793 it amounted to £124,000 per annum. In the autumn of 1782 Grattan came into collision with Flood and the body of the Volunteers on the question of "simple repeal." He contended that it was ungenerous and distrustful not to be satisfied with the simple repeal of the statutes which had bound Ireland; while Flood held that Ireland's liberties were insecure until a declaratory Act was passed by the British legislature, renouncing all control over Ireland in internal matters. This controversy, followed up by Flood's efforts to reduce the Irish contingent of the army, led to a rupture between the friends. A night in October 1783 was made memorable by an explosion between them in the House of Commons, and a duel was happily interrupted. [See FLOOD, HENRY.] In the will made by Grattan before the meeting, he left back to the nation the £50,000 it had granted him, charged only with an annuity of £800 to his wife. Next month Grattan voted in favour of Flood's Reform Bill brought up from the Rotunda Convention; he also supported that brought forward by Flood in March 1784. He was, however, on the whole opposed to Flood's policy of agitation outside the doors of Parliament, and for a time a coolness existed between him and Lord Charlemont, who inclined to support Flood. Grattan put forth his powers in the session of 1784 chiefly in opposition to Orde's commercial propositions, under which Ireland would have been in some matters necessarily subordinate to Great Britain. His prognostications as to the prosperity of the country in consequence of the reforms he had helped to bring about were amply justified. Dublin increased rapidly in population and importance, and most of the great public buildings which adorn it were erected during the few years of parliamentary independence. The session of 1786 passed over without any specially important measures. In consequence of disturbances in the south, Grattan made an ineffectual effort in the session of 1787 to have some relief granted in the matter of tithes, and again, on 14th February 1788, he proposed that they should be commuted for a uniform tax of so much per acre on tillage. He sketched the condition of the peasantry as deplorable, and spoke of the tithe war as "an odious contest between poverty and luxury - between the struggles of a pauper, and the luxury of a priest. .. The whiteboy is the least of his foes; his great enemy is the precept of the Gospel, and the example of the Apostles." His opponent, the Attorney-General, pronounced this speech to be the most splendid display of eloquence the House ever heard. Government, however, opposed all reform, and Grattan's measure was rejected by 121 to 49 votes. In consequence of Mrs. Grattan's ill-health, he took her to England in the autumn of 1788. They sojourned at Bath for a time; and he visited London, where he had much intercourse with Fox and other English political friends. Next February, in consequence of the insanity of George III., the Regency question came before the Irish Parliament. The Prince of Wales had by the British Parliament been constituted Regent, with restricted powers, while in the Irish Parliament Grattan proposed that he should be entrusted with full regal authority. The Government party insisted that Ireland should unhesitatingly follow the British precedent, FitzGibbon using the ominous words - "Government never could go on unless Ireland followed Great Britain implicity in all regulations of imperial policy." Grattan's party, however, in spite of all opposition, obtained a majority, and the Lord-Lieutenant refusing to transmit their decision to London, Grattan, the Duke of Leinster, Lord Charlemont, and a few more were appointed to present it in person to the Prince of Wales. The recovery of the King put an end to further complications, but the difference between the two Parliaments was afterwards used as a powerful argument in favour of a union. Fifteen gentlemen, including the Duke of Leinster and the leading members of the Liberal party, holding offices to the amount of £20,000 a year, were dismissed for their votes on this occasion. Whereupon fifty- five other members of the party signed an undertaking not to accept any of the vacant posts, or under any circumstances to support a Government persevering in its efforts to interfere with the prerogatives of Parliament. On the other hand, FitzGibbon, Wolfe, Toler, Cooke, and a large number of Government partizans were promoted in the peerage or otherwise. Government also divided many offices, and created new ones, so as still further to extend their patronage. Before matters reverted into their old channel after the recovery of George III., Grattan was enabled to advocate and pass some beneficial measures - one disabling revenue officers from voting at elections, and another limiting the amount of pensions. On 8th May 1789 he again, in a brilliant speech, unavailingly introduced the question of tithe reforms. About this time Grattan, Charlemont, and several of their party, formed the Whig Club, which numbered among its members Curran, Lord Edward FitzGerald, and most of the Irish reform party, and for a short time its resolutions and meetings had an appreciable effect in stemming the torrent of corruption which was let loose upon the country. In the session which opened 21st January 1790, Grattan drew attention to this matter of Government patronage; but his motion for a committee to inquire into corrupt practices was defeated by 144 to 88. Grattan renewed the tithe question next session, and was again defeated by 117 to 56 votes. One great reform was, however, accomplished - a Catholic Relief Bill was passed, opening up the magistracy and the Bar, legalizing Catholic places of worship, and declaring Catholics eligible for certain offices in the state. Grattan believed the passage of such reforms to afford the only hope of counteracting the "French principles" then rampant, which he so bitterly detested. The session of 1793, that saw the passage of the important measure of Catholic relief detailed in the notice of Mr. Keogh, also witnessed the enactment of a severe Arms Act, and the Convention Act, which has ever since precluded the gathering of representative assemblies in Ireland. When the Bill for this last measure was in committee, Grattan strenuously protested-declaring it to be a false declaration of the law, and that it deprived the subject of his constitutional right of petitioning effectually, by rendering impossible the previous organizations from which effective petitions had emanated. He declared himself especially indignant in that by implication it condemned all previous meetings of delegates that had taken place. Government thenceforth consistently opposed further measures of reform, and the people drifted more and more into revolutionary plans. There occurred, however, one singular episode, when for a brief period Government appeared inclined to alter its policy. In December 1794 Lord Westmoreland was recalled, and Lord Fitzwilliam was sent over on 4th January 1795, with instructions to concede Catholic Emancipation. He was received with significant enthusiasm. Petitions poured in from the Catholics; and the majority of the Protestants were unquestionably then in favour of a large measure of relief. In Parliament this feeling was fully reflected; extraordinary supplies were voted, and Grattan, though without official position, became virtually the leader of the Government. The French party almost entirely disappeared. Leave was given, with but three dissentient voices, to bring in an Emancipation Bill; it was believed that a Reform Bill would follow; the whole Catholic population were eager with excitement; the Protestants were for the most part enthusiastically loyal. One of the leaders of the United Irishmen afterwards declared that if these reforms had passed, their quarrel with England was at an end. Such was the state of public feeling, when Fitzwilliam was peremptorily recalled on 19th March. Government, moved by the remonstrances of the Beresfords and several of its old supporters in the country, determined to revert to its accustomed policy. Thereupon addresses of condolence poured in upon Grattan, and at Fitzwilliam's departure the shutters of the Dublin shops were put up, and crowds followed him to the wharf. Lord Fitzwilliam vigorously protested against the Government thus going back on its contemplated liberal policy towards the Catholics, at a period "when the jealousy and alarm which certainly at the first period pervaded the minds of the Protestant body exist no longer - when not one Protestant corporation, scarcely an individual, has come forward to deprecate and oppose the indulgence claimed by the higher order of Catholics - when even some of those who were most alarmed in 1793, and were then the most violent opposers, declare the indulgences now asked to be only the necessary consequences of those granted at that time, and positively essential to secure the well-being of the two countries." At the swearing in of the new Lord-Lieutenant, Lord Clarendon, a serious riot occurred, which had to be quelled by the military. Denouncing in Parliament the conduct of Ministers, Grattan remarked: "It is a matter of melancholy reflection to consider how little that cabinet knows anything relating to Ireland. Ireland is a subject it considers with a lazy contumely, and picks up here and there by accident or design interested and erroneous intelligence... I reprobate that pernicious and profligate system and its abettors, which disgraced this country, and with them I deprecate its return." Such was the influence of Government that his motion for Catholic relief was now rejected by 158 to 48, and the only important measure of the session was the establishment of Maynooth College, with a grant of £8,000 a year. The feelings between the Protestants and Catholics were embittered by a contest known as the "Battle of the Diamond," between the rival factions in the north, and by the clearance of a number of Catholics out of Antrim and Down by their Protestant neighbours. In the session of 1796, against the vehement protests of Grattan and Curran, a stringent Insurrection Act was passed. A report of the Whig Club at this period gives a melancholy picture of the state of the poor and the condition of the country generally. In October 1796 Parliament reassembled in consequence of the apprehension of French invasion. The suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act was enacted, and all measures of relief and reform were persistently opposed. Grattan wound up his speech in opposition to this policy with the words: "I know not where you are leading me - from one strong Bill to another - until I see a gulf before me, at whose abyss I recoil. In it I see no safety - nothing but the absence of our dearest rights, the absence of the Habeas Corpus Act, the absence of civil liberty. Government have made it a question of passion as well as of power. Do you imagine there is any man who would prefer the wild schemes of republicanism to the sober blessings of the British Constitution, if he enjoyed them? What is the tree of liberty? It is sprinkled with the blood of kings and of nobles - some of the best blood of Europe; but if you force your fellow- subjects from under the hospitable roof of the constitution, you will leave them, like the weary traveller, at length to repose under the dreadful tree of liberty. Give them, therefore, a safe dwelling-the good old fabric of the constitution, with its doors open to the community." He made several similar protests in the session of 1797. Matters went from bad to worse. Addressing the ministers in Parliament, Grattan said: " `You must subdue before you reform!' Indeed, alas! you think so; but you forget you subdue by reforming: it is the best conquest you can obtain over your own people. But let me suppose you succeed - what is your success? - a military government - a perfect despotism - a hapless victory over the principles of a mild government and a mild constitution - a union - but what may be the ultimate consequences of such a victory? - a separation." On account of the manner in which the yeomen were encouraged, and their consequent excesses, Grattan withdrew from the mounted corps to which he belonged. He thus wrote to Lord Monck, the commander: " It gives me great concern that the late determination of Government with respect to the people of Ireland should have been against measures of conciliation, and for measures of coercion and force. Such a determination makes it impossible for me to hold any military situation, however insignificant, under a government so disposed. If ever I am sent into actual service, it shall never be against my country." Then "finding that his exertions were no longer of any avail that he could not support the measures of Government consistently with his duties or his feelings, nor oppose them with any hope of success; and unwilling by further opposition to countenance the United party, whose principles he entirely disapproved, he retired from Parliament altogether, declining to stand at the general election of 1797." Writing twenty years afterwards of this time, he said: "Our error was in not having seceded sooner; for the opposition, I fear, encouraged the United men by their speeches against the Government. The Government were so abominable, their measures were so violent, that no man would sanction them. There was high treason certainly, but these were measures that no high treason, that no crimes could warrant. Nothing could excuse the torture, the whippings, the half- hanging; it was impossible to act with them; and in such cases it is always better that a neutral party should retire. We could do no good-we could not join the disaffected party, and we could not support the Government. We would not torture, we would not hold the lash, we would not flagellate... They did not treat the people as if they were Christians, they treated them not like rebel Christians, but like rebel dogs; and afterwards when these men who had thus acted came to be tried at the Union, they sold themselves and their country; it was infamous. The question men should have asked was not, `Why was Mr. Sheares upon the gallows?' but `Why was not Lord Clare along with him?'" At a meeting of the Bar held about this time, a series of resolutions were passed, condemning the conduct of Government, and declaring that an adequate reform would satisfy the country. It was signed by seventy-six gentlemen, amongst whom were Bagenal Harvey, Henry Sheares, T. A. Emmet, and several who were afterwards, by the course of events, hurried into the rebellion. There can be no greater proof of the implacable character of the government opposition to reform of any kind than the fact that Grattan's name was then struck from the list of Privy Councillors, without any evidence to connect him even in sympathy with the designs of the revolutionary party. (His name was restored to the roll in 1806.) Grattan, broken down in health and spirits, now retired to the country, and was induced by the entreaties of Mrs. Grattan and the advice of his physicians to spend most of the summer of 1798 in the south and west of England. During his absence his residence at Tinnehinch suffered severely at the hands of the yeomanry and troops. The means by which the Union was pressed on after the Insurrection of 1798, until Grattan's return to Parliament, belong more properly to the notices of Lord Clare, Lord Castlereagh, Lord Cornwallis, and to general history. The following may be given from Grattan's Life, by his son: "All that could be accomplished by gold or by iron, by bribes or by threats, or by promises, was set in motion; every effort was strained to bring round those who were disinclined, to seduce those who were hostile but necessitous, to terrify the timid, and bear down the fearless and those who had at heart the interest and independence of their country. The doors of the Treasury were opened, and a deluge of corruption covered the land. The bench of bishops, the bench of judges, the bar, the revenue, the army, the navy, civil offices, military and naval establishments, places, pensions, and titles, were denied and prostituted for the purpose of carrying the great government object-this ill-omened Union." The country was overawed by 137,590 troops, yet 28 counties petitioned against the measure, 8 principal towns, 12 municipal corporations, Dublin and all the mercantile, manufacturing, and trading interests of the kingdom. Only 7,000 individuals petitioned in favour of a union, while 110,000 freeholders and 707,000 others signed against it. The Catholics of Ireland generally were kept quiet by hints that a union would result in their speedy emancipation; while the Protestants were told that if the Union was not carried the English Parliament might leave them to be annihilated by the Catholic majority. Able pamphlets teemed on both sides of the question. Duelling clubs for challenging opponents were established by both parties; and an effort was even made by Grattan's friends to raise a fund for outbribing the Government. In this state of affairs, at the end of 1799, Grattan returned to Tinnehinch, from the Isle of Wight, almost broken­ hearted, not only hopeless but helpless - enfeebled in body, depressed in spirits, but still unsubdued in mind. It was desirable he should re-enter Parliament when the session of 1800 opened. He expressed no desire in the matter himself, but Mrs. Grattan urged "that it was his duty; that he had got a great deal from the people; that he ought to spend his money and shed his blood in their defence." At length Mr. Grattan yielded, and was brought to Dublin. Being unable to bear any noise, he avoided hotels, and went to a friend's house in Baggot-street. A vacancy occurred for the borough of Wicklow; through the friendly offices of the sheriff the election was held at midnight, and Grattan was elected, and a horseman was despatched to Dublin with the return. Mrs. Grattan tells us what followed: "He arrived in Dublin about five in the morning, when we heard a loud knocking at the door. Mr. Grattan had been very ill, and was then in bed, and turning round he exclaimed,'Oh, here they come; why will they not let me die in peace?' The question of Union had become dreadful to him; he could not bear the idea, or listen to the subject, or speak on it with any degree of patience; he grew quite wild, and it almost drove him frantic. I shall never forget the scene that followed. I told him he must get up immediately, and go down to the House: so we got him out of bed, and dressed him. I helped him down stairs; then he went into the parlour and loaded his pistols, and I saw him put them in his pocket, for he apprehended he might be attacked by the Union party, and assassinated. We wrapped a blanket round him, and put him in a sedan chair, and when he left the door I stood there, uncertain whether I should ever see him again. Afterwards, Mr. McCann came to me and said that I need not be alarmed, as Mr. Grattan's friends had determined to come forward in case he was attacked, and if necessary take his place in the event of any personal quarrel. When I heard that, I thanked him for his kindness, but told him `My husband cannot die better than in defence of his country.'" This was the early morning of the 16th January 1800. Parliament had opened the previous evening; the question of the Union had at once come up, and had been opposed through the night by Plunket, FitzGerald, Arthur Moore, Ponsonby, and Bushe. At seven o'clock Grattan entered the House, supported by Ponsonby and Moore. He was dressed in the Volunteer uniform - blue, with red cuffs and collar. "The House and the galleries were seized with breathless emotion, and a thrilling sensation, a low murmur, pervaded the whole assembly, when they beheld a thin, weak, and emaciated figure, worn down by sickness of mind and body, scarcely able to sustain himself; the man who had been the founder of Ireland's independence in 1782, was now coming forward, feeble, helpless, and apparently almost in his last moments, to defend or to fall with his country." When Mr. Egan, who was speaking when he entered, ceased, Grattan rose, but obtained leave to address the house sitting, and delivered a speech of two hours' duration, in which he went over the whole question. But the Government carried the address embodying the question of Union by 138 votes to 96. On 5th February Lord Castlereagh delivered a message to Parliament from the Lord-Lieutenant, recommending a union. In the course of the debate Grattan said: "Whether you will go, with the Castle at your head, to the tomb of Charlemont and the Volunteers, and erase his epitaph; or whether your children shall go to your graves, saying, 'A venal military court attacked the liberties of the Irish, and here lie the bones of the honourable dead men who saved their country!' Such an epitaph is an epitaph which the King cannot give his slaves; it is a glory which the crown cannot give the King." On this occasion Government secured 160 to 117 votes. The complaints made in the House of the dispersion by the military of meetings to petition against the Union, were not denied by Toler, the Attorney-General. On Friday, 17th February, the House went into committee on the Union Bill. In the course of debate, Corry made a personal attack on Grattan, which he repelled in a speech of surpassing eloquence. Since his reply to Flood in 1783 nothing of that character had been heard in Parliament. Speaking of 1798, he said: "The stronghold of the constitution was nowhere to be found. I agree that the rebel who rises against the Government should have suffered; but I missed on the scaffold the right honourable gentleman. Two desperate parties were in arms against the constitution. The right honourable gentleman belonged to one of these parties and deserved death. I could not join the rebels; I could not join the Government; I could not join torture; I could not join half-hanging; I could not join free quarter; I could take part with neither. I was therefore absent from a scene where I could not be active without self-reproach, nor indifferent with safety. Many honourable gentlemen thought differently from me. respect their opinions, but I keep my own; and I think now, as I thought then, that the treason of the Minister against the liberties of the people was infinitely worse than the rebellion of the people against the Minister." The Government after this debate had 161 votes to 140. A duel between Grattan and Corry was inevitable. James Blackwood (Lord Dufferin) offered to be Grattan's second. The opponents met at Ball's-bridge. The sheriff appeared, but was held down in a ditch until the affair was over. At the second discharge Corry was wounded. Notwithstanding lavish bribery and corruption, Government appear still to have entertained some apprehensions of final failure; and Lord Cornwallis speaks of their party in general being "but cold and languid friends." On 4th March George Ponsonby brought forward a motion of address to his Majesty against the Union, showing the state of public feeling in the country against the measure. This proposal was defeated by 155 to 107. To strengthen the hands of Government, further stringent Insurrection Bills were passed. The Irish Militia were also sent to England, and their places filled by English regiments. On the 25th March the report of the committee in favour of a Union was brought up and passed. On the 26th the Union Bill was read a second time and passed by 117 to 73. Grattan wound up his final protest against the measure in these words: "Yet I do not give up the country; I see her in a swoon, but she is not dead. Though in her tomb she lies helpless and motionless, still there is on her lips a spirit of life, and on her cheek a glow of beauty. 'Thou art not conquered; beauty's ensign yet Is crimson on thy lips and in thy cheeks, And death's pale flag is not advanced there.' While a plank of the vessel sticks together, I will not leave her. Let the courtier present his flimsy sail, and carry the light bark of his faith with every new breath of wind -I will remain anchored here, with fidelity to the fortunes of my country, faithful to her freedom - faithful to her fall!" Further resistance was vain - as Grattan expressed it, "Finding all useless, we retired with safe consciences, but with breaking hearts." On 7th June the Bill was read a third time; on the 12th, it passed the House of Lords, and on 1st August received the royal assent. A similar Bill, passed in the British House of Lords on 24th June, had received the royal assent on 2nd July. After the Union, Grattan for a time gave up politics and retired to Tinnehinch, where he devoted himself to country pursuits, to study, and the education of his children. He could not speak with tranquillity on the subject of the Union; at one time he would start as if seized with frenzy; at another he would remain musing and melancholy; or if he ventured to speak on the subject, his eyes would fill with tears. He continued, however, to keep up close intimacy and correspondence with his political friends. After Emmet's emeute, and in consequence of continued reports of French intrigues in Irish affairs, Grattan offered his services to Government, and raised a yeomanry corps on his estate - for the first time in that part of the country, enrolling Catholics. In 1805, at the earnest solicitation of Lord Fitzwilliam and Mr. Fox, he consented to enter the Imperial Parliament, with the hope of being able to forward the Catholic claims. He sat for a short time for an English borough - Malton - and from 1806 represented Dublin. His return was often severely contested, and the elections generally entailed very great expense. In one of his first speeches in the Imperial Parliament, he digressed into a eulogium on the extinct Irish Parliament, and uttered those words so famous for their touching and concentrated beauty - "I watched by its cradle; I followed its hearse." The Irish members of his party ever addressed him in Parliament as "Sir," with the same respect as they addressed the Speaker. He devoted himself almost exclusively to the cause of Catholic Emancipation, not hesitating on occasions to incur unpopularity in Ireland in the advocacy of measures he deemed necessary - as in 1807, when he voted for a new Insurrection and Arms Act; in 1818, when he was mobbed and stoned in Dublin for declining to support the repeal of the window tax; and again, when he forfeited the confidence of the Catholic Committee, by refusing to present a petition which contained claims he considered extravagant and unwise. His opposition to the policy of the Union ever continued unshaken. In answer to an application from a meeting held in the Exchange, Dublin, in September 1810, that he should support a repeal of the Union, he wrote: "I shall present their petitions, and support the repeal of the Act of Union, with a decided attachment to our connexion with Great Britain, and to that harmony between the two countries, without which the connexion cannot last. I do not impair either, as I apprehend, when I assure you that I shall support the repeal of the Act of Union. You will please to observe that a proposition of that sort in Parliament, to be either prudent or possible, must wait until it shall be called for and backed by the nation." Again, late in life, speaking of the change to his friend, Mr. Burrowes, he said: "The people take no interest in the Imperial Parliament; it is too far, and its remedies too late... The Union has sunk the country. Ireland held up her head formerly, but she is now a beggar at the door of Great Britain." Then striking his forehead, he exclaimed, as in anguish: "There is no thinking of it: but these countries from their size must stand together - united quoad nature - distinct quoad legislation." During his residence in London he enjoyed the society of a large circle of such men as Wilberforce and Rogers, and was especially happy at Holland House, where he was greatly beloved and esteemed. His magnanimity never shone out more strongly than on occasions when he defended Lord Castlereagh, his bitterest opponent concerning the Union, from what he considered the unjust attacks of his own party. The autumn of 1819 he resided with his family for a time at Luggelaw, and on his return to Tinnehinch complained of difficulty of breathing. In December these symptoms increased, and he consulted Mr. Crampton. His mind appeared singularly active, and his conversation as brilliant and fresh as ever. At the election that followed George III.'s death in 1820, Grattan was, on 16th March, returned without opposition, but was too weak to appear on the hustings. He spoke calmly of the state of his health, and quoted Caesar's wish for "a short death, and unexpected." Speaking of Ireland he said: "To keep alive the spirit of liberty, a man must belong to some country: here there is no country - England is not our country; it will take a century before she becomes so." Again, he remarked: "What a pleasing reflection it is for me, that I have taken an independent part through life. I can look back without reproach. I know what I have done, and what others have not done: it is a great consolation, a second immortality." On 12th May, having rallied a little, he visited Dublin, and received a deputation from the Catholic Association, headed by O'Connell. Although it was evident that his end was near, he adhered to his determination of going to London to make a final appeal for the Catholics in Parliament, and sailed from Dublin on 20th May. The quays were lined with crowds to bid him farewell, and just as the vessel began to move, he asked for a glass of wine, and drank to the health of the citizens of Dublin. From Liverpool the fatigue of land travelling was more than he could bear, and with extreme difficulty he was conveyed by canal in an open boat, fitted up with matting and canvas cover. On 31st May he arrived in London; but mortification had set in, and there was an end to any hope of his being able to appear in Parliament, although the Speaker of the House of Commons offered to give up his apartments to him. As the end approached he said, "Tell the Catholics if I cannot speak, I can pray for them. I shall then die contented." Again, to his daughter: "My life, my love, God gave me talents to be of use to my country, and if I lose my life in her service, it is a good death." "He lingered for a few days," says Mr. Lecky, "retaining to the last his full consciousness and interest in public affairs. Those who gathered round his death-bed observed with emotion how fondly and how constantly his mind reverted to that legislature which he had served so faithfully and had loved so well. It seemed as though the forms of its guiding spirits rose more vividly on his mind as the hour approached when he was to join them in another world; and, among the last words he is recorded to have uttered, we find a warm and touching eulogium of his great rival, Flood, and many glowing recollections of his fellow-labourers in Ireland." He expressed a strong desire to be buried at his estate of Moyanna; but being somewhat importuned, and it being represented to him that there was a general wish that he should rest in Westminster, he at length feebly whispered, " Well, Westminster Abbey." He drew up a paper containing his last desire - that Ireland should not seek for other connexion than with Great Britain; that Great Britain should help to repeal the civil and political disabilities of the Catholics. Nearly his last words were: "I die with a love of liberty in my heart, and this declaration in favour of my country in my hand." He passed away at six o'clock on the morning of the 4th June 1820, aged 73. That day forty years the Volunteers had presented him an address for his assertion of the liberties of Ireland. He was buried in the north transept of Westminster Abbey. His person is thus described: "Grattan was short in stature, and unprepossessing in appearance. His arms were disproportionably long: his walk was a stride. With a person swaying like a pendulum, and an abstracted air, he seemed always in thought, and each thought provoked an attendant gesticulation. Such was the outward and visible form of one whom the passenger would stop to stare at as a droll, and the philosopher to contemplate as a study. How strange it seems that a mind so replete with grace and symmetry, and power and splendour, should have been allotted such a dwelling for its residence. Yet so it was, and so also was it one of his highest attributes, that his genius by its excessive light, blinded the hearer to his physical infirmities. It was the victory of mind over matter - the man was forgotten in the orator." Mr. Lecky says of the brilliant oratory by which Grattan had effected so much for his country: "It is curious that Grattan, who was so sensible to the advantages of a graceful delivery in others, should have been always remarkable for the extreme singularity and awkwardness of his own. Byron, who otherwise admired his speaking exceedingly - 'With all that Demosthenes wanted endowed, And his rival or victor in all he possessed'- called it a 'harlequin manner.' O'Connell said that he nearly swept the ground with his gestures, and the motion of his arms has been compared to the rolling of a ship in a heavy swell... The eloquence of Grattan, in his best days, was in some respects, perhaps, the finest that has been heard in either country since the time of Chatham. Considered simply as a debater, he was certainly inferior to both Fox and Pitt, and, perhaps, to Sheridan; but he combined two of the very highest qualities of a great orator to a degree that was almost unexampled. No British orator except Chatham had an equal power of firing an educated audience with an intense enthusiasm, or of animating and inspiring a nation. No British orator except Burke had an equal power of sowing his speeches with profound aphorisms, and associating transient questions with eternal truths. His thoughts naturally crystallized into epigrams; his arguments were condensed with such admirable force and clearness that they assumed almost the appearance of axioms; and they were often interspersed with sentences of concentrated poetic beauty, which flashed upon the audience with all the force of sudden inspiration, and which were long remembered and repeated. Some of his best speeches combined much of the value of philosophical dissertations with all the charm of the most brilliant declamation. I know, indeed, none in modern times, except those of Burke, from which the student of politics can derive so many profound and valuable maxims of political wisdom, and none which are more useful to those who seek to master that art of condensed energy of expression in which he almost equalled Tacitus... His speeches show no wit, and no skill in the lighter forms of sarcasm; but he was almost unrivalled in crushing invective, in delineation of character, and in brief, keen arguments... There was a certain transparent simplicity and rectitude of purpose, a manifest disinterestedness, a fervid enthusiasm of patriotism in his character, which added greatly to the effect of his eloquence, and gave him an ascendency that was exercised by none of his contemporaries in Ireland." Grattan's children were: (1) James, an officer in the army, who served in the Peninsula and at Waterloo, was born in 1783, and died 24th October 1854. He was member for Wicklow for twenty years. His widow, Lady Laura Maria Grattan, still (1877) resides at Tinnehinch. (2) Henry, born 1789, died in 1859. He was member for Dublin from 1826 to 1831, and for Meath from 1832 to 1851. He left a large family. (3) Harriett, married in 1836, to Rev. R. W. Wake. (4) Mary Anne, married, first, John Blatchford, and, secondly, in 1834, the Earl of Carnwath. She died in 1853. Grattan's Memoirs by his son Henry were completed in 5 vols. 8vo. in 1846. The work is not alone a history of the man but of the country during his lifetime; and read in conjunction with the biographies of Lords Cornwallis and Castlereagh, gives perhaps the clearest view that can be obtained of that important epoch in Irish history.

Grattan, Thomas Colley, an author, was born at Clayton Lodge, in the County of Kildare, in 1796. He was distantly related both to Henry Grattan and Wellington. Educated at Athy, in due time he was apprenticed to a Dublin attorney. However, the prospect of a confined life was little to his taste, and he entered the militia, then passed on to the line, and saw some service on the Continent. Marrying, he settled in France, and engaged in literature. At Paris he associated with Moore and Irving, Beranger and Lamartine, and was a constant contributor to the Westminster and Edinburgh Reviews. High ways and Byways and Traits of Travel were well received; and his reputation as an author became established. His History of the Netherlands showed that he could excel in the graver as well as the lighter walks of literature. In the Revolution of 1830 his house was consumed, and he lost all his property through some unfortunate speculations. He removed to the Hague, where he wrote, among other works, Jacqueline of Holland and Legends of the Rhine. These were followed by Agnes of Mansfeldt, perhaps the best of his novels. In 1839 he was appointed British Consul at Boston, where he took a prominent part in the negotiations relating to the boundary between the United States and Canada. In 1853 he was permitted to resign his consulship in favour of his son. Drake styles his Civilized America (2 vols. 1859) "a bitterly abusive book." In 1861 he wrote England and the Disrupted States of America, and a drama - The Woman of Colour, The Edinburgh Review says of his Highways and Byways: "The style is throughout sustained with equal vigour, .. and we may safely pronounce this work to be executed in a manner worthy of the patriotic motive which the author proposed to himself in its composition - the eradication of national prejudices." He died in London, where he had passed the latter part of his life, 4th July 1864, aged about 68.

Graves, Richard, D.D., Dean of Ardagh, was born 1st October 1763, at Kilfinnane, in the County of Limerick, of which place his father was vicar. His career in Trinity College was distinguished, and he secured a fellowship in his twenty-second year. He soon became one of the most earnest and popular preachers of his day. In 1798 he published An Essay on the Character of the Apostles and Evangelists. His desire for parochial duties was satisfied in 1801 by the gift of a prebendal stall in Christ Church, Dublin, to which was attached the parish of St. Michael's, where he laboured assiduously and devotedly, especially amongst the poor. His Lectures on the Pentateuch, published in 1807, are widely known, and for many years retained the position of a text-book in the Universities. In 1809 he became rector of Raheny; in 1814, Dean of Ardagh; and he was Regius Professor of Divinity in Trinity College the same year. The faithful discharge of the duties of these offices did not prevent the composition of numerous theological works. In 1823 he exchanged his prebend of St. Michael's for the richer benefice of St. Mary's in Dublin. During a tour in England, in 1827,he was attacked with paralysis. He was kindly tended by his friend Southey, and recovered sufficiently to return home, where he lingered until 31st March 1829, when he died, aged 65. "Graves was a man of sound judgment, well trained intellect, and fertile imagination; his eloquence was copious; his manner was earnest, affectionate, and awakening; he was as noted for his simplicity as for his learning, for his benevolence as for his pastoral piety." A collected edition of his works, numbering seventeen in Cotton's list, was published by his son, R. H. Graves, D.D., in 4 vols. 8vo. in 1840.

Graves, Robert James, M.D.,F.R.S., son of the preceding, was born in Dublin, 27th March 1797. Having passed through Trinity College with success, and taken out a medical degree, he spent several years in travelling on the Continent, visiting hospitals, and becoming acquainted with some of the leading continental physicians and physiologists. On his return in 1821 he was appointed physician to the Meath Hospital, and was one of the founders of the Park-street School of Medicine. He soon took a prominent position as a physician, and wrote several important works on the study of medicine, chief among which must be mentioned his Lectures on Clinical Medicine, edited for him by Dr. Neligan in 1848, besides numerous contributions to medical periodical literature. His colleague Dr. Stokes thus writes of him: "To the labours of Graves we must award the highest place, as combining in a philosophical eclecticism the lights of the past with those of the present. For his mind, while it mastered the discoveries of modern investigation, remained imbued with the old strength and breadth of view so characteristic of the fathers of British medicine. And thus he had the rare privilege of leading the advance of the present school of medicine, while he never ceased to venerate and to be guided by the wisdom, the mode of thinking, and the labours of the past." Dr. Graves died 20th March 1853, aged 55.

Graves, Sir Thomas, K.B., Admiral, a distinguished naval officer, was born in the north of Ireland. Entering the navy at an early age, he served with credit in many parts of the world. In January 1783, when in command of the Magicienne, he had a desperate engagement in the Atlantic with the Sybille and another French vessel. In 1801 he was appointed Rear-Admiral of the White, and was second in command to Nelson at the bombardment of Copenhagen. The thanks of both Houses of Parliament were voted to him, and the Order of the Bath was conferred upon him personally by Nelson at the command of the King. Sir Thomas Graves died 29th March 1814, at his seat near Honiton, Devon.

Gray, Sir John, was born at Claremorris, in the County of Mayo, in 1816. He studied medicine, and shortly before his marriage in 1839 settled in Dublin as physician to an hospital in North Cumberland-street. He was before long drawn into politics, and in 1841 began to write for the Freeman's Journal, of which paper he eventually became proprietor. He warmly advocated the repeal of the Union, and was one of O'Connell's ablest supporters. Full of suggestive energy and resource, he originated and organized those courts of arbitration which O'Connell endeavoured to substitute for the legal tribunals of the country. He was prosecuted in 1844 for alleged seditious language, and suffered imprisonment with O'Connell. After O'Connell's death Dr. Gray continued to take a prominent part in Irish politics and in local affairs. It was to his energy and determination, as a member of the Dublin Corporation, that the citizens of Dublin owe their present excellent Vartry water supply. His capacity for business and his mechanical skill were never more clearly shown than in carrying this undertaking to a successful issue in the face of determined opposition from a large party of his fellow-citizens. On the opening of the works, 30th June 1863, he was knighted by the Earl of Carlisle, Lord-Lieutenant. At the general election of 1865 Sir John was returned for Kilkenny, a seat which he held until his death. He took a prominent and effective part in the passage of the Church and Land Bills, and supported the Home Rule movement. He died at Bath, 9th April 1875, aged 59, and his remains were honoured with a public funeral at Glasnevin. His fellow-citizens almost immediately set about the erection of a monument in appreciation of his many services to his country, and of the splendid supply of pure water which he secured for Dublin. Sir John Gray was a Protestant. The Athenaeum said at the period of his death: "Sir John Gray was, among his compatriots, a remarkable, and in many respects a singular man. Without the rigidity or sectarianism of Ulster Anglo- Saxonism, he possessed in an eminent degree the logical and self-reliant characteristics of the race. Without the eloquence or wit which distinguished so many of the more Celtic and southern of his competitors for fame, he possessed all their versatility of temperament and readiness of expression. Ardently attached to scientific inquiry, many of his leisure hours were devoted to chemical and mechanical pursuits, and his rare versatility in arithmetical calculation gave him great advantages in council and debate. His decease at the comparatively early age of sixty years is, we believe, ascribed in a great degree to his unresting love of work, and the earnestness with which he entered into all he put his hand to do." His paper, the Freeman's Journal, which he raised by his talents to be the most powerful organ of public opinion in Ireland, he left to the management of his son, Mr. Edmund D. Gray.

Greatrakes, Valentine, the "Touch Doctor," was born at Affane, County of Waterford, 14th February 1628. In 1649 he held a commission in Lord Broghill's regiment, and at the Restoration he was made Clerk of the Peace for the County of Cork. At thirty-four he began to develop those powers of curing scrofula and other diseases for which he was afterwards famous. His stables, barns, and outhouses were at times full of invalids whom his powers attracted, not only from distant parts of Ireland, but from England. At one time an effort was made in the bishop's court of Lismore to interdict these practices as savouring of necromancy. At the desire of Charles II. he was invited to London, where he became a wonder to many and a subject of ridicule to others. Some of his notable cures were certified by the Royal Society, and he was lionized and entertained in many parts of England. A writer describes him as a man of good life and benevolent principles, "seeming by his faith and by his charitableness to include some grains of the golden age, and to be a relic of those times when piety and miracles were sincere... All he did was only to stroke the patients with his hands, by which all old pains, gout, rheumatism, and convulsions, were removed from part to part to the extremities of the body, after which they entirely ceased, which caused him to be called the stroker - of which he had the testimonials of the most curious men in the nation, both physicians and divines." Eventually his powers fell into disrepute. He was living in 1681; the date of his death is not mentioned. Some of his descendants were stated to be still living in the County of Waterford in 1833, Sources of further information concerning Greatrakes are indicated in Notes and Queries, 2nd and 3rd Series.

Gregory, George, D.D., a divine and man of science, son of a Wexford clergyman, was born 14th April 1754. When he was but twelve years old his father died, and his mother removed to Liverpool. He studied in Edinburgh, and in 1776 was appointed to a curacy in Liverpool, where he became a fearless opponent of the slave- trade. He afterwards enjoyed ecclesiastical preferments in the south of England; and in 1804, by the interest of Mr. Addington, was presented to] the valuable living of West Ham, in Essex, in consequence of political support afforded by him in the pages of the New Annual Register, of which he was editor. He was a voluminous writer. Ryan says "his works display a minute and profound acquaintance with the arts and sciences, commerce, manufactures, and political institutions." He was the author of a Life of Chatterton, and was an active and zealous member of the Royal Humane Society. Dr. Gregory died, after a short illness, 12th March 1808, aged 53, and was buried at West Ham.

Grey, Bessie, an Irish heroine, who followed her lover and brother into the battle of Ballynahinch (13th June 1798), and, carrying a green flag, encouraged her insurgent friends. She perished in the indiscriminate slaughter inflicted on the insurgents in their retreat. "She was," says Teeling, "the pride of a widowed mother, the loved and admired of their village, where to this hour the perfection of female beauty is described as it approximates in resemblance to the fair Elizabeth Grey."

Grey, Lord Leonard, son of the Marquis of Dorset, brother-in-law to the Earl of Kildare, was in January 1535 appointed Lord-Justice of Ireland, on the demise of Sir W. Skeffington. He had previously been a marshal in the army, and it was to him Lord Thomas FitzGerald had surrendered. He found Ireland apparently quiet, but it was not long before the Earl of Desmond and the O'Briens began to give signs of revolt. In July 1536 he marched towards Limerick, captured Carrigogunnel, and destroyed O'Brien's-bridge, not, however, without considerable loss and much discontent amongst his troops at the hardships to which they were subjected. Grey, haughty and passionate, was during his five years of office engaged in constant bickerings with his council, especially with Ormond. Mr. Froude says: "He would start on his feet in the council chamber, lay his hand on his sword, and scatter carelessly invectives and opprobrious epithets." In August 1537 he involved the Pale in a somewhat fruitless expedition into Offaly. Next year we are told he ceased to hold communications with his council, and selected a private circle of advisers from the partisans and relations of the Earl of Kildare. In 1538 he paid a visit to Thomond, and is said to have accompanied O'Brien in an attack on a hostile clan. Next year he marched against the O'Neills, and defeated them on the borders of Ulster; and in the following winter he made a progress through Ulster, establishing the English power. He returned to England in March 1540, leaving Sir William Brereton as Lord-Justice, and was almost immediately sent to the Tower upon charges of high treason. The tongues of Ormond and his quondam friends were now unloosed. In December he was brought to trial and convicted on the charge of intimacy with native chieftains inimical to English power, of aiding them in their incursions on the territories of other chieftains, of despoiling churches and castles, and of being secretly opposed to Ormond and the king's friends upon all occasions. The State Trials relate the sequel: "And there was a commission sent to Ireland to examine witnesses; and they say that these articles were proved by the testimony of above seventy persons, whereof some were of quality-that is, some of them swore to one article and some to another; so that the Lord Grey, who was son to the Marquess of Dorset, and Viscount Grassy in Ireland, but no peer in England, being tried by a common jury, thought it his best way to confess the indictment, in hopes of the King's grace and pardon; but in that he was mistaken; and although his services did infinitely overbalance his faults, yet he was publickly executed on the 28th of July 1541."

Grey, Sir Arthur, Lord Wilton, landed in Dublin, 12th August 1580, as Lord-Deputy, to succeed Sir William Pelham, who was then at Limerick. On 6th September the latter came to Dublin, surrendered the sword to Lord Grey, and left for England. We are now told by the Four Masters that "James Eustace, the son of Roland, son of Thomas, broke down his castles, after having embraced the Catholic faith, and renounced his sovereign; so that war and disturbance arose on the arrival of Arthur Lord Grey in Ireland as Lord-Justice. The Kavanaghs, Kinsellaghs, Byrnes, Tooles, Gavel-Rannall, and the surviving part of the inhabitants of Offaly and Leix, flocked to the assistance of James Eustace; so that from the Slaney to the Shannon, and from the Boyne to the Meeting of Three Waters, became one scene of strife and dissension. These plunderers pitched a camp on the confines of Slieveroe and Glenmalure." Lord Grey hastily collected an army and marched against this hosting. Those experienced in Irish warfare cautioned him against rashly attempting the Wicklow passes thus garrisoned; but haughtily rejecting their advice, he entered the defile of Glenmalure on 25th August 1580. The Deputy himself, with the Earl of Kildare, Wingfield, and George Carew, occupied an eminence in the entrance of the valley with their reserve, while the remainder of the army advanced up the valley. Cox says: "The rebels being well acquainted with these woods, laid their ambushes so cunningly that the English could neither fight in that devilish place, nor retire out of it; courage could but little avail them, whilst being mired in the bogs, they were forced to stand still like butts to be shot at. Discipline or conduct were of no use in that place, where it could not be practised; in short, the English were defeated, and the whole company slain, except some few who were rescued by the horsemen, and amongst the rest, Sir Peter Carew, Colonel Moor, and the valiant Captains Audely and Cosby were killed in this unfortunate conflict." Lord Grey beat a hasty retreat to Dublin, and the news of the Spanish landing at Smerwick almost immediately called him south at the head of a small force of about 1,000 men. He invested the fort on 31st October, and obliged the defenders to capitulate on 10th November. The officers were reserved for ransom, and next day the garrison, about 600 men, were slaughtered in cold blood, and a few women and a priest amongst them were hung. The bodies, 600 in all, were stripped and laid out on the sands - "as gallant and goodly personages," says Grey, "as ever were beheld." "To him," says Mr. Froude, "it was but the natural and obvious method of disposing of an enemy who had deserved no quarter. His own force amounted to barely 800 men, and he probably could not, if he had wished, have conveyed so large a body of prisoners in safety across Ireland to Dublin." Sir Walter Raleigh was one of the officers commanding the party who carried the Deputy's orders into execution. Further particulars of the war in Munster during his tenure of office, will be found under notice of the 15th Earl of Desmond. In the summer of 1582 the war was virtually at an end - James FitzMaurice and Sir John and Sir James of Desmond were dead, and the Earl was a hunted fugitive. Mr. Froude says he was recalled at his own request, while Cox gives the following ac­ count of the matter:" But this good Deputy by the contrivance of the rebels was represented at the court of England as a bloody man, that regarded not the lives of the subjects any more than the lives of dogs, but had tyrannized with that barbarity, that there was little left for the Queen to reign over but carcasses and ashes. And this false story being believed in England, a general pardon was sent over to such of the rebels as would accept thereof, and the Lord-Deputy in the midst of his victories was recalled, so that in August [1582] he left Ireland to the care of Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin, Lord-Chancellor, [and] Sir Henry Wallop, Treasurer- at-Wars, Lords-Justices." He was subsequently one of the commissioners that sat in judgment on Mary Queen of Scots at Fotheringay, and one of the council of war for the defence of England against the Armada. He died in 1593.

Grierson, Constantia, a woman of uncommon literary abilities, was born at Kilkenny in 1706. Her maiden name is not mentioned. Her parents were poor, illiterate people. Her friend Mrs. Pilkington says that she was mistress of Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and French, and had a good knowledge of mathematics. "She received some little instruction from the minister of the parish when she could spare time from her needlework, to which she was closely kept by her mother... Her turn was chiefly to philosophical or divine subjects... Her piety was not inferior to her learning." At the age of eighteen she came to Dublin to receive instruction in midwifery. There her literary acquirements introduced her to society, and she married Mr. Grierson, a printer, to whom Lord Carteret granted a patent as King's Printer, with her name inserted. She edited a new edition of Tacitus, with a Latin dedication to Lord Carteret; and Terence, to which was prefixed a Greek epigram from her pen. She also wrote poetry. She has been described as "happy in a fine imagination, a great memory, an excellent understanding, and an exact judgment, but had all these crowned by virtue and piety; she was too learned to be vain, too wise to be conceited, too knowing and too clear-sighted to be irreligious." Mrs. Grierson died in 1733, at the early age of twenty-seven. Her eldest son, who proved a man of learning, wit, and vivacity, was educated by her. He died in Germany at the same age as his mother. Johnson once remarked that he possessed more extensive knowledge than any man of his years he had ever known. The Grierson family continued government printers in Ireland for several generations, and after they gave up business some of the government printing was executed un­ der their patent until Mr. Thorn's appointment as Queen's Printer in 1876.

Griffin, Gerald, poet and novelist, was born, 12th December 1803, in Limerick, where his father was a brewer. Gerald was a remarkably gentle and susceptible lad. His first master was Richard McEligot, a genius of some celebrity in Limerick. When Gerald was seven years old the family removed to Fairy Lawn, a cottage charmingly situated on the Shannon, twenty-eight miles below Limerick. His recollections of this spot were ever of the most delightful character. The home family then consisted of the father, an amiable, easy­ going man; the mother, a woman of sound sense, strong religious feelings, and acute literary perceptions; two elder sisters; two brothers (Gerald and Daniel); and two younger sisters. The rest of the family were scattered. Here his strong literary tastes began to develop themselves: they were wisely directed and encouraged by his mother, and fostered by a visiting tutor. Gerald was almost constantly immersed in books, and he even began to write poetry. At times he devoted himself to fishing and shooting, more from the opportunity they afforded of revelling in the contemplation of nature, than from any love of the sports themselves. His education was continued at neighbouring schools - Virgil becoming his favourite author. In 1820, in consequence of pecuniary difficulties, his parents removed to Pennsylvania, with some of the elder members of the family - a bitter trial to a lad of Gerald's tender and loving nature. He was then, with his brother Daniel and two sisters, received into the house of his elder brother, a doctor at Adare. Gerald ever considered that the antiquities and historical associations of the place had much to do with impressing his imaginative faculties. He was intended for the medical profession, but his preference for literature now became marked; he wrote for the papers in Limerick, joined a Thespian society, became acquainted with John Banim, and one day called his brother into his room, and showed him Aguire, a tragedy he had written, and announced his intention of proceeding to London to push his fortune. Nothing could turn him from this resolve, and in the autumn of 1823, not twenty years of age, he started for the great metropolis where he remained more than three years-until the early part of 1827. At first he was quite unsuccessful in his literary attempts, and, too high spirited to pain his friends at home with the truth, he suffered the bitterest privations, by which his health was permanently injured. John Banim, as far as he was permitted, proved a true friend. Gerald ultimately turned his attention to writing for reviews and magazines, and attained a respectable position. His Hollantide Tales were his first decided success. The pleasure of his return home in 1827 was saddened by the death of a beloved sister, in whose memory he wrote the exquisite lines commencing, "Oh, not for ever lost." During his sojourn at Pallaskenry, whither his brother had removed from Adare, he enjoyed a delightful season of rest, and wrote the Tales of the Munster Festivals, which he brought to London to publish in the autumn. The Collegians, the ablest and most successful of his works, followed. One of the most laboured of his works was his novel The Invasion, a book displaying minute acquaintance with the manners and customs of ancient Ireland. About this period he became intimate with a family in Limerick, one of whose members, a married lady, exercised a great influence over his after life. She was the inspirer of many of his best poetical pieces, and with her and her husband and children he passed probably some of the happiest days of his life. Their correspondence occupies a large portion of his memoirs edited by his brother. As his literary abilities became more recognized, he appeared to lose a relish for all mundane affairs, and in September 1838, having burnt most of his unpublished writings, he entered on a noviciate in the Catholic society of Christian Brothers, in Dublin. As far as we can judge, this retirement from the world brought him happiness. He became absorbed in the duties of his new life; but died of fever on the 12th of June 1840, aged 36, at the North Monastery, Cork, and was buried in the cemetery attached to the institution. He was tall and well formed, with an intellectual and rather pensive cast of countenance. Many of his poems are very beautiful, and some will doubtless long hold a place in English literature. The preservation of several is due to the memory of his friend, Mrs. Fisher. His drama of Gisippus, acted at Drury-lane in 1842, after his death, met with a warm reception, but has not held a permanent place on the stage. Miss Mitford says: "The book that, above any other, speaks to me of the trials, the sufferings, the broken heart of the man of genius, is that Life of Gerald Griffin, written by a brother worthy of him, which precedes the only edition of his collected works." A notice of his elder brother, William Griffin, M,D. (born, 25th October 1794; died, 9th July 1848), author of a few tales published in Gerald's Hollantide and Tales of a Jury-room, and of some medical treatises, will be found in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, vol. iv.

Grimshaw, William, born at Greencastle in 1782, died in Philadelphia in 1852, aged about 70, was the author of numerous American school-books and dictionaries - Etymological Dictionary, Life of Napoleon, and other works.

Grogan, Cornelius, born about 1738, was a Protestant gentleman, owner of Johnstown Castle and demesne, and estates worth about £8,000 a year, in the County of Wexford. He was High Sheriff of the county, and for six years represented Enniscorthy in Parliament. When the Insurrection broke out in 1798, he accepted the post of Commissary-General in the insurgent army; and when Wexford was reoccupied by the royalists, he was tried by court-martial for complicity in the insurrection, and executed on Wexford bridge, 28th June 1798. The Cornwallis Correspondence states: "It was clearly proved that he had joined what he believed would be the winning side." He suffered death with great composure. The bodies of Grogan, Colclough, and Bagenal Harvey were thrown into the Slaney, and their heads were spiked on the Court-house. Some followers dragged the river at night and rescued the remains. Grogan's body was secretly buried at Rathaspick, near Johnstown. His estates were escheated to the Crown, but eventually restored to his brother upon the payment of heavy legal charges. His brother Thomas fell fighting on the royalist side at the battle of Arklow.

Grose, Francis, a distinguished English antiquary, was born in Middlesex in 1731. After publishing several works on the antiquities of England, he came over to Ireland, and commenced the necessary drawings for a similar work on this country; but he died of apoplexy in Dublin, 18th May 1791, aged 60, and was buried in Drumcondra graveyard. The results of his labours, supplemented by engravings from drawings in the collection of Right Hon. William Conyngham, were edited with prefaces and descriptions by his friend Edward Ledwich, in 2 vols. 4to. - the Antiquities of Ireland, by Francis Grose, F.S.A., London, 1791. There are 263 plates, many of them especially interesting as showing the condition of buildings since gone utterly to decay.

Guinness, Sir Benjamin Lee, Bart., born 1st November 1798, was an opulent brewer, and M.P. for Dublin from 1865 until his death. He is best remembered as the restorer of St. Patrick's Cathedral (at a cost which some have estimated at £130,000), and as the head of a "business firm that has acquired a world-wide reputation. He died possessed of a large fortune, and besides several mansions in and near Dublin, was the owner of a beautiful estate at Cong, on the shores of Lough Corrib. He evinced great and practical interest in Irish archaeology by his tasteful preservation of the antiquarian remains upon his large estates. He died 19th May 1868, aged 69, and was buried at Mount Jerome, Dublin.

Gunning, Maria (Countess of Coventry), and Elizabeth (Duchess of Hamilton and Duchess of Argyll), celebrated Irish beauties, born about 1733 and 1734 were daughters of John Gunning, of Castlecoote, in the County of Roscommon. When budding into womanhood, their mother sent them to Dublin in the hope that they would make their way on the stage. Sheridan was kind to them, lent them dresses, and they were presented at the Castle. Their exceeding beauty created a wonderful sensation; they went to London, and were the belles of the season 1751. Horace Walpole writes of them as "two Irish girls of no fortune who make more noise than any of their predecessors since the days of Helen, and who are declared the handsomest women alive." In February 1752 Elizabeth was married to the Duke of Hamilton, a dissipated gambler. Three weeks afterwards, Maria, the elder and handsomer, was married to the Earl of Coventry. Among the many stories told of her extreme silliness is her awkward reply to the old King George II.'s enquiry as to whether she was not sorry that there were to be no more masquerades: - "She was tired of them - indeed she was surfeited with most London sights; there was but one left that she wanted to see - and that was a coronation!" Elizabeth became a widow in 1758, and refusing the addresses of the Duke of Bridgewater, gave her hand a twelvemonth later to Colonel John Campbell (who became Duke of Argyll in 1770). Maria died from the effects of the excessive use of white paint in October 1760 (aged about 27), a fortnight before George II. Her son became 7th Earl of Coventry. In 1776 Elizabeth was created Baroness of Hamilton in her own right. She was one of the Ladies of the Bed-chamber to Queen Charlotte. She died 20th December 1790, aged 56. The wife of two Dukes, she was the mother of four -o f the 7th and 8th Dukes of Hamilton by her first husband; and of the 6th and 7th Dukes of Argyll by her second. The present (1877) Duke of Argyll is her grandson. In the Tour in the Hebrides we learn that Johnson and Boswell visited her and the Duke at Inverary. On 23rd October 1773 Boswell complains bitterly of her coldness and neglect of himself; but she appears to have been all politeness to Johnson. Boswell consoled himself for her rudeness by the remark: " When I recollected that my punishment was inflicted by so dignified a beauty, I had that kind of consolation which a man would feel who is strangled by a silken cord... He [Dr. Johnson] was much pleased with our visit at the castle." Describing portraits of the Misses Gunning, Mr. Walford says: "The two sisters are very much alike; both are remarkable for their small mouths, high foreheads, aquiline noses, and arched eyebrows. Certainly Maria would be adjudged by the ladies now-a-days the prettier i