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Cade, John, said to have been an Irishman, a physician, whose real name was Aylmer, was induced in the summer of 1450 to assume the name of Mortimer, and to head a rising of Kentishmen, ostensibly as a protest against certain fines and taxes, really in the interest of Richard, Duke of York. He encamped, says Grafton the chronicler, "in good order of battaile" at Blackheath, and sent messages to Henry VI. and his council, " with louyng wordes, but with malicious entent." Henry marched against the insurgents, who retreated to Sevenoaks. There they defeated a detachment sent against them - the leaders of same, Sir Humphrey and Sir William Stafford, falling in the encounter. Henry VI. appears to have retreated into Warwickshire, committing to the Tower the unpopular Treasurer of England, Lord Say. "We are told that Cade apparelled himself in the rich armour of the Staffords, "and so with pompe and glorie returned agagne towarde London," his forces being considerably augmented by contingents from Sussex and Surrey. He first entered Southwark, and then London itself, and he struck his sword on London stone, saying: " Now is Mortimer lorde of this citie;" after which, we are told by Grafton, "he rode in euery streete lyke a lordly captayne." At first he restrained the excesses of his followers, and protected life and property. On the 3rd July, however, he had Lord Say and others executed, and the citizens being subjected to wanton outrages, banded themselves together, and with the co-operation of Lord Scales, keeper of the Tower, drove Cade and his following, after a desperate encounter, across the bridge into Southwark. In the fighting many houses were burned, and numbers of women and children perished in the flames or by drowning. Cade's discomfiture was completed by the Archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop of Winchester secretly crossing the river, and disseminating among his followers the King's pardon to all who would peaceably return to their homes. Grafton, the chronicler, remarks: " Lord, howe glad the people were of this pardon . . and how they accepted the same, in so much that the whole multitude, without by dding farewell to their Capitane, retired the same night, euery man to his own home, as men amazed and striken with feare." Cade fled disguised into Sussex- "but all his metamorphosis or transfiguration little prevayled, for after a proclamation made, that whoesoeuer could apprehend the saved lack Cade should haue for his paine a thousande markes, many sought for hym, but fewe espied hym, till one Alexander Iden, Esquire, of Kent, founde hym in a garden, and there in his defence, manfully slue the caytife Cade, and brought his dead bodie to London, whose head was set on London bridge."

Cahill, Daniel William, D.D., a pulpit orator, and lecturer upon chemistry and astronomy, was born in the Queen's County, in 1796. After studying at Maynooth, he was ordained, and for a time was a professor in Carlow College. He is well remembered as a lecturer, was the author of many pamphlets, and for a time edited a newspaper in Dublin. Removing to the United States, he died in Boston, 27th October 1864, aged about 68.

Cailte MacRonain, one of the heroes of Fenian romance in the 3rd century, the beloved friend and follower of Finn MacCumhaill. His name appears on almost every page of many of the Fenian tales; yet we are told little definite concerning him. He was one of the "ancient men," fabled to have survived until the time of St. Patrick, and to have communicated to the Saint particulars concerning the heroes of Irish romance, and to have complained bitterly of the change from the glories of the past; as in " The Lamentation of Oisin after the Fenians," in The Transactions of the Ossianic Society: "I am without mirth, without the chase, without music, Amidst the monks and clerics; Ever groaning and tearfully weeping, Begging the shelter of the mean clergy, "Oft have I seen one feast alone In the dwelling of the King of the Fenians, Better than all that Patrick ever had Or the whole body of the psalm-clerics."

Caimin, Saint, abbot of Inishcaltra, Lough Derg, was a brother of Guaire, King of Connaught. He chose the life of an anchorite, and attracted large numbers to his island retreat by his piety and learning. A commentary on the 119th Psalm in his own hand is said to have been in the Franciscan convent of Donegal in Ware's days. His greatest desire was "that if the church were thronged with sick and infirm, he would wish, were he able, to take all their infirmities on himself, and bear them for the love of God and his neighbour." He died about 653. His festival is the 24th of March.

Cairbre Lifeachair, King of Ireland, 254 to 281. He fell at the famous battle of Gabhra (Gowra), fought in contiguity to the Hill of Skreen, near Tara. This engagement, which took place, according to Keating, in 281, was fought between Cairbre at the head of one tribe of the old Fenian warriors, and Mogh Corb,Kingof Munster, and Oscar, grandson of Finn MacCumhaill, at the head of another. The rival military tribes were almost exterminated in the battle. Oscar fell in single combat with Cairbre; but Cairbre, returning from the combat, was met by his own relative Simeon, who fell upon him, severely wounded after his dreadful combat with Oscar, and despatched him at a single blow. The combat is referred to by Ferguson in his beautiful lay "Aideen's Grave."

Cairnes, David, one of the most prominent defenders of Derry, was born in the north of Ireland in 1645. He became a lawyer, and in 1688 was owner of considerable property in land. On the approach of Tirconnell's troops, to occupy Derry, early in December 1688, he advised the citizens to take the defence into their own hands; and on the 11th he set out for London, carrying letters to William III. and the Irish Society, imploring assistance in men, provisions, arms, and ammunition. He did not return until the nt h of April, 1689, in time to help to counteract Lundy's design of delivering up the city. Appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of a regiment, he distinguished himself all through the heroic and successful defence. After the war was over, he was returned M.P. for Derry. a trust he continued to fulfil for the succeeding thirty years. He was also appointed Recorder, and filled other offices in the city. Under date 16th April 1697, he bitterly complains to the Lord-Lieutenant of the manner in which the city and its defenders had been treated by Government-"lying to this day in misery and rubbish, for its great zeal to his present Majesty and Government, when it might have had any conditions could be asked from the late King, if it would have surrendered." Mr. Cairnes died in 1722, aged about 77, and was buried, with all honours, in the Cathedral Churchyard of the city.

Cairnes, John Elliott, LL.D., a distinguished political economist, was born at Castlebellingham, 26th December 1823. After leaving school, he spent some time in his father's counting-house, but was eventually permitted to follow his natural bent, and enter Trinity College. In 1851 he took the degree of M. A. He engaged in the study of law, and was called to the Irish Bar. He does not appear to have felt much inclination for the legal profession, and during some years occupied himself to a large extent with contributions to the daily press, chiefly relating to various Irish social and economic questions. Political economy he studied with great thoroughness and care; this led to a friendship with Archbishop Whately, and in 1856 he was appointed to the professorship of Political Economy founded in Trinity College by that prelate. In 1857 appeared his Character and Logical Method of Political Economy, which forms a most admirable introduction to the study of economics as a science. Able articles in Frazer's Magazine and the Edinburgh Review on the gold question as relating to prices, next occupied his attention. In 1861 he was appointed to the professorship of Political Economy and Jurisprudence in the Queen's College, Galway. From the first he took much interest in the American civil war of 1861-'5, and combated Confederate sympathies by the publication of The Slave Power in 1862, a work that rapidly went through two editions, and had considerable influence in modifying opinion in the United Kingdom. The Encyclopaedia Britannica styles it "one of the finest specimens of applied economical philosophy." His health, at no time very good, was further weakened, about 1863, by a fall from his horse; and an acutely painful malady gradually crept over him, that ultimately rendered physical exertion impossible.' As his friend Mr. Fawcett writes: " The courage of the battle-field sinks almost into insignificance compared with the heroism which enabled Mr. Cairnes, through long years of hopeless pain, to keep up a constant cheerfulness, and to use the great powers of his mind to add by his writings to the knowledge and well-being of mankind." In 1866 he was appointed to a professorship in University College, London. He spent the session of 1868-'9 in Italy. His health soon rendered it impossible further to discharge public duties, and he resigned his post in 1872, retiring with the honorary title of Emeritus Professor of Political Economy. Next year the Dublin University conferred on him the degree of LL.D. The last years of his life were spent in the collection and publication of papers contributed! to various reviews and magazines, and in the preparation of his great work, published in 1874 -Some Leading Principles of Political Economy Newly Expounded-" beyond doubt a worthy successor to the great treatises of Smith, Malthus, Ricardo, and Mill. . . While in fundamental harmony with Mill, especially as regards the general conception of the science, Cairnes differs from him to a greater or less extent on nearly all the cardinal doctrines, subjects his opinions to a searching examination, and generally succeeds in giving to the truth that is common to both, a firmer basis, and more precise statement. . . Taken as a whole, the works of Cairnes form the most important contribution to economical science made by the English school since the publication of J. S. Mill's Principles:' It may be added that the friendship between Mill and Cairnes was warm and intimate. A careful summing up of the results of these contributions will be found in the last Encyclopoedia Britannica, showing the advances in economic doctrine established by him, in (1) his exposition of the province and method of political economy; (2) his analysis of cost of production in its relation to value; (3) his exposition of the natural or social limit to free competition, and of its bearing on the theory of value; (4) his defence of the wages fund doctrine. Professor Cairnes died in London, 8th July 1875, aged 51, and was interred at Willesden.

Caldwell, Hume, Colonel, son of Sir James Caldwell of Castlecaldwell, was born in 1735. A soldier of fortune, he entered the Austrian service as a private, and rose by his bravery and devotion to the rank of colonel. He died of a wound received at Olmutz, 19th August 1762. A lengthened account of his career is given by Ryan.

Calhoun, Patrick, an early American settler, was born in Ireland in 1727. He left Ireland with his parents in early life and settled in Virginia, and afterwards in the interior of South Carolina, then a wilderness. He and his family suffered severely during the war with the French and the Indians. Shortly after the peace of 1763 he was elected a member of the provincial legislature, and continued a member of that and afterwards of the state legislature (with the intermission of a single term) till his death in 1796. In the war of the Revolution he took an early, decided, and active part against the British. His son John Caldwell Calhoun (born in South Carolina in 1782, died at Washington 1850) was Vice-President of the United States from 1825 to 1833, and held other important offices, and was undoubtedly the ablest and most uncompromising champion of slavery and the slave power in his day.

Callaghan or Kellachan, King of Cashel, reigned some ten years, dying in 952. He is worthy of notice from the interesting account Keating gives of his capture and imprisonment by Sitric, Scandinavian King of Dublin. Sitric lured him to Dublin with promises of the hand of his sister. There he was seized and sent in chains to Armagh. Cennedigh, son of Lorcan, a powerful prince, immediately mustered both land and sea forces to proceed to his release. A fierce encounter ensued at Dundalk, and Callaghan, found bound on one of Sitric's ships in the bay, was released. On Cennedigh and Callaghan's return to Munster, they wreaked vengeance upon the Ard-Righ and other Irish princes who had connived at, and indeed advised, Callaghan's capture. According to another account, it was by Muircheartach, King of Aileach, that Callaghan was imprisoned for a time with other Irish kings. As Keating says, " He returned to Aileach, carrying these kings with him, and they were for nine months feasting there."

Callan, Nicholas, D.D., Professor of Natural Philosophy in Maynooth College, was born at Dromiskin, in the County of Louth, in 1799. He entered college in 1817, and remained there till his death, a period of forty-seven years. Much of his leisure was devoted to the translation into English of works of piety, particularly those of St. Liguori. Remarkable for his unassuming manners, he endeared himself to all, especially to the students of the college, who entertained towards him the most affectionate reverence. He died at Maynooth in 1864, aged about 65.

Callanan, James Joseph, a poet, was born in Cork in 1795. Intended for the priesthood, he entered at Maynooth; but finding that he had no vocation for the Church, he left the college in 1816, and became a tutor in his native city. Subsequently he entered Trinity College with a view to legal studies, a course he also soon abandoned. His resources being completely exhausted, he enlisted, and was upon the point of sailing to Malta with his regiment, the 18th Royal Irish, when some friends bought him out. In 1823 he became an assistant in the school of Dr. Maginn at Cork, where he remained only a few months; but through Maginn's introduction he became a contributor to Blackwood and other magazines. During six years, and up to 1829, he spent most of his time in rambling through the country, collecting old ballads and legends, and giving them a new dress in a new tongue. His health began to fail, however, a warmer climate appeared desirable, and early in 1829 he became tutor in the family of an Irish gentleman at Lisbon. In a few months it is stated that he acquired sufficient of the language to make translations from Portuguese poetry. He also set about preparing his writings for publication in a collected form. His health, however, daily declined, and after a fruitless effort to gather strength for the voyage home, he died 19th September 1829, aged 33. Mr. Waller writes of him in these words: "Thoroughly acquainted with the romantic legends of his country, he was singularly happy in the graces and power of language, and the feeling and beauty of his sentiments. There is in his compositions little of that high classicality which marks the scholar; but they are full of exquisite simplicity and tenderness, and in his description of natural scenery he is unrivalled. His lines on Gougane Barra are known to every tourist that visits the romantic regions of the south of Ireland, and his longer poems possess great merit." Allibone styles this poem " the most perfect perhaps of all Irish minor poems in the melody of its rhythm, the flow of its language, and the weird force of its expressions."

Campbell, Alexander, D.D., was born in the County of Antrim, June 1786, and was educated for the ministry at Glasgow University. His father, Thomas, a relative and class-mate of Thomas Campbell the poet, was a Presbyterian minister, and emigrated to the United States in 1807. Two years later, Alexander followed and took up his residence near Bethany, in western Virginia. At first a Presbyterian minister, he separated from that body on the ground that the Bible should be the sole creed of the church. With his father he established several congregations, uniting with the Baptists, but protesting against all creeds. In 1827 they and their followers were excluded from fellowship by that body, and organised themselves into a separate body under the name of " Disciples of Christ," more commonly known as Campbellites. In 1867 their numbers in the United States were estimated at 424,500, chiefly in the northern and western States. In 1823 Mr. Campbell commenced the publication of the Christian Baptist, afterwards merged in the Millennial Harbinger, the recognised organ of the sect. He also published numerous theological works, and engaged in several public discussions. In 1840 he founded a college at Bethany, West Virginia: there he died, 4th March 1866, aged 79. Drake styles him: " A man of strong intellect, fine scholarship, and great logical power." He was an apologist for negro slavery, and maintained that the holding of slaves should not disqualify for church membership.

Campian, Edmund, an English writer, author of a well-known history of Ireland, was born in London in 1540. He won distinction at Oxford, and went to Ireland in 1568, where he collected materials for his History, published in 1571. Suspected of Catholicism, hefled to England, and eventually to the Low Countries, where at Douay, in 15 71, he openly renounced Protestantism. He was admitted to the order of Jesuits, and taught at several universities on the Continent. Sent to England in 1580, he was active in the dissemination of his principles. His work Rabsaces Romanus attracted considerable attention; he was arrested, sent to the Tower with a label on his hat, " Edmund Campian, a most pernicious Jesuit," and was eventually racked and executed at Tyburn, 1st December 1581. He left several works that won for him reputation as a writer. His History of Ireland consists of two books - the first principally a cotemporary description of the country and its inhabitants; the second, a history from the invasion to 1570. The preface to " The Loving Reader," is dated from "Droghedah, the 9th of June 1571." The work is extremely interesting to students of Irish history. His geographical knowledge of the island was but slight, in common with most writers of the day: "In proportion it resembleth an egge, blunt and plaine on the sides, not reaching forth to sea, in nookes and elbowes of land, as Brittaine doth."

Campion, Maria, (Mrs. Pope) an actress, was born in Waterford in 1777. She early evinced a partiality for the stage, and made her first appearance in Dublin, as " Monimia," in The Orphan, 17th February 1790, when it is related that she swooned both in the green-room and on the stage. She first appeared in London, in the same character, at Covent-Garden Theatre, on 13th October 1797, and shortly afterwards (24th January 1798) married Alexander Pope, the distinguished actor. She is stated to have been the authoress of two novels. Charles Mathews, who saw her perform in Dublin, where she was for some time the heroine of the stage, wrote: " There are few such actresses to be met with. She possesses a very beautiful face, extremely elegant figure, and delightful voice, added to every advantage of nature in mental qualifications, and every accomplishment of education." She died of apoplexy, in London, 18th July 1803, aged 26, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Canice, Cainneach, or Kenny, St., patron of Kilkenny (with which locality the events of his life are slightly, if at all, connected), the son of Laidec, a poet, and Mella, was born at Glengiven, in Ulster, in 514. In his fourteenth year he was sent to Wales, where he studied under St. Docus. Ordained priest, he is said to have proceeded to Rome, and on his return he exerted himself to extirpate the remains of paganism in Ireland. He was intimate with SS. Comgall and Columcille. The Martyrology of Donegal says of him: " Achadh-bo [Aghaboe in the Queen's County] was his principal church. . . A very ancient old vellum book states that Cainneach was, in his habits and life, like unto Philip the Apostle. And I find no characterizing whatever of the Cainneach of which it gives this account; and if this be not he, I ask forgiveness of the real saint of whom it was given, if I am acting ignorantly respecting his identity. Columcille frequently speaks of Cainneach in his Life. . . Eighty-four years was his age when he sent his spirit to heaven, A.D. 598." His festival is the 11th of October.

Cannera, Saint, lived in the 6th century. Her interview and conversation with St. Senan, given by Lanigan, and related by Moore in his Melodies, are her warrant for special notice. Wishing to receive the viaticum from St. Senan, and to be buried in Inishscattery, she left her retreat near Bantry, and set sail for that island. Lanigan proceeds: " When arrived just close to it [she] was met by Senan, who obstinately refused to allow her to land, and requested her to go to the house of his mother, who lived not far distant, and was related to Cannera. At length, however, on understanding that she was near her end, and that she wished to receive the Holy Eucharist, he complied with her desire. As she died very soon after, her wish to be interred in that holy place was also fulfilled." If she is the same as St. Cainder, as stated in the Martyrology of Donegal, her festival is the 28th January.

Canning, George, an author, an Irishman, appears to have taken his degree of B.A. at the University of Dublin in 1754. His father, a gentleman of property in the north of Ireland, disinherited him for marrying, in 1768, Miss Costello, a dowerless beauty. George Canning was the author of some poems, and of a translation of Anti-Lucretius. He was called to the Bar, but never pursued his profession with earnestness, and his sojourn in London, on an allowance from his father of £150 per annum, was a perpetual struggle against adverse circumstances. Nevertheless he and his wife were received into some of the best literary circles, and led a respected, if not a contented and happy life. He died in the Temple, London, 11th April 1771, one year after the birth of his son, the great George Canning.

Cantwell, Andrew, M.D., was born in the County of Tipperary, in the beginning of the 18th century. He took his degree in 1729, at Montpelier, and six years afterwards removed to Paris, where he became eminent as a physician and professor. A voluminous writer on medical questions, he was noted as a bitter opponent of inoculation for the small-pox, then first practised; he spent some time in England pursuing the study of inoculation and confirming his conviction of its inutility and danger. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and contributed three papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. He died in Paris, 11th July 1764.

Carew, Sir Peter, was born at Ottery-Mohun, in Devonshire, in 1514. After a varied and eventful military career, he appeared in Ireland in August 1568, as claimant for the old Leinster and Minister estates of his ancestors, which had gradually been re-occupied by the Irish chieftains during the wars of the Roses. He first landed at Waterford, and then repaired to Dublin, where he resided during the prosecution of his claims. He was a prominent figure in Irish politics for the next seven years; and his presence materially contributed to the wars of the Butlers and other chieftains who naturally resented the Government putting him in the possession of estates which had been in their occupation for centuries. In 1568 Sir Peter was appointed governor of Leighlin. We are seriously told that " he so courteously dealed, and so friendly entreated his tenants, the Kavanaghs, and so liberally bestowed them, that, albeit it were some grief unto them to be dispossessed of the possessions which so long time they had held and enjoyed, yet they most gladly served him and became his tenants." Several attempts were made to assassinate him. Sir Edmund Butler, brother to the Earl of Ormond, especially resented his claiming some of his lands, and in 1569 raised an insurrection, and gave the Government no small trouble. Sir Peter distinguished himself in the ensuing war, chiefly in the capture of Clogrenan Castle. In 1572, after a short visit to England, he repaired to Cork and prosecuted his claims to certain Munster estates. He died at Eoss, 27th November 1575, and his body was interred at Waterford in great pomp, in presence of Lord-Deputy Sidney and other notables. He is described as " of a mean stature, but very well compact, and somewhat broad, big boned and strongly sinewed, his face of a very good countenance, his complexion swarte or cholyryke, his hair black, and his beard thick and great."

Carew, Sir George, Earl of Totnes, soldier and statesman, son of Dean Carew, was born in 1558, probably at Exeter. After studying at Oxford, he and his brother Peter came over to Ireland in 1575 under patronage of their kinsman Sir Peter Carew. After Sir Peter's death, both of the brothers are mentioned as being engaged in the Irish wars. They appear as captains of a company of Devon and Cornishmen that landed at Waterford in 1579, and were afterwards appointed to keep the Castle of Adare, where they were besieged by the Earl of Desmond. Peter was slain in a sally, 25th August 1580. In a letter to Walsingham, three months afterwards, George is able to boast that " Hope of revenge did . . breed me comfort: . . it hath been my good hap to kill him that slew my brother." On midsummer eve of 1583, being in Dublin with his company, and hearing that one O'Nasye, a follower of the Cavenaghs. who was in town on Government business (having brought in prisoner Walter Eustace, brother of Viscount Baltinglass) and with a Government safe conduct, had boasted that he was concerned in his brother's death (in battle), George sallied forth and stabbed him mortally. Although, in answer to the representations of the Lords-Justices, Walsingham admitted, "George Carew hath lately committed a very foul act, able to make the Irishmen to enter into an hatred of us, trusting us in nothing, and thinking that there is treachery in any fair promises made unto them," it does not appear to have interfered with his advancement, and by the spring of 1586 wefind him knighted and sent on a private mission to Elizabeth by Sir John Perrot. He had already acquired large estates in Ireland. In February 1588 he was appointed Master of the Ordnance, and returned to Ireland; and in 1590 was admitted to the Privy Council. In 1592 he was Lieutenant-General of the English Ordnance, and in 1596 and '97 he was engaged with Essex and Raleigh in expeditions against Spain; in March 1599 he was appointed to attend the Earl of Essex to Ireland; and on 27th January 1600 he was made President of Munster. His proceedings for the next three years are carefully detailed in Pacata Hibernia, nominally written by Thomas Stafford, but inspired by himself. Of the proceedings detailed in the early part of the work, perhaps the capture of Glin Castle is the most interesting. By his vigour and decision he succeeded in completely crushing within a short space of time the insurrection in the south of Ireland. He was somewhat regardless of the means by which he effected the pacification of the country, and on more than one occasion negotiated for the assassination of Irish leaders, or as it was then termed, he "drew a draft" upon them. When he had settled matters in the south, the civil administration claimed much of his attention, and we find detailed particulars concerning a new Irish coinage. On 1st October 1601, a large Spanish force under Don Juan d'Aguila, in forty-four vessels, appeared off the south of Ireland, and occupied Kinsale, the vessels returning for additional troops and supplies. The whole south again rose in arms, and O'Neill and O'Donnell hastened to effect a juncture with Don Juan. Carew immediately marched south with a comparatively small force, and blockaded Kinsale. Troops were rapidly sent to him from England, and on 24th December, in conjunction with Lord Mountjoy, he routed the allies, and Don Juan was shortly afterwards obliged to capitulate and return to Spain. Dunboy Castle bravely held out until the 18th June 1602, when Carew, after a regular siege, took it by assault, putting the garrison to the sword. Extraordinary devotion was shown by the besieged under MacGeoghegan, who held the place for O'Sullivan Beare, and who perished in the final assault. Carew says: " The whole number of the ward consisted of one hundred and fortie three selected fighting men, being the best choice of all their forces, of the which no man escaped but were either slain, executed, or buried in the ruines, and so obstinate and resolved a defence had not been seen within this Kingdome." Captain Tyrrill and twelve men were respited in the expectation that they would consent to purchase their lives by doing " acceptable service " in betraying others of their countrymen, but indignantly refusing these terms they were all executed a few hours afterwards. The siege of Dunboy, as related in Pacata Ifibernia, is one of the saddest and most picturesque incidents in Irish history. The end of the war found the country in a deplorable condition of ruin and depopulation. Carew and the other English leaders, and their Irish allies, profited largely by the confiscations that ensued. He returned to England in March 1602-'3 at the earnest request of his friend Cecil. Carew stood in as high favour with James as with Elizabeth, and in the Irish Patent Rolls are recorded the numerous grants bestowed on him from time to time. In 1605 he was created Baron Carew, and was made Governor of Guernsey. In 1611 he was despatched to Ireland as head of the commission for the plantation of Ulster. His correspondence with Sir Thomas Roe, English ambassador to the Great Mogul, extending from 1615 to 1625, contains summaries of news that are of the greatest value to the historian. At the funeral of King James he was attacked by palsy, which proved nearly fatal. The favour which followed him through the reigns of Elizabeth and James continued unabated under Charles I., by whom he was created Earl of Totnes. Much of the leisure of the last years of his life was spent in arranging with indefatigable industry his invaluable collection of papers connected with the history of Ireland, now in Lambeth Palace, in thirty-nine volumes, besides four volumes in the Bodleian Library. Brewer's Calendar, in 6 vols. 8vo., is perhaps the richest store of Irish historical materials connected with the time. Cox drew largely upon them in his history. Carew died at the Savoy, London, 27th March 1629, aged about 72, and was buried at Stratford-upon-Avon. He left one daughter. His Countess survived him many years. His letters and other manuscripts belonging to Ireland, he left to his natural son, Sir Thomas Stafford. [It may be said that a communication in Notes and Queries, 3rd Series, throws some doubt upon this relationship.] Carew's portrait, prefixed to Pacata Hibemia, is eminently pleasing.

Carey, John, LL.D., an eminent classical scholar, was born in Ireland in 1756. He edited more than fifty volumes of the Regents Classics, Ainsworth's Latin Dictionary, Schleusner's New Testament Lexicon, and the like; and was besides the author and translator of several valuable works. The Eclectic Review, referring to a work edited by him, says: " Dr. Carey's name is a guarantee for correct impression." He died in 1829.

Carey, Matthew, brother of preceding, author and publisher, was born in Dublin, 28th January 1760. He was apprenticed to the printing business; and at eighteen he published a pamphlet on the wrongs endured by Irish Catholics. It was denounced as treasonable, and he was obliged to fly to Paris, where he was employed for a time by Franklin in his private printing office. Returning to Dublin, he commenced in 1783 The Volunteers Journal, and again incurring the hostility of Government, he was imprisoned in Newgate. Disguised as a woman, he escaped on board an American vessel, and landed at Philadelphia in November 1784. Lafayette, with whom he had become acquainted in France, advanced him money, and in the January after his arrival he commenced the Pennsylvania Herald. His reports of the debates in the Assembly assured its success. About 1791 he entered on the business of bookselling, in which he was eminently successful. A strenuous advocate of protection, he issued fifty-nine works bearing upon that question, besides many other books and pamphlets on social and economic subjects. He advocated a system of internal improvements, by which Pennsylvania was much benefited. In 1819 appeared his able work, Vindicice Hibernice, an examination and refutation of the charges against his countrymen with regard to the War of 1641-'52. He accumulated a large fortune; and " as a practical philanthropist, brave, munificent, and discreet, his adopted country is under lasting obligations to him. He was an untiring advocate of popular education, and a bold reformer of municipal abuses - labouring effectually to carry out the greatest good of the greatest number." The accidental overturning of his carriage hastened his death, 15th September 1839, aged 79. Allibone speaks of him as one to whom "the citizens of the United States will ever owe . . a debt of gratitude for his invaluable labours as a citizen, a politician, and a philanthropist." Henry C. Carey, his son, born in Philadelphia, continued his father's fame as a writer and publisher. Allibone devotes nearly two pages to a review of his works.

Carey, William Paulett, brother of preceding, was born in Ireland in 1768. He was a United Irishman. He subsequently removed to England, and " distinguished himself," says Allibone, " as an eloquent advocate of art,artists,and political reform, and as the author of many critical and poetical contributions to the periodicals of the day. Among those on whose behalf his pen was early enlisted may be mentioned Chantrey, Hogan, Gibson, and James Montgomery." He died in 1839.

Carleton, Sir Guy, Lord Dorchester, was born at Strabane, 3rd September 1724. Entering the Guards at an early age, he became in 1748 Lieutenant-Colonel of the 72nd Foot; served in the German campaign of 1757; under Amherstat the siege of Louisburg in 1757; as Quartermaster-General, under Wolfe at Quebec, in 1759; and was wounded at the siege of Belleisle. Made a Colonel in 1762, he served in the Havannah expedition, and was wounded at the assault on the Moro Castle. In 1766 he was Lieutenant-Governor, and in 1774 Governor of Quebec. In October of next year he attempted to retake Ticonderoga and Crown Point from the Americans, and narrowly escaped being made prisoner. Reaching Quebec, he exerted himself successfully in putting it in a state of defence, and, 31st December 1775, repulsed the assault of the Americans, who lost their leader, his countryman, General Montgomery. Receiving reinforcements, he drove the Americans from the province, and on 13th October 1776, in a naval battle on Lake Champlain, he totally defeated the flotilla under Arnold. In 1778 he was made a Lieutenant-General, and in 1781 succeeded Sir Henry Clinton as Commander-in-chief in America, where he had the credit of doing all in his power to soften the acerbities of war. He returned to Great Britain in 1783, was created Baron Dorchester in 1786, and for the next ten years was Governor of British North America. His administration was marked by mildness and justice. The latter part of his life was spent in England, where he died, 10th November 1808, aged 84.

Carleton, William, an author, distinguished for his just delineation of the character of the Irish peasantry, was born on Shrove Tuesday, 1798, at Prillisk, near Clogher, County of Tyrone. He was the youngest of fourteen children. His father, a small farmer, was a man of considerable intelligence, endowed with a surprising memory; his mother used to sing the old Irish songs with wonderful sweetness and pathos. " From the one," we are told, "he gleaned his inexhaustible store of legendary lore, from the other that sympathy and innerness which have thrown a magic spell round the creations of his brilliant and fruitfull fancy." He attended a hedge school, travelled as a " poor scholar," and fed his literary taste by reading all the books he could lay hands on. He was destined for the Catholic priesthood; but was prevented from entering it by his fathers death and by some conscientious difficulties, that led, we are told, to his joining the Established Church. He gained some classical knowledge at the school of Dr. Keenan, a parish priest in the diocese of Down, and became tutor in a farmer's family in Louth. A perusal of Gil Bias roused within him the desire of seeing more of the world; and throwing up his situation, he found himself in Dublin with only a few pence in his pocket. Without any definite plan, he sought everywhere for employment, even of a bird-stuffer, of whose art he was obliged to confess complete ignorance. Driven to extremities, he contemplated enlisting, and addressed a Latin letter to the Colonel of a regiment, who dissuaded him from his intention, and gave him assistance. Chance threw him in the way of the Rev. Caesar Otway, who, recognizing his abilities, persuaded him to try authorship. He contributed a tale, "The Lough Derg Pilgrimage," to the Christian Examiner. This was favourably received, and soon by his writings and tutorship he attained a respectable position and married. When about thirty, Carleton published a collected edition of his Traits and Stories ofthe Irish Peasantry, by far the most brilliant of his works. Fardarougha the Miser, his first novel, followed. The facility with which he wrote was exemplified in 1845, when on the death of Thomas Davis, who was to have supplied Mr. Duffy with a number for his series of monthly publications, Carleton filled the gap on six days' notice with Paddy Go-easy. In the Black Prophet, a tale of the Famine, he has portrayed the Irish female character with matchless strength and pathos. The latter part of his life was clouded by poverty resulting from irregular habits. He enjoyed a Civil List pension of £200, and latterly lived at Woodville, Sandford, near Dublin, where he died, 30th January 1869, aged 70. He was buried at Mount Jerome. In his delineations of Irish peasant life he stands perhaps unrivalled. What he may have wanted in literary power was made up by that actual experience of the scenes and incidents he writes about; and he was enabled to catch a certain raciness in the Irish character, since almost obliterated by famine, emigration, and by wider knowledge of the world, and book-learning. His later publications were in no degree equal to the Traits and Stories. His tales are spoken of in Blaehwood as "Admirable truly, intensely Irish. Never were that wild, imaginative people better described; and amongst all the fun, frolic, and folly, there is no want of poetry, pathos, and passion."

Carmichael, Richard, an eminent surgeon, was born in Bishop-street, Dublin, 6th February 1779. After serving with the Wexford militia, and graduating at the College of Surgeons, he settled down in 1803 as a practitioner in his native city. He soon became distinguished by his researches concerning scrofula, cancer, and syphilis - tending considerably to lessen the use of mercury by the medical profession. He was more or less connected with all the medical and literary institutions of the city; and it was mainly through his exertions that in 1826 the Richmond (now the Carmichael) School of Medicine was founded. This institution he munificently aided during his lifetime, and endowed by will with £10,000. He also bequeathed £3,000 to the CoUege of Surgeons, and £4,500 to the Medical Association of Ireland. Mr. Carmichael's published medical writings number about thirty-one. His honourable and useful career was brought to a melancholy close on 8th June 1849, in his 71st year. He was drowned while crossing on horseback Sutton strand, near Dublin, on his way to his marine residence at Howth.

Caron, Redmond, a writer, was born in the County of Westmeath, near Athlone, about 1605. When sixteen he entered the Order of St. Francis. Eventually he retired to the Continent, and studied at Saltzburg, and at Lou vain, where he occupied the chair of theology. After some time he returned to Ireland as " Commissary-General of the Recollects." He sided with the Anglo-Catholic party, writing in favour of, and promoting the " Loyal Remonstrance." At one time, between the different factions, he would probably have lost his life but for the intervention of Lord Castlehaven; and during Cromwell's Irish campaign he thought it safer to visit England. Caron died in Dublin, in May 1666, and was buried in St. James's Churchyard. Ware enumerates seven works in Latin from his pen, and says: " He was esteemed a very pious and learned man, and of honest and loyal principles."

Carpenter, John, Archbishop of Dublin, 1770-86, was the son of a merchant-tailor, who resided in Chancery-lane, Dublin. Educated at Lisbon, and appointed curate of St. Mary's, Dublin, he distinguished himself in conjunction with Lord Taaffe, by efforts for the repeal of the Penal Laws. He was elevated to the archbishopric in 1770. He died 29th October 1786, and was buried in St. Michan's Churchyard.

Carr, George W., Rev., the founder of teetotal associations in Ireland, was born at New Ross in 1779. He entered Trinity College as a pensioner in 1794. In 1798 he served amongst the yeomanry at the battle of New Ross, and was made a burgess of the town in acknowledgment of his intrepidity and humanity on the occasion. In 1800 he was appointed to a curacy, which he eventually resigned because of conscientious objections to passages in the Prayer Book. He afterwards officiated in a small meeting-house. In 1829 he founded a temperance society, said to have been the first in Ireland. He was intimate with Father Mathew, and was the hearty advocate of all philanthropic movements. He died at Camlin, near New Ross, 27th January 1849, aged about 70.

Carte, Thomas, Rev., a learned English historian, was born at Clifton, in Warwickshire, 1686. Suspected of complicity in the Insurrection of 1715, £1,000 was put upon his head, and he was obliged to fly to France, where he resided until, by the intervention of Queen Caroline, consort of George II., he was permitted to return to England about 1729. The work which has made him famous, The History of the Life of James, Duke of Ormond, was published in folio - vol. iii., comprising letters, in 1735 (in order that paginal references might be made in the other volumes), and vols i. and ii. in 1736. It is considered one of the most important historical works in the language, certainly the most important relating to Irish history of the period. The fine edition in 6 vols. 8vo., published at Oxford in 1851, is now the most available; its usefulness, however, is somewhat marred by the want of an index. In 1738 Carte issued proposals for the publication of a great History of England, and received promises of large annual subscriptions for the furtherance of the work. These were mostly withdrawn upon the appearance of the first volume, in consequence of his mentioning in a short footnote that a person had been cured of the king's evil by the Pretender. Carte struggled on, but did not live to complete the work. The fourth volume, bringing the History down to 1654, appeared after his death, which took place in 1754. The MS. collections he left were so important, that the Earl of Hardwicke paid £200, and Mr. Macpherson £300, for their perusal. In 20 folios, 15 quartos, and some loose papers, they were ultimately secured for the Bodleian Library. Carte was the author of other works besides the above mentioned.

Carter, Thomas, a singer, pianist, and composer, was born in Ireland in 1768. Having early developed musical talents, the Earl of Inchiquin supplied him with means for pursuing the study. At eighteen he published six sonatas for the harpsichord. Subsequently he went to Naples to complete his musical education. Passionately fond of travel, he visited India; whence he was obliged to return on account of ill health. The manager of Drury Lane then engaged him to write some operas. He excelled in ballads - "O Nanny, wilt thou gang with me ?" was his; also some good sea-pieces. On one occasion, being unable to raise money by the sale of his own compositions, he imitated Handel's style, and procured without any difficulty £20 for the piece. He died of liver complaint, in November 1804, aged about 36.

Carve, Thomas, Rev., a writer, was born about 1590, at Mobarnan, in the County of Tipperary. He was chaplain to a regiment of Irish and English Catholics that the Emperor took into his service, and served many campaigns during the Thirty Year's War. After peace was concluded, he employed himself in the composition of several historical works, which, although destitute of critical acumen, abound in curious information. They are now scarce, and bring high prices. His Itinerarium (Mogunt. 1639), his Lyra, sive Anacephalaeosis Hibernica (Sultz. 1660), and his Galateus (Nord. 1669), are his best known works. He died at Vienna (where he had passed some time as Apostolic Notary) 1664, aged 73.

Cathaldus, Saint, was born near Lismore, and flourished in the 7th century; he was one of the many ecclesiastics that spread the fame of Ireland on the Continent. He travelled to Italy and the Holy Land, was made Bishop of Tarentum, and settled for a time on the shores of Lake Leman. An interesting legend concerning him is related by Ware. His festival is the 8th of March.

Caulfeild, Sir Toby, 1st Baron Charlemont, was born near Oxford, 2nd December 1565. When a youth he served under Frobisher, and signalized himself with Essex in France and Belgium. He came over to Ireland in 1598 in command of a troop of horse. In 1615 he was appointed one of the Council for Munster; and afterwards one of the Commissioners for parcelling out the escheated lands in Ulster. He secured considerable estates for himself. Sir B. Burke writes: " In these employments King James I. found him so faithful, diligent, and prudent, that his Majesty deemed him highly deserving the Peerage of Ireland, and accordingly . . created him, 22nd December 1620, Lord Caulfeild, Baron Charlemont." He died 17th August 1627, aged 61, and was buried in Christ Church, Dublin. He was succeeded by his nephew, Sir William.

Caulfeild, Toby, 3rd Baron Charlemont, son of the 2nd Baron, was governor of Charlemont Fort at the breaking out of the War of 1641-'52. On 22nd October 1641, the fort was surprised by Sir Phelim O'Neill, by whose orders, it is said, Lord Charlemont was put to death shortly afterwards. His brother William, the 5th Baron, was mainly instrumental in having Sir Phelim O'Neill taken prisoner and executed, and was in 1665 created a Viscount.

Caulfeild, James, Earl of Charlemont, great-grandson of the 1st Viscount, was born in Dublin, 18th August 1728. Delicate health obliged his being educated at home, where he early exhibited those strong literary and artistic tastes that clung to him through life. From 1746 to 1754 he spent in continental travel-visiting places of historic interest, cultivating his taste for art, and becoming acquainted with eminent men. Passing through Holland, he went on to Turin, where he formed a life-long intimacy with David Hume. After a winter at Rome (where he conceived an almost filial respect for Benedict XIV.), in company with a party of friends he visited the Greek islands, Constantinople, the Levant, and Egypt. Returning home through Spain and France, he visited the philosopher Montesquieu. In June 1754 he returned to Ireland, in his twenty-sixth year - in the full maturity of his powers, endowed with the most refined intellectual tastes. Foreign travel had not dimmed his love for his native land. He was now created LL.D., appointed Governor of Armagh, and was given a seat at the Privy Council. Ireland was at this time in a most wretched condition. She had lost most of the ground gained by Swift and Molyneux; as Mr. Wills says, "The Irish administration had by art, influence, and the subordinate methods of intrigue, by the management of the public purse, and by the dexterous adjustment and counterpoise of factious interests, gained and preserved an uncontested ascendancy in every department." The mass of the people, ground to the earth by the Penal Laws, passed their lives in a condition of abject misery. Charlemont joined the liberal party, and the first public business in which he concerned himself was an effort to effect a reconciliation between Primate Stone, the virtual governor of Ireland, and Mr. Boyle, Speaker of the House of Commons. The quarrel was concerning the apportionment of £200,000 Irish surplus. Charlemont apparently succeeded in his good offices, unaware that his relative, Mr. Boyle, had in truth been induced to accede to the Primate by the promise of an Earldom, and £3,000 per annum for thirty-one years. In February 1760 Thurot occupied Carrickfergus and threatened Ulster. Lord Charlemont hastened at once to the north, to command a contingent of the raw levies that poured in for the protection of Belfast. We find the following in his memoirs: " The appearance of these men, many of whom were my own tenants, was singular and formidable. They were drawn up in regular bodies, . . some few with old firelocks, but the greater number armed with what is called in Scotland the Loughaber axe, a scythe fixed longitudinally to the end of a long pole, . . the town was perfectly undisturbed by tumult, by riot, or even by drunkenness." Before long Thurot was obliged to evacuate Carrickfergus, leaving behind General Flobert and some other wounded officers and men. Flobert, as a prisoner, was received with distinction in Dublin, and Lord Charlemont accompanied him to London. Fellowship with the great minds in the metropolis was his highest pleasure. He was on terms of intimacy with Burke, Johnson, Hume, Goldsmith, Beauclerc, Reynolds, Hogarth, Baretti, and indeed all the members of the great Club. At the coronation of George III . we find him vindicating the right of the Irish Peeresses to walk in the procession - a question which created no little commotion. The liberal tendency of his mind was evinced by his seconding the proposal to permit six Catholic regiments to be raised for the service of Portugal. Government was, however, too suspicious of the Catholics to endorse such a proposition. In the course of 1762 the tithe exactions, landlord oppression, and heavy taxes laid on the cottiers for the making and repairing of roads, culminated in serious disturbances amongst the Protestant population in the north, and led to an emigration to the American colonies, which afterwards perceptibly helped to fan the flame of American discontent. Lord Charlemont immediately repaired to the north, and by firmness and tact materially contributed towards bringing about a more settled state of affairs. All the force Government was then able to supply was 400 foot from Galway, and two troops of horse from Clonmel. For his services on this occasion he was created an Earl: but Government approval did not lessen his independent attitude in Parliament. In 1768 Lord Charlemont's marriage to Miss Hickman, of a Clare family, added greatly to his future happiness. Until 1768, members of the Irish House of Commons held their seats during the life of the Sovereign; and this contributed in no small degree to the corruption of Parliament. Lord Charlemont ably seconded the introduction and passage of a Bill for octennial parliaments. The discussion thereon created excitement throughout the country, and it was thought that the Commons passed it with the lingering hope that it would be vetoed by the Privy Council in London. Upon the success of this Bill he remarks: "Every measure intrinsically just and good will finally be carried by virtuous and steady perseverance. In the pursuit of that which is salutary and right, let no patriot be discouraged by defeat, since, though repeated efforts may prove ineffectual, the time will come when the labours of the virtuous few will finally succeed against all the efforts of interested majorities, when a coincidence of favourable circumstances will conspire with the justice and utility of the measure, and, beyond the reach of human foresight, carry into execution even that which, by the weak and timid, was deemed most impossible." In 1773 his mansion in Rutland-square was finished, and thenceforward he resided in Ireland even more constantly than before. Beauclerc, writing to him from London about this time, urging him to attend oftener the meetings of the Club, says: " If you do not come here, I will bring all the Club over to Ireland to live with you, and that will drive you here in your own defence. Johnson shall spoil your books. Goldsmith pull your flowers, and Bos well talk to you; stay then if you can." Although many minor measures of parliamentary reform had been carried, it was not until the American war broke out that Ireland was enabled to assert her legislative independence. Great Britain had then to withdraw almost all her army; and when the Mayor of Belfast solicited troops for protection against the French, he was informed that Government could do nothing, and that Ireland must rely on herself. " Then arose," says Mr. Lecky, " one of those movements of enthusiasm that occur two or three times in the history of a nation. The cry to arms passed through the land, and was speedily responded to by all parties and by all creeds. Beginning among the Protestants of the north, the movement soon spread, though in a less degree, to other parts of the island, and the war of religions and of castes that had so long divided the people vanished like a dream. . . Though the population of Ireland was little more than half of what it is at present, 60,000 men soon assembled, disciplined and appointed as a regular army - fired by the strongest enthusiasm, and moving as a single man. They rose to defend their country alike from the invasion of a foreign army and from the encroachments of an alien legislature. Faithful to the connection between the two islands, they determined that that connection should rest upon mutual respect and upon essential equality. In the words of one of their own resolutions, ' they knew their duty to their sovereign, and they were loyal; they knew their duty to themselves, and they were resolved to be free.' They were guided by the chastened wisdom, the unquestioned patriotism, the ready tact of Charlemont." In July 1780 Lord Charlemont was chosen Commander-in-chief of the Volunteers - a position he occupied during the whole period of their embodiment. The organization and reviewing of the force occupied much of his attention. The famous resolutions passed at the Dungannon meeting, of 15th February 1782, are said to have been drawn up at his house, and with his approval. It scarcely belongs to this biography to relate how events now followed each other in rapid succession. Free Trade was secured; and then, mainly by the genius of Grattan, supported by Charlemont and the Volunteers, the edifice of Ireland's liberty was apparently crowned in 1782. Passing over the contest between Flood and Grattan as to the necessary guarantees for Irish liberty, we come to the great event with which Charlemont was connected - the Volunteer Rotunda Convention of 10th November 1783, from which may be dated the gradual decline of the power and influence of the Volunteers. This convention, inspired by Flood, insisted upon a reform of Parliament, by opening the close boroughs, giving votes to all Protestant forty-shilling freeholders, and to lease-holders of thirty-one years of which fifteen were unexpired, by amending rotten boroughs, excluding placemen from Parliament, ensuring purity of election, and limiting the duration of Parliament to three years. Lord Charlemont did not enter fully into the spirit of these resolutions; he rather took the position of chairman, hoping to modify the proceedings of the Convention, and prevent the evils that might flow from the alternative of the presidency of the Bishop of Bristol. One hundred and sixty-eight delegates from the Volunteers attended. Several days of debate ensued, and upon a night of momentous importance Flood brought forward in Parliament the Volunteer Reform Bill. Through the influence of Government it was defeated by 158 to 49 - more than half the majority being placemen. Had this Bill passed, Mr. Lecky surmises that the Catholics of Ireland would soon have been emancipated, the liberties of Ireland would have been placed on a broad basis, the blood of '98 might never have flowed, and the Union never have been consummated. The Volunteers had already at Dungannon shown their sentiments towards their Catholic fellow-countrymen by resolving "that as men and as Irishmen, as Christians and as Protestants, we rejoice in the relaxation of the Penal Laws." Upon the defeat of Flood's Bill, Lord Charlemont adjourned the Convention, and the peaceable separation of its members furnished the most eloquent refutation of the charges of opponents. Indeed their spirit was broken; many gatherings and reviews were held afterwards, but with gradually decreasing numbers; and Lord Charlemont adhered to the organization to the last, with the desire rather of keeping up his influence with its members than with any hope of resuscitating the movement. Matters might have taken a widely different course had he been a less scrupulous man, of greater force of mind. Mr. Lecky remarks: "This period was perhaps the only one in Irish history, when the connection between the two countries might have been easily dissolved, and when the dissolution would not have involved Ireland in anarchy or civil war." On the Regency question, in 1788, he sided with Grattan, and moved the address to the Prince of Wales requesting him to take upon himself regal power in Ireland. He exerted himself with zeal in the formation of the Whig Club, in which Wolfe Tone at one time took part. In 1791 he resigned the lord-lieutenancy of Armagh, in consequence of the executive having made changes in the government of the county. Even upon a man of Lord Charlemont's liberal principles the French Revolution began to tell, and we find him now opposing Catholic emancipation. His biographer remarks: " His refusal of their demands was so gracious, and accompanied with such known integrity of heart, that it conciliated them more than the votes of others in their favour, preceded, as such votes were, by angry and insulting speeches." In 1793 he had to lament the death of his second son, aged 17. His circle now began to be sensibly narrowed, and his own health to fail. The successes of the French arms, and the increase of the United Irishmen were causes of deep anguish. Writing to his friend Haliday, he says: " I need not say how ardently I have ever loved my country. In consequence of that love I have courted her; I have even married her and taken her for life; and she is now turned out a shrew-tormenting herself and all her nearest connexions." His popularity continued, the people feeling they might implicitly trust in his honesty and patriotism; and when ill-health obliged him and his wife to visit Bath, Dublin turned out to bid them farewell. Literature and the arts were an unfailing source of pleasure to him in these latter years, as they had been through life. He took much interest in the proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, which had been established in 1785. He was its first president, and its meetings were often held at his house. At the last his mind began again to open to the justice of the Catholic claims. If the Insurrection of 1798 caused him the bitterest mortification, the proposal for the Union may be said to have broken his heart. Happily for his peace of mind, he passed away before the measure was accomplished, at Charlemont House, on 4th August 1799, aged almost 71. His remains were interred in Armagh Cathedral. He could scarcely be called a great statesman; he was not an orator, or a brilliant writer; but he was an honest man and a patriot. He is described as having been of middle size; his figure somewhat bent. He had injured his eyes by study; his eyebrows were large and black; his features strong, and more expressive than handsome; when in conversation they lit up with great animation. His Countess survived him about eight years. His son, the 2nd Earl, succeeded, and lived until 1863, when the honours of the family descended to his nephew, the 3rd and present Earl.

Celeclerech or Kilian, Saint, Bishop and martyr, Apostle of Franconia, flourished in the latter part of the 7th century. He was of an illustrious Irish family, and entered the monastic state early in life. Travelling abroad, he reached Rome in 686 or 687 and was well received by the Pope, who commissioned him to labour at Wurtzburg. There he established himself with two friends, Coloman and Totnan. Amongst others they converted the Duke Gozbert. Celeclerech counselled him to abandon his wife Geilana, because she had been the wife of a deceased brother. The Duke departing on a warlike expedition, Geilana procured the assassination of Celeclerech and his friends. Lanigan proceeds: " Geilana was seized with an evil spirit, which tormented her so much that she died soon after. The remains of the holy martyrs were found in 752 by St. Burchard, Bishop of Wurtzburg, and removed by him to a great church which he had erected in that city." His festival is the 8th of July. Murray tells us that the present 11 th century Cathedral of Wurtzburg occupies the site of the original building erected upon the spot where St. Celeclerech was martyred.

Cellach, Celestin, or Celsus, was consecrated Archbishop of Armagh, 23rd September 1106, when only twenty-seven years of age. His Irish title was MacAid MacMaelisa. He took a leading part in the ecclesiastical affairs of his time. In 1125 he repaired the cathedral at Armagh. The latter part of his life was occupied in reconciling differences between the princes and great men of the kingdom. In 1128 he arranged a truce between the Kings of Connaught and Munster. He died at Ardpatrick, County of Limerick, 1st April 1129, aged about 50, and was buried at Lismore. It is supposed that he once presided over the see of Dublin. The Church was in a very corrupt state in his day: " By his exemplary conduct, charity, preaching, erecting of churches, laying down rules of discipline and morality for the clergy and people, and other pastoral exercises, [he] greatly contributed to bring about a better order of things."

Chenevix, Richard, a philosopher and chemist, was born in Ireland in 1774. Like many other celebrated Irishmen, he was descended from Huguenot ancestors. He distinguished himself in science and literature, notably by his chemical researches. A Fellow of the Royal Society and member of the Royal Irish Academy, he contributed numerous papers to the proceedings of these and other societies, in addition to distinct publications. Besides scientific works, he wrote The Mantuan Rivals, a comedy, and Henry VII., a tragedy. One of his best works, A n Essay upon Natural Character, appeared after his death. The Edinburgh Review speaks of his Henry VII as " the boldest, the most elaborate, and upon the whole the most successful imitation of the general style, taste, and diction of our older dramatists that has appeared in the present times." He died in Paris, 5th April 1830, aged about 56.

Cherry, Andrew, an actor and dramatist, was born in Limerick, 11th January 1762. He received a good education, and was apprenticed to his father's business - printing - in Dublin. The lad acquired a taste for the stage, and at fourteen joined a company of strolling players, to return, after a short interval, half-starved and penniless. After a few years' steady work, he married the daughter of Mr. Knipe, a theatrical manager, and joined his company. At Belfast he acquired considerable reputation, and in 1797 he won success at the Theatre Royal, Dublin. He then accepted engagements in England, and his performance at Bath was pronounced "as finished a picture of the scenic art as had ever been performed on their boards." In 1802 he appeared at Drury Lane, and in 1804 produced The Soldier's Daughter. Other pieces followed, and he continued to act at Drury Lane until it was burned, when he took a company to Wales, with Edmund Kean as leading actor. He died at Monmouth, 7th February 1812, aged 50.

Chesney, Francis Rawdon, General, a distinguished explorer and military officer, was born 16th March 1789. His father, an Irish settler in America, had taken the loyalist side during the revolutionary war, and served with distinction under Hastings (afterwards Lord Moira) and Cornwallis, and at the time of his son's birth, was settled down as a revenue-officer at Ballyvea, in the County of Down. Young Chesney was a born soldier: it is recorded that at nine years of age he held a commission in the yeomanry. Presented by Lord Moira with a Woolwich cadetship, he passed through the Academy with honour. During the Peninsular War the chances of the service consigned him to garrison duty in Guernsey; but no sooner was leave granted to him after the restoration of peace, than he set himself the task of walking over Napoleon's principal battle-fields, upwards of 3,000 miles - attentively studying the strategy of that commander, and of those who defeated him. During a visit home in 1814, he by his intrepidity and powers as a swimmer, rescued the crew of a French barque that had gone ashore in a blinding snowstorm; and for this he was presented with the medal of the Societe des Naufrages. He early acquired the habit of devoting several hours daily to the study of military science; a practice from which no inducements could draw him away. His name first came before the public in 1829, when, as a lieutenant of artillery, he was sent on a mission to Egypt to inquire into the relative advantages of the Egyptian and Syrian routes to India. He explored Syria by way of Damascus, and Tiberias, and Djerash, until he struck the Euphrates at El Werdi, encountering unlooked for perils and hardships. With a few Arabs he descended the Euphrates on a raft, and continued his explorations for three years. Apart from the practicability of a Suez canal, he also reported the feasibility of steam communication with India through Egypt. Soon after his return, Parliament voted £20,000 to defray the expenses of a second exploration of the Euphrates route under his command, he having volunteered to serve without pay. He received the brevet rank of Colonel, and early in 1835 he set out, accompanied by an efficient staff of army and navy officers, and a detachment of artillery, sappers, and marines. Landing at the mouth of the Orontes, on the coast of Syria, he transported across the desert two small steamboats, and put them together at Bir, on the upper Euphrates. Notwithstanding the loss of one of these boats with twenty lives, and other disheartening difficulties, he accomplished the task of exploring the Euphrates, the Tigris, and the Karum, and making a series of exact soundings and charts of these rivers. Ably seconded by the officers of the expedition, he extended his journey as far as India, and returned across the Arabian desert, reaching London in August 1837. The determination, the energy, and the perseverance that he exhibited, won the admiration of his fellow-countrymen and of all interested in geographical research. The death of William IV. and political complications prevented the full results of the expedition being reaped, either in credit to himself or in benefit to the Empire. In 1836 he was made a Major in the British army, and two years afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel. In 1843 he was appointed Commandant of Hong Kong, and of the detachment of artillery sent to China. Upon his return he- held commands in Ireland, and in 1851 retired to his family estate of Packolet, near Kilkeel. He was made Colonel the same year; in 1855, Major-General; General in 1868. He visited Constantinople in 1857 and again in 1863 to negotiate concessions for a projected railway. He revisited Syria, and again surveyed the line from the Orontes to the Euphrates. In 1849 he published the first two volumes of his great work on the exploration of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, a standard book of reference, and one that drew forth the warm congratulations of such men as Retter and Humboldt. His book on fire-arms and artillery appeared in 1852; and in 1854 his Russo-Turkish Campaigns of 1828-'29. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and a D.C.L. of Oxford. The last years of his life were spent in his native home, and his latest efforts were given to the cause he had so warmly advocated - the opening of communication with India by the Euphrates valley. General Chesney was esteemed a man of essentially conservative instincts. In the recasting of the affairs of the Church of Ireland, of which he was a member, his age and experience gave him an influence which he employed in the same spirit. Like other eminent Irishmen of the generation to which he belonged, he preserved to the last the simplicity of manners and some of the raciness of accent characteristic of the north of Ireland. General Chesney died at Kilkeel, 31st January 1872, aged 82.

Chesney, Charles Cornwallis, Colonel, nephew of preceding, was born at Packolet, in Ireland, in 1826. He entered the Royal Engineers as Second-Lieutenant, 1845; and rose to be First-Lieutenant, 1846; Captain, 1854; Lieutenant-Colonel, 1868; Brevet-Colonel, 1873. An eminent writer and critic on military subjects, his principal works were: Campaigns in Virginia and Maryland, i864-'65; Waterloo Lectures, 1868; Military Resources of Prussia and France, 1870; Essays on Modern Military Biography, 1874, reprinted mainly from the Edinburgh Review, to which, as well as to the weekly and daily press, he was a large contributor. Predictions in his Waterloo Lectures were singularly fulfilled in the war of 187O-'71 - as to the enervating effects upon France of a reliance on past glories, and the lax preparation for future wars induced by such a state of public feeling. Colonel Chesney, who was for nearly ten years Professor of Military History at the Royal Military and the Staff Colleges, and at the time of his death was commanding the Royal Engineers of the London district, died 19th March 1876, aged 49, from the effects of undue exposure to cold in the exercise of his duty. He was a man greatly beloved in private life, whilst, according to the Pall Mall Gazette, the United Kingdom " sustained the loss of an able, useful, and conscientiously industrious officer, whose conspicuous and peculiar merits were fully understood and appreciated by those in authority over him."

Chichester, Sir Arthur, Baron of Belfast, was born about the middle of the 16th century, at Raleigh, in England. He was early sent to college, but having to fly the country for robbing one of the Queen's purveyors (who, as Lodge puts it, "were but little better than robbers themselves"), he removed to Ireland. He commanded one of Drake's vessels in his last voyage to the West Indies, and afterwards went to France, where he signalized himself under Henry IV., who knighted him. He was knighted again in 1595, according to Lodge for "his skill in the wars of this kingdom [Ireland], where his service in the reduction of the Irish to due obedience was so manifest, that he was effectually assistant to plough and break up that barbarous nation by conquest, and then sow it with seeds of civility." He commanded at Carrickfergus in 1599, and was actively engaged throughout the war with O'Neill; in 1602 he erected Mountjoy Fort; in 1603-'4 he was made Lord-Deputy, and resolutely set about extending the circuits in Ireland, abolishing the old laws and customs, and endeavouring to make the people Protestant. In 1608, after the flight of the Earls, the plantation of Ulster was urged on, mainly, it would seem, through the influence of Sir Arthur Chichester, who largely profited thereby. "Manors of 1,000,1,500, and 3,000 acres were offered by this project to such English and Scottish as should undertake to plant their lots with British Protestants, and engage to allow no Irish to dwell upon them." The old occupiers were, as far as possible, cleared off to waste places in Munster and Connaught. According to Irish law, the tribal lands were the property of the people, not of the chiefs; and even if O'Neill and O'Donnell had been guilty of treason, it did not forfeit the people's right to the territory. This plantation was perhaps one of the remote causes of the War of 1641-'52. For his share, Sir Arthur received the district of Inishowen, and he was created Baron Chichester of Belfast in February 1612. In the same year he summoned the first parliament that had been held in Ireland for twenty-seven years. James managed to secure a Protestant majority by creating a number of small boroughs; and the Irish Catholics were indignant at being shut out from the Privy Council, the Magistracy, the Bench, and the Bar. In 1614 Chichester was commissioned to inquire into titles of estates in Wexford, Longford, Leitrim, and other counties, and found a general title for the King to about 350,000 acres. While he was Lord-Deputy, in 1614, the harp was first marshalled with the arms of England on the coinage. In 1622 he was sent as ambassador to the Palatinate, and to treat for a peace with the Emperor, and for a time was shut up by Tilly's besieging army in Mannheim. Returning home, he died in London, 19th February 1624, and was interred in the Church of Saint Nicholas, at Carrickfergus, under a "stately monument." He built for himself a residence at Joymount, near Carrickfergus. His biographer and personal friend, Sir F. Fortescue, says of him: " He was one so far from ambition and covetousness that he, neither by friends nor of himself, moved for advancement, military or civil, but still it was conferred on him unsought. . . He was not a very good orator, but had a singular good expression with his pen-sublime and succinct, according to the subject whereof he wrote, and the person to whom." His brother, Sir John, Governor of Carrickfergus, was taken prisoner and beheaded on 4th November 1597, in an expedition against the MacDonnells. His opponent, James MacDonnell, afterwards Earl of Antrim, viewing the Chichester monument, is said to have asked, " How the de'ell he came to get his head again, for he was sure he had ance ta'en it frae him."

Ciaran, or Kiaran, Saint, the founder of Clonmacnoise. He was of Ulster extraction; but his father, a carpenter, emigrated to Connaught, where Ciaran was born in 515. He studied at Clonard, under Saint Finnen, and having completed his education there, perfected himself under the austere rule of Saint Enna, on the Island of Aran, and at Scattery Island. On his return to Westmeath, a friendly chief gave him a piece of ground whereon he commenced the erection of the religious establishments of Clonmacnoise. There he ministered during the remainder of his brief life, with the exception of a sojourn at Inishanghin, on the Shannon. King Diarmaid, whom the Saint befriended while in exile, was a munificent benefactor of Saint Ciaran's establishment. He died in 548, aged about 33, only seven months after resuming his government of Clonmacnoise. His festival is the 9th of September. He is compared in the Martyrology of Donegal to Christ, in that his father was a carpenter, that his life was wonderfully holy, and that he died about the same age.

Ciaran, or Kieran, Saint, of Saighir [Serkeiran in the King's County], the founder of the see of Ossory in the 5th century, is sometimes styled the "first-born of the saints of Ireland." He was born on Cape Clear Island, where he afterwards founded a church. He is said to have been one of St. Patrick's earliest disciples, and one of Saint Finnen's scholars; he established a monastic institution at Saighir. By some he is supposed to have died in Cornwall, and to have been identical with Saint Piran, whose little Church of Piranzabuloe was preserved intact for centuries covered with sand. His festival is the 15th of March.

Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, second son of Edward III., was born at Antwerp 29th November 1338. In 1352 he married Lady Elizabeth de Burgh, heiress of the Earl of Ulster, and in her right assumed the style of Earl of Ulster, Lord of Connaught and Tuam. Accompanied by his wife, he landed in Ireland, 15th September 1361, as Lord-Lieutenant, at the head of a powerful army, commanded by the ablest English warriors. He gave much offence to the Anglo-Irish lords by his English exclusiveness, and by forbidding any Irish-born to approach his camp. His first expedition against the O'Byrnes was singularly unsuccessful, and by February, " being in imminent peril from the daily increasing strength of his enemies," his father was obliged to send him additional reinforcements. Next year he was created Duke of Clarence, from the lordship of Clare, in Suffolk, which he had acquired through his wife. She died during his residence in Ireland. He strengthened Dublin Castle, and for a time removed the Exchequer from Dublin to Carlow. He was unsuccessful in prosecuting his Irish wars, or in recovering any of his wife's estates. In the course of the six following years he was thrice Lord-Lieutenant. In 1367 the Duke left the country finally, and shortly afterwards he married an Italian princess, with a dowry of £200,000, besides the town of Alba and several castles in Piedmont. During his administration, and under his presidency, in 1367, the memorable Statute of Kilkenny was passed by the Irish Parliament, rigidly prescribing laws of demarcation between the inhabitants of the Pale and the rest of Ireland. Mr. Richey, after considering this statute, comes to " the conclusion that the English government at this time abandoned the prospect of reducing to obedience the Irish and degenerate English, and, adopting a policy purely defensive, sought merely to preserve in allegiance to the English crown the miserable remains of the Irish kingdom." Yet it was not long after the passage of this statute that we find the colonists of the Pale writing to the King that "the Irish, with his other enemies and rebels, continued to ride over the country in hostile array, slaying those who oppose them, despoiling the monasteries, churches, castles, towns, and fortresses of the English, without reverence for God or Holy Church, to the great shame and disherison of his Majesty." The Duke of Clarence died in 1368, aged about 30, and the dukedom became extinct.

Clarke, Adam, Rev., LL.D., biblical commentator, was born at Magherafelt in 1760. From early youth he discovered a deeply religious temperament, and thirst for knowledge. He was apprenticed to a branch of the linen business; but his father and mother being Methodists, and the theological bent of the boy's mind becoming known to some of the ministers who visited at their house, he was admitted to a school founded by Wesley at Kingswood, near Bristol. There he devoted himself unreservedly to preparing himself for the ministry. He studied Hebrew and a course of Oriental languages beyond the ordinary curriculum of the school. In 1782 he was ordained by Wesley, and for twenty years he laboured principally in the provinces, residing in London or upon a small estate acquired by him in Lancashire. His preaching attracted immense numbers, and he daily gained influence and reputation. In 1802 he published a Bibliographical Dictionary in 6 vols. This work increased his already great reputation; he was admitted a member of the Royal Society of Antiquaries, the Royal Irish Academy, and other learned bodies. The University of St. Andrews conferred upon him the degrees of M.A. and LL.D. His writings are considered to have materially helped to remove the contempt theretofore attached to the name of Methodist. By the Commissioners of Public Records he was induced to edit Rymer's Faedera, for which he was ill fitted, and which brought him little credit. To one great work he devoted the best energies of his life - The Holy Bible, with a Commentary and Critical Notes. The first volume appeared in 1810; the eighth and last in 1826. Bickersteth says: "There is much valuable matter in it. Light is sometimes thrown on difficult passages; but he is too fond of innovations and justifying generally condemned characters, and has both eccentric and exceptionable passages." He has been charged with parading the oriental learning which he is understood to have possessed; but his excellence of character is unquestioned. "He was in every sense of the word a good man, and his life presents an instructive lesson of rewards and honours attending useful labours, and consistent, virtuous action." He was the author of several other works besides those mentioned. In 1831 Dr. Clarke established several schools in his native province of Ulster. He accumulated a valuable library, including many MSS. and a small museum of curiosities. He died of cholera, during a passing visit to Bayswater, 26th August 1832, aged about 72. He is described as five feet nine inches high, of a large frame, his limbs straight and well-proportioned, and his person unbowed to the last hour of his life. " His personal habits were those of unintermitted industry, unencumbered by busy haste, and directed by the exactest order."

Clarke, Joseph, M.D., a distinguished physician, was born in the County of Londonderry in 1758. After receiving his preliminary education in Ireland, he studied at Glasgow and Edinburgh. Endowed with indomitable perseverance, and with abilities of a high order, he worked his way up from a fortune of £400, out of which his education was paid for, to an annual practice in Dublin of £3,000 per annum. From his fee-book we learn that he received £37,252 in fees of £10 and upwards. Under date 11th November 1801, where a one-pound note is entered, he adds, " First of these vile productions." The gold guinea, the hitherto accustomed fee, was worth £1 2s. 9d, Irish. Of 3,847 cases of parturition he attended in his private practice during forty-four years, it is stated that there were but twenty-two deaths, and of these but eight were the result of child-birth. His name is specially connected with the Rotunda Hospital, of which he was for many years master. He died in 1834 in Edinburgh, whither he had gone to read a paper before the British Association.

Clayton, Robert, Bishop of Clogher, was born in Dublin in 1695. His father was incumbent of a parish. He was educated in England, and afterwards became a Fellow of Trinity College. He was appointed to the Bishopric of Killala in 1729; was transferred to Cork in 1735, and to Clogher in 1745. He was recommended for the vacant Archbishopric of Tuam in 1752; but he was passed over as being the author of several works on ecclesiastical history and chronology exhibiting Arian tendencies. In 1756 he moved in the Irish House of Lords that the Nicene and Athanasian Creeds should be omitted from the Liturgy of the Church of Ireland. In 1757 he published the third part of his Vindication of the History of the Old and New Testaments, containing opinions so contrary to the doctrines of the Thirty-nine Articles, that by direction of the King measures were taken for a prosecution that would probably have resulted in deprivation, had he not died of nervous fever, 26th February 1758, aged about 63. He was member of many learned societies, and corresponded with men of eminence in literature and the arts. He is described as a "munificent, learned, high-spirited man."

Cleburne, Patrick E,., General of the Confederate army, in the American civil war, was born near Queenstown, County of Cork, 17th March 1828. In 1850, after three years' service as a private in the British army, he emigrated to the United States, studied law, and settled down at Helena, Arkansas. He was in successful practice when the civil war broke out early in 1861, and almost immediately entered the Confederate service as a private, rising before long to be colonel of a regiment. In March 1862 he was made Brigadier-General, and was specially distinguished for his valour and ability at the battle of Shiloh. He was wounded at the battle of Perry ville. Appointed Major-General in December 1862, he commanded divisions at Murfreesboro' and Chickamauga; he distinguished himself in command of the rear-guard at Mission Ridge, and received the thanks of the Confederate Congress for his defence of Ringgold Gap; at Jonesboro' he covered the retreat of Hood's defeated army. General Cleburne was killed at the battle of Franklin, Tennessee, 30th November 1864, aged 36. He possessed a commanding presence, was skilful and daring in action, and was very popular with both officers and men. Horace Greeley writing of his death, says: " The loss of Patrick Cleburne, the `Stonewall Jackson of the West,' would of itself have been a rebel disaster."

Clement, a young Irish monk in the 8th century, who visited the Continent with his friend Albin, and attracted the attention of Charlemagne, who committed to him the instruction of a number of youth. The incident of the appearance of Clement and Albin before the King is narrated by M'Gee in a poem entitled, "The Wisdom-sellers before Charlemagne." [See ALBIN.]

Clinton, Charles, Colonel and lawyer, was born in the County of Longford in 1690. In May 1729 lie chartered a ship to convey his family and a number of relatives and friends to the British colonies of North America. The captain formed the design of starving them to death, probably with a view of acquiring their property; but upon payment of a large ransom he consented to land them at Cape Cod. Numbers of the passengers died from the hardships they underwent, amongst them a son and daughter of Mr. Clinton. In the spring of 1731 he formed a flourishing settlement in the County of Ulster (now Orange County), New York, where he pursued the occupation of farmer and surveyor. Before long, he became a county judge and Lieutenant-Colonel of the local militia. In 1758 he served as a Lieutenant-Colonel in DeLancy's regiment at the siege and capture of Frontenac. He died in Ulster, New York, 19th November 1773, aged about 83. His sons Alexander and Charles were physicians, James became Major-General in the American revolutionary army, and George rose to be Vice-President of the United States.

Clive, Catherine, a celebrated comic actress (daughter of a lawyer named Raftor, originally of Kilkenny), is generally stated to have been born in the north of Ireland in 1711. "When young she was married to Richard Clive, a barrister; but the union was unfortunate, and a separation taking place, she adopted the theatrical profession, in which she attained a distinguished rank. She filled and adorned a variety of comic parts, and whether she exhibited the woman of good sense, of real fine breeding, -the humorous, the fantastic, the affected, the rude, the awkward, or the ridiculous female in any rank of society- she was sure to fascinate the audience." Dr. Johnson said: " Mrs. Clive was the best player I ever saw. . . What Clive did best she did better than Garrick, but could not do half so many things well. She was a better romp than any I ever saw in nature." Her composition and spelling are described as " audacious " in their incorrectness. Leigh Hunt writes: " She was the favourite Nell of the stage in the Devil to Pay and similar characters; and, according to Garrick, there was something of the devil to pay in all her stage life. She might have been Macklin's sister for humour, judgment, and sturdiness of purpose, amounting to violence, not unmixed with generosity. The latter part of her life she spent in retirement at Strawberry Hill, where she was a neighbour and friend to Horace Walpole, whose effeminacy she helped to keep on the alert. It always seems to us as if she had been the man of the two, aud he the woman." Her private character was exemplary. She died at Twickenham, near London, 6th December 1785, aged about 74.

Clyn, John, an annalist, a Franciscan friar of Kilkenny, first custodian of the Monastery of Carrick-on-Suir, founded by one of the Earls of Ormond in 1336. Hia Annals are written in Latin; they extend from the birth of Christ to 1349. He thus concludes his entry for 1348: "But I, brother John Clyn, a Franciscan friar, of the Convent of Kilkenny, have in this book written the memorable things happening in my time, of which I was either an eye-witness, or learned them from the relation of such as were worthy of credit. . . Expecting death among the dead, . . I leave behind me parchment for continuing it if any man should have the good fortune to survive this calamity, or anyone of the race of Adam should escape this pestilence, and live to continue what I have begun." He probably died next year in the plague to which he refers. Besides his Annals, he wrote some other works of small importance. The friary in which he lived in Kilkenny was lately a racket-court. "Clyn lived ninety years after Matthew Paris, and was not many years older than Froissart, but . . instead of the striking details of the monk of St. Alban's, instead of Froissart's pictured pages, . . we have here, for the most part, only mere entries of names and of facts - the ashes of history in which there is no fire." His Annals, edited by the Rev. Richard Butler, were published by the Archaeological Society in 1849.

Coemghin, or Kevin, Saint, was born about 498, of a princely family in Tir Tuathal, comprising part of the present County of Wicklow. He is described as having been a beautiful youth: he was baptized by St. Cronan, and educated under "Petrocus, a holy Briton." He was specially intimate with SS. Columcille and Ciaran; and when the latter died at Clonmacnoise, Coemghin made a special pilgrimage thither to watch by his body. Round his cell at Glendalough a large community of disciples gathered, attracted by his learning and sanctity; and the ecclesiastical remains there are intimately associated with his name, although it is extremely unlikely that any of them date from his lifetime. St. Coemghin is generally represented with a bird in his hand, in token of his extreme love of animals. The legend concerning him and Kathleen has been embodied in poetry both by Moore and Gerald Griffin. He is stated to have died in 618, aged 120. His festival is the 3rd of June.

Coffey, Charles, a dramatic author, born the end of the 17th century, wrote nine successful pieces. He died 13th May 1745, and was buried at St. Clement Dames, in the Strand, London. But one of his works has kept its hold on the stage - The Devil to Pay, or the Wives Metamorphosed. A writer in the University Magazine says: "H e had no great share of original genius, but possessed considerable humour, and an aptitude of applying other peoples' ideas, in which he was more successful than scrupulous."

Colby, Thomas, Major-General, an eminent engineer, was born at Rochester, ist September, 1784. He entered the Engineers when but seventeen, and two years afterwards lost his left hand by the explosion of a pistol. His unwearied zeal, patience, and untiring energy in the English Ordnance Survey brought him into notice; and he was employed on the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, which was more extended in its aims than the English survey. Accompanied by Mr. Drummond, he traversed Ireland from north to south in 1824, selecting the most suitable sites for signal stations; and in 1825 the Irish triangulation commenced on Divis Mountain, near Belfast. The compensation-bar, invented by himself and Drummond, with which they measured a base line of eight miles on the south shore of Lough Foyle, proved so perfect that it has since been used as the basis of surveys at the Cape and in India. Completely devoted to his profession, he was indifferent to personal fame. His perfect command of temper may be judged from an incident related in his memoirs. Once while encamped on Slieve Donard, the summit of Sea Fell, in Cumberland, became visible at a distance of 111 miles, and, after many trials, an instrument was brought to bear upon it. He was on the point of successfully finishing his observation, "which," says his biographer, " would have been a geodesical triumph, as including the longest side of a triangle ever attempted, when an officer, on entering the observatory, accidentally struck his elbow, and threw the telescope off the object. A momentary ejaculation of anger escaped his lips, but though he could not again succeed, and the object was therefore lost, he never afterwards alluded to the subject." In 1828 he married an Irish wife, and settled in Dublin during the heavy work of the Irish survey. He did not finally retire from the service until 1846, after the last Irish county map had been published. He principally lived abroad the latter portion of his life, and died at New Brighton, near Liverpool, 2nd October 1852. To his encouragement and generous sympathy, Drummond, Larcom, and other eminent men largely owed their success. He is described as low-sized, and possessed of a singularly nervous and elastic frame, which no fatigue could overcome. Lieutenant-Colonel Portlock's biography of Colby contains many interesting particulars of the progress of the Irish Survey. As completed, it comprises principally: (1) Map of Ireland, on a scale of 4 miles to the inch; (2) county maps, 1 1/2 to 3 miles to the inch; (3) Ireland, in sections of 12 X 18 miles, 1 mile to the inch; (4) Ireland in sections of 4 X 6 miles, 1/6 mile to the inch; (5) maps of parishes, 1/25 mile to the inch. These maps are also given geologically coloured. The historical and topographical information collected in the course of the Survey is principally preserved in MS. in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy.

Colclough, John Henry, a member of one of the old Protestant families of the County of Wexford, was born about 1769. He was perhaps forced into Insurrection of 1798 by his tenants, and he acted as one of the leaders at the battle of New Ross. Upon the re-occupation of Wexford by the royalists, he fled with his wife and his friend, Bagenal B. Harvey, to the Saltee Islands. A poor farmer, the occupant of the island on which they landed, concealed them in a cave, and refused to give information as to their whereabouts until tortured by the lash. Colclough and Harvey were tried by court-martial and executed on Wexford Bridge, 28th June 1798. He suffered with equanimity, saying before his execution, " I have only one favour to ask of you, which is that you will not take off my coat and waistcoat, as I have only an old borrowed shirt under them, and I wish to appear decently before the people." He is described as of full middle size, long visage, his hair tied behind; of cheerful aspect and pleasant manners. He is buried in St. Patrick's burying ground. Wexford.

Cole, Sir William, born in England, settled in Fermanagh in 1607, where he was granted 1,320 acres of escheated estates, and was made "Captain of the long boats and barges" at Ballyshannon and Lough Erne. He was first Provost of Enniskillen. In 1617 he was knighted by the Lord-Deputy, and his lady had a licence granted to her " to sell and retail wine, and make and sell aqua-vitse in Enniskillen." He was the first to give warning to the Lord-Deputy of the impending insurrection of 1641; and when it broke out he raised a regiment and garrisoned Enniskillen for King Charles I. Sir William died in October 1653, and was buried in St. Michan's Church, Dublin. A descendant was in 1776 created Viscount Enniskillen.

Colgan, John, Rev.,born in the County of Donegal, a Franciscan friar in the Irish convent at Louvain, in the 17th century, was a laborious and voluminous writer on the ecclesiastical antiquities of Ireland, his best known works being, Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae, Lovanii, 1645; and Triadis Thaumaturgae, Lovanii, 1647. He died at Louvain in 1658, having failed to complete his Acta Sanctorum, which contains only the Calendar of Saints for January, February, and March. O'Curry speaks of him as " this learned, laborious, and honest writer." Ware, writing of his Acta Sanctorum, says: " Into this volume he hath brought all the saints of Ireland who died during the first three months of the year, and I fear some Scots and English, such as he could lay the best claim to; yet is far short of making sufficient reprisals on Mr. Dempster, who, with too bare a face, hath plundered the Irish calendar, and from thence got the nickname of the 'Saint-stealer.' Peter Talbot gives our author the character of 'incertorum corrosor,' or a raker together of uncertain and unknown lives." Rev. John O'Hanlon adds that " Colgan was well versed in the language and literature of his native country, profoundly read in the civil and ecclesiastical annals of Ireland; while his competency for writing and annotating the acts of our Irish saints - his learning, candour, wonderful industry, and research - are fully manifested in the two magnificent folio volumes which he published, and which must remain as the imperishable monuments of his zeal, piety, and patriotism. . . He candidly declares that a great portion of his labours had been forwarded by Father Hugh Ward, before the death of this latter eminent man."

Colles, Abraham, an eminent surgeon, was born at Millmont, near Kilkenny, in 1773. He studied in Dublin, Edinburgh and London, and in 1799 was elected Resident Surgeon at Steevens' Hospital, Dublin, and in 1826, Professor of Surgery at the College of Surgeons. He was so much esteemed, that upon his resignation of the latter post, from ill health, in 1835, his portrait and bust were placed in the College. He died on 1st December 1843, aged about 70, and was buried at Mount Jerome. Shortly before his decease he declined a baronetcy. Besides minor publications, he wrote some standard works- a treatise on Surgical Anatomy, and On the Use of Mercury. Mr. Waller writes: "The leading features in Mr. Colles's character were solid judgment, manly directness, perfect probity, the soundest of understandings, and the kindest of hearts." His fee-book is an interesting document, showing the rapid rise of his practice, from £8 10s. 7d. in 1798, to an average of between £5,000 and £6,000 per annum before many years were over.

Colman, Bishop of Lindisfarne, who flourished in the 7th century, appears to have been the most celebrated of the many Colmans enumerated in Irish ecclesiastical history. While occupying the see of Lindisfarne he differed from the Bishop of York regarding the time for the celebration of Easter, and in disgust returned to Ireland with several English monks, and settled on the island of Inishbofin. Contentions arising between his English and Irish monks, he was obliged to transfer the former to a separate establishment on the mainland of Mayo. He died 8th August 676, at Inishbofin, where his remains were interred.

Columbanus, Saint, was born about 545, of an illustrious Leinster family. Endowed with extraordinary talents, he retired to the monastery of Bangor, in Ulster, where, under the tuition of St. Comgall, he spent a considerable portion of his life in meditation and study. However, his life is most bound up with the ecclesiastical history of the Continent. At fifty years of age he selected twelve companions, and proceeded to France, where a wide field of missionary labour then lay open. He was in 602 involved in a controversy with the French bishops as to the proper time for celebrating Easter. He then established monasteries at Annegray, Luxeuil, and Fontaines; but was ultimately obliged to fly to Italy, having incurred the hatred of Brunechilde and Fredegonde, the Merovingian kings' mistresses, by his fearless denunciations of their impure lives. Particulars of his wanderings and many reputed miracles are given at length by Lanigan. He died at Bobbio in Italy (in 615, aged about 70) where in 613 he had established a confraternity under the protection of Aigilulph, King of the Lombards. Columbanus's festival is celebrated on the 21st November. Ware gives a list of his works, numbering seventeen. They are wholly in Latin. M. Guizot remarks of his sermons: "The flights of imagination, the pious transports, the rigorous application of principles, the warfare declared against all vain or hypocritical compromise, give to the words of the preacher that passionate authority, which may not always and surely reform the soul of his hearers, but which dominates over them, and for some time at least, exercises paramount sway over their conduct and their life." San Colombano in Lombardy takes its name from him; and the town and canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland are called after the most favoured of his disciples.

Columcille or Columba, Saint, one of the greatest names in the early ecclesiastical history of the British Isles, was born at Gartan, in the County of Donegal, 7th December 521. He was a descendant of Niall of the Nine Hostages-his father's name being Fedhlimidh, and his mother's Eithne, both of royal descent. He studied at Moville under St. Finnian by whom he was ordained a deacon; and under another St. Finnian at Clonard, where he was ordained a priest. Amongst his fellow-disciples were St. Comgall, Ciaran, and Canice. For a time he put himself under the instruction of Berchan at Glasnevin, until a violent distemper broke up his fraternity in 544. His original name was Crimhthain, early exchanged for the cognomen of Columcille or " Dove of the Church." In 546, when but twenty-five, he founded Derry, and some years afterwards Durrow, the greatest of his Irish establishments. Religious communities at Kells, Swords, Raphoe, Tory Island, and Drumcliff claimed him also as their founder. Various explanations are given of his reasons for leaving Ireland. The following is the ordinary recital. St. Finnian owned a specially valuable copy of the Psalms, which Columcille, about the year 560, secretly copied, fearing refusal if he asked permission. Finnian demanded the copy as his own, and Columcille declining to surrender it, the matter was referred to King Diarmaid who pronounced the decision: " To every cow belongeth her calf." " This is an unjust decision, O Diarmaid," said Columcille, " and I will avenge it on you." Matters were aggravated by Diarmaid dragging from the arms of Columcille and murdering a young man who had fled to him for sanctuary. In his miraculous escape from the durance in which he had been placed by Diarmaid, while in the wilds between Tara and his native Tirconnell, he is said to have composed the beautiful hymn commencing, in the translation: " Alone am I upon the mountain, O King of Heaven! prosper my way." Columcille's kinsmen took up the quarrel, and frightful carnage ensued at the battle of Cuildrevne, 561. Repentant at being the cause of so much bloodshed, St. Columcille sought the counsel of St. Molaise, of Devenish, who enjoined upon him as penance that he should become an exile. The very copy of the Psalms, the cause of so much misery, is said by some to be still extant in the possession of the lineal descendant of the O'Donnells. Dr. Reeves considers that Columcille's settlement at lona was voluntary, and the foregoing account a legendary creation of a later age. Whatever the motive may have been, it was in 563, in his forty-second year, that accompanied by twelve disciples, he set sail for the small island of Iona, of which he obtained a grant, both from the king of the Picts and from his relative the king of the Scots. Having planted a monastery there - probably built of wattles - he set about the great work of his life - the conversion of the Pictish tribes beyond the Grampians. He and his disciples traversed the Pictish mainland, the Western Islands, and the Orkneys, from end to end, establishing monasteries whose occupants ministered to the religious wants of the people. The parent house of Iona exercised supremacy not only over these establishments, but also over the monasteries Columcille had established in Ireland, and those founded by his disciples in the northern provinces of England. Columcille occasionally visited Ireland, and the shores of the Clyde. His health began to fail in 593; but his life was prolonged until he attained his seventy-fifth year, when he died as he knelt before the altar of his church in Iona, a little after midnight, between the 8th and 9th June 597. He was buried within the precincts of his monastery, where his stone pillow, his books, his staff, and other things which he had loved and used, were long held in veneration. Three Latin hymns of some merit, a monastic rule in Celtic, and several Celtic poems still extant are attributed to him. A splendidly illuminated copy of the Four Gospels - The Book of Kells, one of the most valuable MSS. extant-preserved in Trinity College, is supposed by many to have been the labour of his pen. "The strength of St. Columcille's character appears to have been its earnestness. . . . The same enthusiastic temper which won for him in boyhood the name of 'Columba of the Church' continued to animate him throughout his life. The length and frequency of his fasts and vigils are spoken of as nearly incredible. With this asceticism he combined unwearied industry; no hour passed without its allotted duty of prayer, or reading, or transcribing, or other work. As the prevailing austerity of his disposition was often lighted up by gleams of tenderness and kindness, so it appears to have been clouded at times by anger and revenge." The last and best edition of his life, written in Latin by St. Adamnan, is that of the learned Dr. Reeves, printed in Dublin for the Archaeological Society in 1857. It is illustrated with exhaustive prefaces, notes, and appendices, and is a thesaurus of all known concerning the great apostle of the Hebrides.

Comerford, John, a distinguished miniature painter, was born at Kilkenny, the middle of the 18th century. Settling in Dublin, he obtained a wide reputation, and was ultimately enabled to retire on an ample fortune. " Comerford was not only a man of genius, but an artist of the highest excellence, who throughout a long career had been maturing his distinctions. His insight into character, and therefore expression, were as notable as his technical capacity was in all respects consummate."

Comgall, or Congal, Saint, was born in 516, of a distinguished Dalaradian family. As he grew up, religious yearnings pressed on him; he travelled, and found a home with St. Fintan at Clonenagh. Repressing his dislike to the severity of the discipline, he continued there some time, and was afterwards ordained priest at Clonmacnoise. After retirement on an island in Lough Erne, he settled at Bangor, on the shore of Belfast Lough, in the year 559, and founded the famous monastery and rule with which his name has been ever since associated. Numbers of monks were attracted to the institution, and even Cormac, King of Hy Kinsellagh, retired thither in his old age. In the seventh year after its establishment, he, with St. Brendan and others, visited Columpille in the Western Isles. He died at Bangor in 601, aged about 85. Lanigan says: " St. Coemgall has been justly reckoned among the fathers of the Irish Church; whether he was the author of certain tracts attributed to him, besides his monastic rule, I leave to others to enquire." His festival is the 10th of May.

Comon, Cormac (or Cormac Dall, " Blind Cormac"), a celebrated Irish storyteller and bard, was born in May 1703, at Woodstock, County of Mayo. When an infant, small-pox deprived him of sight. He ultimately abandoned the harp for song, and, endowed with a sweet voice and a good ear, earned his livelihood wandering about the country, led by a grandson or other lad, relating legendary tales and reciting genealogies. The monotony of his modulation was varied by cadences introduced with taste at the close of each stanza. He composed several songs and elegies. In person he is described as large and muscular. He was still living in the County of Galway in 1786.

Comyn, John, Archbishop of Dublin, an Englishman, appointed to the see in 1181, did not visit Ireland until 1184, when he was commissioned to prepare for the reception of Prince John. In 1190 he commenced and endowed St. Patricks Cathedral, and enlarged and repaired the choir of Christ Church. He died in Dublin, 25th October 1212, and was buried in Christ Church. One of the canons made by him, and confirmed by Urban III., provides that " All archers, and others who carry arms not for the defence of the people, but for plunder and sordid lucre, shall, on every Lord's-day, be excommunicated by bell, book, and candle, and at last be refused Christian burial." In consequence of a dispute with one of the Lords-Justices, he for a time laid an interdict upon his archbishopric. Ware says concerning him: " Dempster would insinuate that he was bishop of Dunblane, in Scotland, and not of Dublin; but that author has up and down stuffed his catalogue of the writers of Scotland with English, Welsh, and Irish, according to his own unguided fancy, and, to confirm his assertions, has often had the impudence to forge the names of authors, works, places, and times."

Con na m-Bocht, " Con of the Poor," as he was called from his devotion to their relief, was a lay brother of Clonmacnoise, in the 11 th century, founder and superior of a community of poor lay monks, of the Culdee order, in connection with that great establishment. He died in the year 1059. [See AENGUS CULDEE.]

Con the Hundred Fighter, commonly known as "Con of the Hundred Battles," was King of Ireland, 125 to 145. His reign was bloody and momentous. He early became involved in contentions with Mogh Nuadath concerning the throne of Munster. They ultimately divided the island between them, taking as boundary the Eskir Riada, or chain of gravelly hills running from Tallaght west to the Shannon at Clonmacnoise. Mogh retained the southern, and Con the northern part. Con is said to have procured the assassination of his rival. In the contests between them, Mogh drew many to his standard in times of scarcity by his large stores of provisions. Con was eventually assassinated within the precincts of Tara, by Tibradi Tirech, King of Ulster, and a band of fifty ruffians attired as women.

Conall Cearnach was a Red Branch Ulster Knight of the 1st century, kinsman of Fergus MacRoigh. He avenged the death of Cuchulaind, and is one of the heroes most constantly referred to in the Fenian tales. He received his military education from Fergus MacRoigh, at Emania. One of Ferguson's beautiful lays is "The healing of Conall Carnach."

Conall Eachluaith was a king of Munster in the 4th century. He was educated with King Crimthann, and was placed by him on the throne of Munster, a vacancy having occurred in the succession. It was pointed out by the chieftains that to Corc rightfully belonged the succession, and Conall referred the matter to arbitration, though he had the power of maintaining himself by force of arms. The umpires decided that Corc had the present right to the throne, but that Conall or his heirs should succeed him in accordance with the rule of alternate succession as arranged by Oilill Olum. Corc lived but a short time, and Conall re-entered on the sovereignty, having gained the love and respect of all by his generous conduct.

Concanen, Matthew, a miscellaneous writer, was born in Ireland, probably the end of the 17th century. He early went over to London, and commenced writing as an advocate of the Government, and for the newspapers, especially the Speadatist. His brilliant abilities recommended him to the Duke of Newcastle, who in 1732 procured for him the Attorney-Generalship of Jamaica, a post he held for nearly seventeen years. He published a volume of miscellaneous poems, original and translated, and was the author of a comedy, Wexford Wells. Concanen died in London in 1749. Allibone says: " He is principally remembered by the celebrated letter of Warburton concerning him, and by his position in the Bunciad-his reward for attacking Pope."

Connlaid, Saint, first Bishop of Kildare. He was induced to leave his cell, situated "in the south part of the plains of Liffey," at the instance of St. Bridget, to administer the rites of the Church in her establishment at Kildare. He is styled also her artificer. According to the Martyrology of Donegal, "Roincenn was his first name. He was of the race of Laeghaire Lore." He died in 519, and was buried on the right of the altar in Kildare Cathedral. His festival is the 3rd of May.

Connor, Bernard, M.D., was born in Kerry in 1666. He studied medicine in Paris. Two fellow-students, sons of the Polish Chancellor, induced him to visit Poland, where he was appointed physician to the king, John Sobieski. In 1694 he followed the Electress of Bavaria to Brussels as her physician; and in 1695 he went to England, where he abjured Catholicism and took up his residence at Oxford. The publication of some medical treatises brought him much reputation, and he was elected member of the College of Surgeons and Fellow of the Royal Society. About 1697 he published his History of Poland, a work that attracted much attention to that country. He died in 1698, at the early age of 32, having latterly devoted himself to the practice of his profession in London. In his Medicina Mystica was an attempt to explain the miracles related in the New Testament by ascribing them to the agency of natural causes.

Conor MacNessa, King of Ulster, flourished in the 1st century. His mother, Nessa, married Fergus MacRoigh, King of Ulster, on condition that her son should reign for one year. At the expiration of that period, the people had become so attached to him, and his father-in-law was so impressed by the wisdom of his counsels, that he was permitted to occupy the throne of Ulster. A mythical story is told of how in battle with the Connaught clans he was wounded by a magic ball of lime and human brains. It remained embedded in his forehead, and his physicians declared that the least excitement would cause the ball to drop out, and death to ensue. With the utmost difficulty his life was prolonged for a few years; and we are told that his death was caused in the end by his agitation on hearing the narrative of the Crucifixion - the ball fell out of his forehead, and he died immediately. He extended the limits of Ulster, and instituted the Red Branch Knights. We meet his name continually throughout the heroic period of Irish history, and incidents in his life have been strikingly illustrated by Ferguson, Sullivan, and other modern poets. One of Ferguson's most beautiful poems is "The Abdication of Fergus MacRoy." [See FERGUS MACROIGH.]

Conroy, Florence, an ecclesiastic, was born in Galway in 1560. At an early age he was sent to college in the Netherlands, and afterwards to Spain, where he entered the Franciscan order, and distinguished himself as a student of St. Augustine's works. His defence of the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception enhanced his fame, and attracted the notice of Philip II. In 1588, he was appointed Provincial of the Franciscans in Ireland, and embarked in the Spanish Armada. We have no particulars of his adventures in that expedition, although he wrote a tract in reference to it, Peregrinus Jerichontinus. In 1593 he published in Irish a translation of a Spanish work, A Christian Instruction. In 1602 he met Hugh Roe O'Donnell, and acted as his chaplain during the last hours of that chieftain at Simancas, following his remains to their resting place in the Cathedral of Valladolid. Although he was appointed Archbishop of Tuam in 1610, the proscription of Catholicism in Ireland prevented his ever taking possession of his see. Through his exertions the Irish College at Louvain was founded in 1616. His latter years were occupied in the publication of works on St. Augustine and his writings. He died 18th November 1629, in one of the Franciscan convents at Madrid, aged about 69. His remains were transferred in 1654 to the Louvain College, where they repose under a marble monument.

Conway, Thomas, Count, was born in Ireland, 27th February 1733. He was educated in France, entered the army, attained the rank of Colonel, and received the decoration of St. Louis. In 1777, on the recommendation of Silas Deane, he went to America to take service in the war of the revolution. He was almost immediately made Brigadier-General, and led his brigade at Brandywine and Germantown. He was Major-General the end of the same year; but resigned in 1778. Conway was one of the most active of the secret enemies of Washington, being the moving spirit of the " Conway cabal," that sought to elevate Gates to the supreme command. His course made him unpopular, and much to his chagrin his resignation was accepted. Afterwards, when, as he supposed, fatally wounded in a duel with General Cadwallader (4th July 1778), he wrote a letter of apology to Washington, containing the words: a You are, in my eyes, the great and good man." He recovered, returned to France, and in 1784 was Marechal-de-Camp, and was appointed Governor of Pondicherry and all the French possessions in India. His design, in 1788, of assisting the republican party in the Dutch settlements was effectually thwarted by the Marquis Cornwallis. When the French Revolution broke out he was obliged to fly, and his life was only saved by the efforts of the British authorities. Conway, who had been made a Count before the Revolution, is supposed to have died about 1800.

Cooke, Henry, D.D., LL.D., was born at Grillagh, near Maghera, County of Londonderry, nt h May 1788. He was the youngest of four children, his father being a sturdy Protestant yeoman, of " little education, and less pretence;" his mother " a woman of remarkable energy and great decision of character;" to her he was indebted for that fund of anecdotes, store of incidents in Irish history, and scraps of ballad poetry, which he was wont to recite with such pathos and power. His mother early perceived Henry's talents, and determined he should have the best education the neighbourhood could afford. It was but a rough one. "The house was a thatched cabin. The seats were black oak sticks from the neighbouring bog. A fire of peat blazed, or rather smoked, in the middle of the floor, and a hole in the roof overhead served for a chimney. The teacher was . . a tall, lanky Scotchman, distinguished by an enormous nose, a tow wig, a long coat of rusty black, leather tights, grey stockings, brogues/and a formidable hazle rod, . . an excellent teacher, . . a Presbyterian of the strictest sect; and religious training was, in his honest mind, an essential part of a boy's education." At fourteen he entered the University of Glasgow; completed his undergraduate career in 1805; passed through the ordinary course of theological training; and in November 1808 was ordained to the pastoral care of the congregation of Duneane, near Randalstown. He brought to the service of the ministry a highly cultured mind of the first order, and natural graces of style and manner trained upon the best models. His ministerial income amounted at first to about £25 a year. After two years he removed to the care of another congregation at Donegore, near Templepatrick, and about the same time married Miss Ellen Mann. In 1815, anxious still further to fit himself for the ministry, he obtained leave of absence, left his young wife with her father, and resumed his studies at Glasgow for eighteen months. In 1817 he entered Trinity College, attended medical classes at the Royal College of Surgeons, and walked some of the Dublin hospitals. Upon Sundays he occupied the pulpits of Presbyterian congregations in Dublin and other parts of Leinster, where his fervour, learning, and eloquence, made a deep impression. The 8th September 1818 found him installed pastor of Killyleagh, on the banks of Strangford Lough. It would be needless to specify the steps by which he rose to a pre-eminent position in the councils of the Presbyterian Church, and to mastering influence over the Protestants of Ulster. The great work to which he set himself from the first, and in which he was eminently successful, was the rooting out of the Unitarian doctrines, that in his youth had attained a considerable hold over Irish Presbyterianism. In his own congregation the contest was bitter-Captain Sydney Hamilton Rowan, one of the lords of the soil, siding with the young minister in contending with the Unitarian party, led by the Captain's father, Archibald Hamilton-Rowan,once a prominent United Irishman. Cooke's evidence before a Parliamentary Committee, in April 1826, regarding the state of education in Ireland, attracted considerable attention, and was widely commented on. He had then an opportunity of condemning the course of study pursued at the Belfast Institution, and writes at the time: " There is no event in my life for which I more sincerely bless God than that I was permitted to bear testimony against Arianism before the most august tribunal of the universe." In 1829, chiefly through his efforts, matters were brought to a point with the Presbyterian ministers who held Unitarian views, and his most sanguine wishes were gratified in their withdrawing from the general Presbyterian body, and forming the Remonstrant Synod of Ulster. The same year his friends and admirers built a spacious church in May-street, Belfast, for the services of his ministry. On 8th November he preached his farewell sermon at Killyleagh, and was immediately inducted into his new cure, which he practically occupied until his death. In 1829 the degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by the board of Jefferson College, in the United States. He opposed the new system of Irish National Education, as not permitting the free and unrestricted use of the Scriptures in the schools to the children of such parents as desired their teachings. A staunch Conservative, he bitterly opposed O'Connell's Irish poli